AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS

COMPOSED BY THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS

OF SMA NEGERI 1 SUKOHARJO

IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2016/2017

THESIS

SARI SARASWATI

NIM K2213066

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA

2017

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ABSTRACT

Sari Saraswati. K2213066, “AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF DESCRIPTIVE

TEXTS COMPOSED BY THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA

NEGERI 1 SUKOHARJO IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2016/2017”. A

Thesis. Surakarta: Teacher Training and Education Faculty. Sebelas Maret

University, Surakarta, 2017.

The aims of this study are to answer the problem statements which are

formulated as: (1) to find the types of errors made by the students in writing

descriptive text; (2) to describe the factors influencing the students’ error in

writing descriptive text.

The method of this research is descriptive qualitative. This research was

carried out at SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo. It was conducted in May. The sample of

this research is 35 students of class XI IPS 2 of SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo. The

sampling technique applied in this research is purposive sampling. The instrument

is in the form of test booklets to make descriptive texts. To analyze the students’

error, the researcher followed some steps which are identifying the errors,

describing the errors, explaining the errors, and evaluating the errors. The

researcher used surface strategy taxonomy to sort the type of errors yielded by the

students from their descriptive text compositions.

The result of this research showed that for the surface strategy taxonomy,

total errors of each kind of errors were 73 errors or 29.68% in omission errors, 31

errors or 12.60% in addition errors, 129 errors or 52.44% in misformation errors,

and 13 errors or 5.28% in misordering errors. For the four types of errors,

misformation errors were the highest number of errors with 129 errors or 52.44%.

There are four causes of errors, namely: errors caused by

overgeneralization, errors caused by incomplete application of rules, errors caused

by false concepts hypothesized, and errors caused by ignorance of rule restriction.

The results of this research are beneficial to the process of teaching and

learning. This research can be used by the teacher to measure the students’

understanding in accepting English language learning especially on the use of

auxiliary, adjective, and noun in descriptive text.

Keywords: Error Analysis, Surface Strategy Taxonomy, Descriptive Text

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ABSTRAK

Sari Saraswati. K2213066, “ANALISIS KESALAHAN PADA TEKS

DESKRIPTIF SISWA KELAS SEBELAS SMA NEGERI 1 SUKOHARJO

TAHUN AJARAN 2016/2017”. Skripsi. Surakarta: Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu

Pendidikan. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 2017.

Tujuan dari pembelajaran ini adalah: (1) mengetahui jenis-jenis kesalahan

pada teks deskriptif yang ditulis oleh siswa; (2) mendeksripsikan faktor-faktor apa

saja yang mempengaruhi kesalahan siswa dalam menulis teks deskriptif.

Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini

dilaksanakan di SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo pada bulan Mei. Sampel dalam

penelitian ini adalah 35 siswa kelas XI IPS 2 di SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo. Teknik

sampling yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan

adalah tes membuat teks deskriptif. Untuk menganalisis kesalahan siswa, penulis

mengikuti beberapa langkah yang meliputi identifikasi kesalahan, pendeskripsian

kesalahan, penjelasan kesalahan, dan mengevaluasi kesalahan. Peneliti

menggunakan surface strategy taxonomy untuk memilih tipe-tipe kesalahan dari

karangan deskriptif siswa.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada surface strategy taxonomy, jumlah

kesalahan setiap jenis kesalahan adalah 73 kesalahan 73 errors or 29,68% in

omission errors, 31 errors or 12,60% in addition errors, 129 errors or 52,44% in

misformation errors, and 13 errors or 5,28% in misordering errors. For the four

types of errors, misformation errors were the highest number of errors with 129

errors or 52,44%.

Ada empat penyebab kesalahan, yaitu: kesalahan yang disebabkan oleh

overgeneralization, kesalahan yang disebabkan oleh incomplete application of

rules, kesalahan yang disebabkan oleh false concepts hypothesized, dan kesalahan

yang disebabkan oeh ignorance of rule restriction.

Hasil penelitian ini bermanfaat terhadap proses belajar mengajar.

Penelitian ini dapat berguna bagi guru untuk mengukur pemahaman siswa pada

pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris terutama dalam penggunaan auxiliary, adjective, dan

noun pada teks deskriptif.

Kata kunci: Analisis Kesalahan, Surface Strategy Taxonomy, Teks Deskripsi

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MOTTO

➢ A goal without any plan is only a wish

➢ Do the best and pray. God will take care of the rest

➢ Don’t put until tomorrow what you can do today

➢ Patience is needed when you want achieve a success

➢ When you have never made a mistake, it means you have not tried

anything

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DEDICATION

This thesis is whole-heartedly dedicated to:

1. My beloved parents, Alm. Mr.

Suyetno and Mrs. Sumiyem

2. My big family who has always

supported and cares

3. My beloved friend Yusuf Ardiansyah

4. All of my friends in English

Education Department

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise and Thank to God the Almighty for His blessing for me so that I

can accomplish to write this thesis as a partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the Undergraduate Degree of Education in English. And also may peace be

upon our prophet, Muhammad SAW, who has guided us into the right ways of

life.

I realize that I cannot complete this thesis without other’s help. Many

people have helped me during the writing of the thesis, and it would be

impossible to mention all of them. I wish, however, to give sincerest gratitude

and appreciation to the following:

1. The Dean of Teaching Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret

University for giving me permission to write this thesis.

2. The Head of Language and Art Education Program of Teacher Training

and Education Faculty.

3. The Head of English Education Program of Teacher Training and

Education Faculty.

