PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany

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Hole’s Human

Anatomy and PhysiologyEleventh Edition

Shier w Butler w Lewis

Chapter

5

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 5Tissues

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Four major tissue types

1. Epithelial2. Connective3. Muscle4. Nervous

Epithelial Tissues

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Functions:

1. Protections (skin)

2. Absorption (stomach & intestines)

3. Excretion - Filters (kidney)

4. Secretion (glands)

Epithelial Tissues

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General Characteristics:

1. Cells tightly packed and attached to each other• Covers organs and the body• Lines body cavities• Lines hollow organs

2. Always have one free surface open to outside the body or inside an internal organ

Epithelial Tissues

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General characteristics –

3. Always have a basement membrane (fixed sections) attached to underlying connective tissue.

4. Avascular - No blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from blood vessels in connective tissue below.

5. Can be innervated by many nerves.

6. Cells readily divide thus good at regeneration

Epithelial Tissues

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Classified according to:

1. cell shape a) Squamous – flat and scale-likeb) Cuboidal – tall as they are widec) Columnar – tall, column-shaped

2. number of cell layersa) Simple – single layer of cellsb) Stratified – stacked layers of cells

Epithelial Tissues

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Simple squamous –• single layer of flat cells• substances pass easily

through• line air sacs• line blood vessels• line lymphatic vessels

Simple cuboidal –• single layer of cube-shaped cells• line kidney tubules• cover ovaries• line ducts of some glands

Epithelial Tissues

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Simple columnar –• single layer of elongated cells• nuclei usually near the

basement membrane at same level

• sometimes possess cilia• sometimes possess microvilli• often have goblet cells• line uterus, stomach,

intestines

Pseudostratified columnar –• single layer of elongated

cells• nuclei at two or more levels• appear striated• often have cilia• often have goblet cells• line respiratory

passageways

Epithelial Tissues

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Stratified squamous –• many cell layers• top cells are flat• can accumulate keratin• outer layer of skin• line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal

Stratified cuboidal –• 2-3 layers• cube-shaped cells• line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas

Epithelial Tissues

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Stratified columnar –• top layer of elongated cells• cube-shaped cells in deeper layers• line part of male urethra and part of pharynx

Transitional –• many cell layers• cube-shaped and elongated cells• line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

Glandular Epithelium

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Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances – 2 types

Endocrine glands are ductless

Exocrine glands have ducts•Classified by structure

•Simple vs compound•Tubular, branched, coiled, or alveolar

•Classified by type of secretion•Merocrine•Apocrine•Holocrine

Structural Types of Exocrine Glands

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Types of Glandular Secretions

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Merocrine glands• fluid product• salivary glands• pancreas• sweat glands

Apocrine glands• cellular product• portions of cells• mammary glands• ceruminous glands

Holocrine glands• secretory products• whole cells• sebaceous glands

Abnormal Epithelium

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Abnormal Epithelium

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Connective Tissues

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•Most abundant tissue type

• Functions • bind structures• provide support and protection• serve as frameworks• fill spaces• store fat• produce blood cells• protect against infections• help repair tissue damage

Connective Tissues

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3 Elements of Connective Tissue

1. Ground substance called matrix – gel around cells and fibers

2. Fibers – provide strength, elasticity and support

3. Cells – that usually divide

Have varying degrees of vascularity

Connective Tissue Major Cell Types

Fixed Cells

• Fibroblasts• most common cell

• large, star-shaped

• produce fibers

• Mast cells• release heparin

• release histamine

Wandering Cells

• Macrophages• phagocytic

• important in injury

or infection

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Connective Tissue Fibers

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Collagenous fibers• thick• composed of collagen• great strength • abundant in dense CT• hold structures together• tendons, ligaments

Elastic fibers• bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin• fibers branch• elastic• vocal cords, air passages

Reticular fibers• very thin

collagenous fibers• highly branched• form supportive

networks

Connective Tissues

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Connective tissue proper• loose connective tissue• adipose tissue• reticular connective tissue• dense connective tissue• elastic connective tissue

