Anatomy & Physiology

VET 205

Arthrology

Joint Terminology

Syndesmology=arthrologyThis is the study of the articulations (unions)

between bones Synarthrosis = immovable

skull Amphiarthroses = slightly movable

IVD, pelvis Diarthrosis = freely movable

Classification of Joints There are 3 types of joints: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and

Synovial Fibrous - no joint cavity, bones are united by fibrous

tissue. Types of Fibrous joints

1) Syndesmosis- Joint formed by fibrous tissue. i.e. Splint & cannon bones

2) Suture - junction between bones of the skull which may later ossify

3) Gomphosis - refers to articulation of teeth in their sockets.

Fibrous Joints

Cartilaginous Joints

• Cartilaginous Joints - No joint cavity, bones united by cartilage

Synchondrosis - (hyaline cartilage joints) union of diaphysis & epiphysis.

Symphyses - fibrocartilaginous joints

Synovial Joints

Synovial – Articular surfaces-compact bone covered with

hyaline cartilage Articular cavity is the space between the two

bones surrounded by a joint capsule.

Synovial Joint

Joint capsule - Deep & superficial layers. Deep- Synovial membrane which secretes

synovial fluid. Superficial Layer - fibrous membrane

Synovial Fluid Lubrication of joints Acellular Joint Taps-cytology and cultures

Synovial Fluid

Synovial Joint

Bursa

Bursa-fluid filled sac Lined with synovial

membrane Cushion where

tendon crosses Patellar tendon Deltoid

Ligaments

Ligaments - connect bone to bone Tendons-connect muscle to bone Intracapsular ligaments - found within the joint

capsule. Cranial and Caudal Cruciates

Extracapsular ligaments - Outside the joint capsule. Collateral - on lateral & medial sides.

Others - dorsal/palmar, annular, menisci (fibrocartilage)

Ligament

The Stifle Joint

Stifle Joint

http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/elsevier/vet/gr363.jpg

Movements of Joints

Gliding/sliding - movement occurs between apposed surfaces in arthrodial joints. Carpus

Flexion - movement in the sagittal plane. The angle across the joint is decreased.

Extension - The reverse of flexion in the sagittal plane. The angle across the joint is increased.

Movements of Joints

Hyperextension (dorsal flexion) - The angle across the joint is increased beyond 180 degrees.

fetlock joint

Movements of Joints

Rotation - Consists of a twisting of a limb or limb segment around its own axis.

Adduction - movement of an extremity toward the median plane.

Abduction - Movement of an extremity away from the median plane.

Movements of Joints

Circumduction - Movement of a limb segment in a circle without rotation of the joint itself.

Pronation - Rotation of a limb with the dorsum up. Place your hand on the table, palm down, and turn your palm laterally. This is pronation.

Supination - Rotation of an extremity so that the palmar surface is up. With your hand still on the table turn your hand medially so that your palm faces up.

Types of Synovial Joints

Synovial - Simple joints have two and compound joints have more than two bones within the same joint capsule.

Hinge joint =Ginglymus Provide flexion/extension Fetlock Elbow

Types of Synovial Joints

Gliding Joints= Arthrodial “Rocking” joints limited movement- flexion and

extension joints betweenadjacent carpalsFacets

Types of Synovial Joints

Pivot joint = Trocoid Only movement-rotation Movement around an axis; atlanto-axial joint.

Types of Synovial Joints

Ball & Socket = Spheroidal; provide movement in almost any direction; coxo-femoral joint

Arthritis

Osteoarthritis-inflammation of joint Swelling and pain

Degenerative Joint Disease Chronically inflamed joint, permanent Loss of articular cartilage, bone erosion, bone

spur development Osteophytes= bone spurs

Osteoarthritis vs. Synovitis

Arthroscopy

Normal Shoulder JointNormal Shoulder Joint

Femoral osteoarthritisFemoral osteoarthritis Tibial osteoarthritisTibial osteoarthritis

Clinical terms

Luxation-complete dislocation Subluxation-partial dislocation Sprain=stretched ligament Strain=excessive stretching of muscle or

tendon

Clinical conditions

Luxation-hipLuxation-hip Patellar luxationPatellar luxation

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