4. Drs. Martono, M.A., the first consultant for his patience in providing

careful guidance, giving advice and time from the beginning up to the

completion of writing this thesis.

5. Dewi Cahyaningrum, S.Pd. M.Pd., the second consultant for her guidance,

advice, and motivation in writing this thesis.

6. Sri Soewarsih, S.Pd., M.Pd, the Head of SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo, for her

permission to conduct the research at the school.

7. Drs. H. Sarno, the English teacher of SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo, for being

helpful collaborative teacher during the research.

8. The students of XI IPS 2 in the academic year 2016/2017 and the family of

SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo for their participation during the research.

9. My beloved mother Mrs. Sumiyem for her support, everlasting love, and

her never ending prayer.

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10. My big family, who has always supported and cares.

11. Yusuf Ardiansyah, who has supported me and believed that I could do it.

12. Mohammad Andri Widyatama for who has always helped and supported.

13. Amalia Nur Hidayah, who accompany me in conducted the research.

14. Yulia Nur Chasanah, who has always helped me in doing the thesis.

15. All of friends in English Education Department.

16. All lecturers of English Department of Teacher Training and Education

Faculty for guidance and knowledge transferred to the writer.

17. Everyone who helped me to conduct the research and to write this thesis.

I hope that this thesis can give contribution and be useful for further research.

I realize that this thesis is still far from being perfect. I accept gratefully every

comment and suggestion from those who concern.

Surakarta, August 2017

The writer

Sari Saraswati

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

THE TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................... i

PRONOUNCEMENT ................................................................................. ii

THE APPROVAL OF THE CONSULTANTS .......................................... iii

THE APPROVAL OF THE BOARD EXAMINERS ................................. iv

ABSTRACT…….. ...................................................................................... v

MOTTO………….. .................................................................................... vii

DEDICATION………….. .......................................................................... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………….. ........................................................ ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS………….. .......................................................... xi

LIST OF TABLES………….. .................................................................... xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES………….. ........................................................... xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1

A. Background of the Study ................................................ 1

B. Problems Statement ........................................................ 3

C. Objectives of the Study ................................................... 3

D. Benefits of the Study ...................................................... 3

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................ 4

A. Error Analysis ................................................................. 4

1. The Definition of Error Analysis ............................. 4

2. Differences between Mistakes and Errors ............... 4

a. Definition of Mistakes ........................................ 4

b. Definition of Errors ............................................. 5

3. Classification of Errors............................... ............. 5

4. The Types of Errors ................................................. 6

5. The Sources of Errors .............................................. 9

6. The Causes of Errors ............................................... 11

7. The Procedures of Error Analysis ........................... 13

8. Goal of Error Analysis............................................. 16

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B. Descriptive Text .............................................................. 16

1. The Definition of Descriptive Text ......................... 16

2. The Generic Structures of Descriptive Text ............ 16

3. The Language Features of Descriptive Text ........... 17

4. Example of Descriptive Text ................................... 17

C. Writing Skill ................................................................... 18

1. The Definition of Writing Skill ............................... 18

2. Genres of Writing .................................................... 18

3. Genres of Text in English ........................................ 19

4. The Purpose of Writing ........................................... 20

5. The Process of Writing ............................................ 22

6. The Assessing Writing ............................................ 24

7. The Criteria of Good Writing .................................. 25

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................. 27

A. Setting and Subject of the Study ..................................... 27

B. Method of the Study ....................................................... 27

C. The Subject of the Study ................................................. 27

1. Population .................................................................. 27

2. Sample and Sampling................................................. 28

D. The Technique of Collecting Data .................................. 28

E. The Technique of Analyzing Data .................................. 28

CHAPTER IV THE RESULT OF THE STUDY ................................... 30

A. Collecting the Data ......................................................... 30

B. Identifying the Errors .................................................... 30

C. Describing the Errors ..................................................... 32

D. Explaining the Errors ..................................................... 38

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION AND SUGGESTION 42

A. Conclusion ..................................................................... 42

B. Implication ..................................................................... 43

C. Suggestion ..................................................................... 43

BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 44

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APPENDICES ........................................................................................... 47

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 The Description of Types of Errors ........................................... 30

Table 4.2 The Percentage of Types of Errors ............................................. 37

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Text of Student 02 ................................................................... 47

Appendix 2 Text of Student 03 ................................................................... 48

Appendix 3 Text of Student 04 ................................................................... 49

Appendix 4 Text of Student 05 ................................................................... 50

Appendix 5 Text of Student 06 ................................................................... 51

Appendix 6 Text of Student 07 ................................................................... 52

Appendix 7 Text of Student 09 ................................................................... 53

Appendix 8 Text of Student 10 ................................................................... 54

Appendix 9 Text of Student 13 ................................................................... 55

Appendix 10 Text of Student 14 ................................................................. 56

Appendix 11 Text of Student 15 ................................................................. 57

Appendix 12 Text of Student 17 ................................................................. 58

Appendix 13 Text of Student 20 ................................................................. 59

Appendix 14 Text of Student 22 ................................................................. 60

Appendix 15 Text of Student 23 ................................................................. 61

Appendix 16 Text of Student 24 ................................................................. 62

Appendix 17 Text of Student 26 ................................................................. 63

Appendix 18 Text of Student 27 ................................................................. 64

Appendix 19 Text of Student 29 ................................................................. 65

Appendix 20 Text of Student 34 ................................................................. 66

Appendix 21 List of Students’ name ........................................................... 67

Appendix 22 Documentation ...................................................................... 68

Appendix 23 Legalization ........................................................................... 70