Specialized connective tissue• cartilage• bone• blood

Connective Tissues

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Loose connective tissue• mainly fibroblasts• collagenous fibers• elastic fibers• fluid to gel-like matrix• bind skin to structures• beneath most epithelia• blood vessels nourish

nearby epithelial cells• between muscles

Adipose tissue• adipocytes• cushions• insulates• store fats• beneath skin• behind eyeballs• around kidneys and heart

Connective Tissues

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Reticular connective tissue• composed of reticular fibers• supports internal organ walls• walls of liver, spleen,

lymphatic organs

Dense connective tissue• packed collagenous fibers• elastic fibers• few fibroblasts• bind body parts together• tendons, ligaments, dermis• poor blood supply

Connective Tissues

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Elastic connective tissue• abundant in elastic fibers• some collagenous fibers• fibroblasts• attachments between bones• walls of large arteries,

airways, heart

Bone (Osseous Tissue)• solid matrix• supports• protects• forms blood cells• attachment for muscles• skeleton• osteocytes in lacunae

Connective Tissues

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Cartilage• rigid matrix• chondrocytes in

lacunae• poor blood supply• three types

1.Hyaline cartilage• most abundant• ends of bones• nose, respiratory passages• embryonic skeleton

2. Elastic cartilage• flexible• external ear and larynx

3. Fibrocartilage• very tough• shock absorber• intervertebral discs• pads of knee and pelvic girdle

Connective Tissues

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Three types of cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Connective Tissues

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Blood• fluid matrix called

plasma• red blood cells• white blood cells• platelets• transports• defends• involved in clotting• throughout body in

blood vessels• heart

Clinical Application

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The Extracellular Matrix:The Body’s Glue

Heart Failure and Atherosclerosis

• imbalances of collagen production and degradation

• ECM buildup may block blood flow in the arteries and the heart

Liver Fibrosis (Cirrohosis)

• collagen deposit increases

• ECM exceeds normal 3% value and may block blood flow

Clinical Application

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Collagen Disorders

Chondrodysplasia• collagen chains too wide• stunted growth

• deformed jointsDystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

• breakdown of collagen that attaches skin layers

• stretchy skin• lax joints

Hereditary osteoarthritis

• change in amino acid in collagen

• painful jointsLupus• autoimmune disease • destruction of collagen

Muscle Tissues

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General characteristics• muscle cells called

muscle fibers• contractile• three types

• skeletal• smooth• cardiac

Skeletal muscle• attached to bones• striated• voluntary

Smooth muscle• walls of organs• skin• walls of blood vessels• involuntary• not striated

Cardiac muscle• heart wall• involuntary• striated• intercalated discs

Muscle Tissues

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Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle Disorders

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Muscular Dystrophy: muscle fibers destroyed and replaced with connective tissuehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrPnmgs4rHM&feature=related

Fibromyalgia: chronic non-inflammatory pain in muscles and connective tissues

Irritable Bowel syndrome: smooth muscle disorder causing alternating bouts with constipation and diarrhea

Nervous Tissues

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• found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

• basic cells are neurons

• neuroglial cells supportand bind nervous tissue components

• sensory reception

• conduction of nerveimpulses

Abnormal Nervous Tissue

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Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, causing memory loss and problems with thinking and behavior

Tay Sach’s is another disease that affects nervous tissue http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5JWQCBOMx4&feature=related

Types of Epithelial Membranes

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Serous• line body cavities that

do not open to the outside

• reduce friction• inner lining of thorax

and abdomen• cover organs of

thorax and abdomen• secrete serous fluid

Mucous• line tubes and organs that

open to outside world• lining of mouth, nose,

throat, etc.• secrete mucus

Cutaneous•covers body• skin

Synovial• composed entirely of

connective tissue• lines joints

Clinical Application

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Classification of Cancers:

Carcinoma–originates in epithelial tissue (i.e., tissue that lines organs and tubes)

Leukemia–originates in tissues that form blood cells

Sarcoma–originates in connective or supportive tissue (e.g., bone, cartilage, muscle)