CHAPTER 1 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY. The Human Body An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure…

CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYHUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

The Human BodyThe Human BodyAn OrientationAn Orientation

Anatomy Anatomy – study of the structure – study of the structure and shape of the body and its partsand shape of the body and its parts

PhysiologyPhysiology – study of how the body – study of how the body and its parts work or functionand its parts work or function

Anatomy Anatomy Levels of StudyLevels of Study

Gross Anatomy – when we look at our own Gross Anatomy – when we look at our own body body • Large structuresLarge structures• Easily observableEasily observable

Microscopic Anatomy – when we look at Microscopic Anatomy – when we look at cells and tissues of the bodycells and tissues of the body• Very small structuresVery small structures• Can only be viewed with a microscopeCan only be viewed with a microscope

Relationship between Anatomy Relationship between Anatomy and Physiologyand Physiology

The parts of your body form a well-The parts of your body form a well-organized unit, and each of those organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.body operate as a whole.

Levels of Structural Levels of Structural OrganizationOrganization

Chemical LevelChemical Level• Simplest levelSimplest level

• Atom – tiny building blocks of matterAtom – tiny building blocks of matter

• Atoms combine to form molecules.Atoms combine to form molecules.


Cellular LevelCellular Level• Cell – the smallest units of all living Cell – the smallest units of all living

thingsthings

• Cells are made up of molecules.Cells are made up of molecules.


Tissue LevelTissue Level• Tissues consist of similar types of cells Tissues consist of similar types of cells

that have a common function.that have a common function.


Organ LevelOrgan Level• Organs are made up of different types of Organs are made up of different types of

tissues.tissues.


Organ System LevelOrgan System Level• Organ systems consist of different Organ systems consist of different

organs that work together closely.organs that work together closely.


Organism LevelOrganism Level• Highest level of structural organization.Highest level of structural organization.

• Human organisms are made up of 11 Human organisms are made up of 11 organ systems.organ systems.

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System

• Organ – skinOrgan – skin• Functions:Functions:

Forms the external body coveringForms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injuryProtects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin DSynthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptorsLocation of cutaneous nerve receptors

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System• Organs – cartilages, joints, and bonesOrgans – cartilages, joints, and bones• Functions:Functions:

Protects and supports body organsProtects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for Provides muscle attachment for

movementmovement Site of blood cell formationSite of blood cell formation Stores mineralsStores minerals


Muscular SystemMuscular System• Organs – skeletal musclesOrgans – skeletal muscles• Functions:Functions:

Allows locomotionAllows locomotion Maintains postureMaintains posture Produces heatProduces heat

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Nervous SystemNervous System

• Organs – brain, spinal cord, and nervesOrgans – brain, spinal cord, and nerves• Functions:Functions:

Fast-acting control systemFast-acting control system Responds to internal and external changeResponds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glandsActivates muscles and glands

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

• Organs – pituitary gland, thyroid gland, Organs – pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, testis, ovarypancreas, testis, ovary

• Functions:Functions: Secretes regulatory hormonesSecretes regulatory hormones Hormones responsible for growth, Hormones responsible for growth,

reproduction, and metabolismreproduction, and metabolism

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

• Organs – heart and blood vesselsOrgans – heart and blood vessels• Functions:Functions:

Transports materials in the body through the Transports materials in the body through the bloodblood

Materials transported includes oxygen, Materials transported includes oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastescarbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

• Organs – lymph nodesOrgans – lymph nodes• Functions:Functions:

Returns fluids to blood vesselsReturns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debrisDisposes of debris Involved in immunityInvolved in immunity


Respiratory SystemRespiratory System• Organs – nasal cavity, pharynx, Organs – nasal cavity, pharynx,

larynx, trachea, lungslarynx, trachea, lungs• Functions:Functions:

Keeps blood supplied with oxygenKeeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxideRemoves carbon dioxide

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Digestive SystemDigestive System

• Organs – mouth, esophagus, stomach, Organs – mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anusintestines, rectum, anus

• Functions:Functions: Breaks down foodBreaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible materialEliminates indigestible material

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Urinary SystemUrinary System

• Organs – kidney and urinary bladderOrgans – kidney and urinary bladder• Functions:Functions:

Eliminates wastesEliminates wastes Maintains acid-base balanceMaintains acid-base balance Regulation of water and electrolytesRegulation of water and electrolytes

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Reproductive SystemReproductive System

• Organs:Organs: Male – penis, testis, scrotum, seminal Male – penis, testis, scrotum, seminal

vesicles, prostate glandvesicles, prostate gland Female – mammary glands, ovary, uterus, Female – mammary glands, ovary, uterus,

vaginavagina• Functions:Functions:

Production of offspringProduction of offspring

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions Maintain BoundariesMaintain Boundaries MovementMovement

• Locomotion – walking, swimming, etc.Locomotion – walking, swimming, etc.• Movement of substancesMovement of substances

ResponsivenessResponsiveness• Ability to sense changes and reactAbility to sense changes and react

DigestionDigestion• Break-down and delivery of nutrientsBreak-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions MetabolismMetabolism

• Chemical reactions within the bodyChemical reactions within the body• Production of energyProduction of energy• Making body structuresMaking body structures

ExcretionExcretion• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactionsElimination of waste from metabolic reactions

