General Information

Functional Classification of Joints

• (1). Synarthrosis– Immovable joints

• (2). Amphiarthrosis – Slightly moveble

• (3). Diarthrosis– Freely moveable

Structural Classification – Fibrous Joints

• (1). Sutures– Skull– Dense fibrous CT– Synostosis

• (2). Syndesmoses– distal tibiofibular – Interosseous

membrane

• (3). Gomphoses – “peg in socket”– Teeth and alveolar

processes

Structural Classification – Cartilaginous Joints

Examples

• (1). Synarthroses – Sutures – Teeth and alveolar processes – Epiphyseal plate

• (2). Amphiarthroses– Joint between tibia and fibula – Pubic symphysis

• (3). Diarthroses – Synovial joints (knee, hip, shoulder)

Structural Classification – Synovial Joints

• (1). Synovial Cavity– Between articulating bones

• (2). Hyaline Cartilage– Ends of bones

• (3). Capsule– Encloses synovial cavity – Fibrous (outer); synovial

membrane (inner)

• (4). Synovial Fluid– Contents – Functions

• (5). Accessory Ligaments – Extracapsular and

Intracapsular – Menisci

Synovial Joints • (1). Nerve and

Blood Supply

• (2). Bursae– CT with synovial

membrane– Synovial-like fluid

• (3). Tendon Sheaths– Tube-like bursae – wrap tendons

• (4). Bursitis

Joint Movements

• 1. Non-axial – Slipping only– Example: Intercarpal joint

• 2. Uniaxial– Movement in one plane – Example: Hinge (elbow)

• 3. Biaxial – Movement in two planes – Example: Saddle Joint (carpometacarpal joint)

• 4. Multiaxial – Movement in all planes – Example: Ball and Socket (shoulder, hip)

Synovial Joint Types • (1). Planar

– Gliding movements – Non-axial

– Examples • Intercarpal; intertarsal • Sternoclavicular

• (2). Hinge – Hinge – type movement – Uniaxial

– Examples • Knee, elbow, ankle

Synovial Joint Types • (3). Pivot

– Uniaxial – Example

• Atlas and axis joint

• (4). Condyloid– Biaxial – Example

• Wrist

Synovial Joints• (5). Saddle Joints

– Biaxial

– Examples • carpometacarpal

• (6). Ball and Socket– Multiaxial

– Examples • Shoulder, hip