ReproductionReproduction• Production of offspringProduction of offspring

GrowthGrowth• Increasing cell size and numberIncreasing cell size and number

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs NutrientsNutrients

• Chemicals for energy and cell buildingChemicals for energy and cell building• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

vitamins, and mineralsvitamins, and minerals OxygenOxygen

• Required for chemical reactionsRequired for chemical reactions

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs WaterWater

• 60-80 % of body weight60-80 % of body weight• Single most abundant chemical substance in the Single most abundant chemical substance in the

bodybody• Provides for metabolic reactionProvides for metabolic reaction

Stable Body TemperatureStable Body Temperature• Must be maintained at around 98Must be maintained at around 98FF

Atomospheric Pressure Must Be Atomospheric Pressure Must Be AppropriateAppropriate• The force exerted on the surface of the body by The force exerted on the surface of the body by

the weight of airthe weight of air

HomeostasisHomeostasis Homeostasis = Maintenance of a Homeostasis = Maintenance of a

stable internal environment = A stable internal environment = A dynamic state of equilibriumdynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis must be maintained for Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to normal body functioning and to sustain life.sustain life.

Homeostatic Imbalance Homeostatic Imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis A disturbance in homeostasis

resulting in diseaseresulting in disease

As we age, our body organs become As we age, our body organs become less efficient, and our internal less efficient, and our internal conditions become less and less conditions become less and less stable.stable.

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural The body communicates through neural

and hormonal control systemsand hormonal control systems Control Mechanism:Control Mechanism:

• The The receptor receptor responds to changes in the responds to changes in the environment and sends information to the environment and sends information to the control center (brain).control center (brain).

• The The control centercontrol center determines the set point determines the set point (98.6(98.6) and determines the appropriate ) and determines the appropriate response.response.

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms Negative FeedbackNegative Feedback

• Includes most homeostatic control Includes most homeostatic control mechanismsmechanisms

• Works like a household thermostatWorks like a household thermostat• Your body’s thermostat is located in a Your body’s thermostat is located in a

part of the brain called the part of the brain called the HYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUS

• It shuts off the original stimulus, or It shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensityreduces its intensity

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback

• Increases the original stimulus or Increases the original stimulus or disturbancedisturbance

• In the body this only occurs in blood In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a babyclotting and birth of a baby

The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to Special terminology is used to

prevent misunderstandingprevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for:Exact terms are used for:

• PositionPosition• DirectionDirection• RegionsRegions• StructuresStructures

Orientation and Directional Orientation and Directional TermsTerms

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position – the body is – the body is erect with the feet parallel and the erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forwardpalms facing forward

Table 1.1 on page 12 Table 1.1 on page 12 – go over – go over thesethese

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks Anterior Landmarks on page 13 Anterior Landmarks on page 13

go over these, but students have a go over these, but students have a copy of these termscopy of these terms

Posterior Landmarks on page 13 Posterior Landmarks on page 13 go over these, but students have a go over these, but students have a copy of these termscopy of these terms

Body Planes – 3 types (page Body Planes – 3 types (page 15)15)

Sagittal SectionSagittal Section• A cut made along a lengthwise plane of A cut made along a lengthwise plane of

the body – divides the body into right the body – divides the body into right and left partsand left parts

• Midsagittal Section Midsagittal Section When the cut is made down the middle of When the cut is made down the middle of

the body and the right and left parts are the body and the right and left parts are equal in sizeequal in size

Body Planes – 3 types (page Body Planes – 3 types (page 15)15)

Frontal SectionFrontal Section• A cut made along a lengthwise plane - divides A cut made along a lengthwise plane - divides

the body into anterior and posterior partsthe body into anterior and posterior parts• Also known as Also known as Coronal SectionCoronal Section

Transverse SectionTransverse Section• A cut made along a horizontal plane – divides A cut made along a horizontal plane – divides

the body into superior and inferior partsthe body into superior and inferior parts• Also known as Also known as Cross SectionCross Section

Body CavitiesBody Cavities Dorsal Body Cavity – 2 subdivisionsDorsal Body Cavity – 2 subdivisions

• Cranial Cavity – the space inside the Cranial Cavity – the space inside the bony skull; contains the brainbony skull; contains the brain

• Spinal Cavity – extends from the cranial Spinal Cavity – extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral columncolumn

Body CavitiesBody Cavities Ventral Body Cavity – contains all the Ventral Body Cavity – contains all the

structures within the chest and abdomenstructures within the chest and abdomen• Thoracic Cavity – contains the lungs and heart; Thoracic Cavity – contains the lungs and heart;

separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle = a dome-shaped muscle = DIAPHRAGMDIAPHRAGM

• Abdominopelvic Cavity – 2 smaller subdivisions:Abdominopelvic Cavity – 2 smaller subdivisions: Abdominal Cavity – contains the stomach, liver, and Abdominal Cavity – contains the stomach, liver, and

intestinesintestines Pelvic Cavity – contains the reproductive organs, Pelvic Cavity – contains the reproductive organs,

bladder, and rectumbladder, and rectum

Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants

4 quadrants (page 17, figure 1.8A)4 quadrants (page 17, figure 1.8A)

Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

9 regions (page 17, figure 1.8B)9 regions (page 17, figure 1.8B)

Abdominopelvic Major OrgansAbdominopelvic Major Organs

page 17, figure 1.8Cpage 17, figure 1.8C

Documents

CHAPTER 1 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY. The Human Body An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure…