Allied Bio330 Full Course [ All Discussions Homework[ 123457] All Chk Undrstanding and Mo6 6 Progress Test

allied Bio330 full course [ all discussions homework all check understanding and mod 6 progress testClick Link Below To Buy:

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mod 1

Hello! Please respond to the following questions (minimum of 150 words).

What biome do you live in? Describe its climate including seasonal temperatures and precipitation. List 3 ways that humans have impacted the local environment. List 2 common animals and 2 common plants. List one adaptation for each of these species that allows for success in its environment.

mod 2

Posted by Shannon Unger at 05/31/13 07:49 AM


Choose a species (other than those described in the text) that exhibits interesting social and/or reproductive behavior. List at least 2 of these behaviors. Explain the evolutionary advantage to exhibiting these behaviors.

mod 3



How has natural and human-imposed factors affected population sizes of the following endangered animals: Indiana Bat, Ozark Hellbender Salamander and Spotted Owl. What is being done to help mitigate negative human impacts? From your research, comment on the effectiveness of these measures and make your own mitigation solutions.

mod 4



Choose 2 species (other than those describe in the text) – one r-selected species and one k-selected. Compare their specific life histories. Include the adaptations of each that influence aspects of its biology such as the number of offspring it produces, its survival, and its size and age at reproductive maturity.

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mod 5

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Give an example of each of the following symbiotic relationships that occur in your local environment: Predatory, Competitive, Parasitic, Mutualistic and Commensalistic. For each example, predict how the elimination of one of the partners in the relationship would affect the local environment.

mod 6


Describe an example food web consisting of at least 1 of each of the following species – a producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer and tertiary consumer. If a 1000 Calories is consumed by a primary consumer, show the flow of energy up through the trophic levels, via the number of Calories of the original 1000 available to the secondary consumer and tertiary consumer.

mod 7



Give an example of how humans negatively affect each of the three main nutrient cycles. Choose one of of these effects and suggest a a way to mitigate the impact.

mod 8



Why is a global perspective on ecology even more relevant now and will continue to be so in the future, as compared to the past? List and describe three specific challenges that will be best addressed using a global perspective. You may want to use one of these challenges in your research paper.

Best,

Best

allied bio330 modules 1,2,3,4,5,7 homework 2015

modue 1 homework

PART 1: ECOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY

Directions: Review the webpage from PBS called “Great Wall Across the Yangtze.” Particularly read the tabs associated with the controversy (http://www.pbs.org/itvs/greatwall/controversy.html). After you have read the PBS website further research the dam. Then write a two to four page position paper: Is the Three Gorges Dam doing more good than bad?

The paper must be in proper APA format, have a references section, and site at least 2 peer reviewed articles. Please use AAU’s LIRN Library to search for these articles. You may utilize the Academic Resource Center (ARC) for a concise guide on how to use LIRN and for APA formatting guidelines.

PART 2: ECOSYSTEMS

Directions: Use the United States Forest Service web page on Ecosystem Provinceshttp://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/colorimagemap/ecoreg1_provinces.html to answer the three questions below. Please ensure that each response is at least 2 to 3 sentences in length.

1. In what ecosystem province is Charleston, SC?

2. What is the predominant land-surface form in this province?

3. What is the moisture deficit?

4. What are the indicator species?

5. From what ecosystem province do you come?

6. If you were to walk NW from Charleston and arrive at the Great Lakes, through what ecosystem provinces would you pass?

7. What is the difference between an ecosystem and a biome? Why might someone find it more useful to use the concept of ecosystem or ecosystem provinces as shown here? Describe a situation in which it might be more useful to use the concept of biomes.

http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/colorimagemap/ecoreg1_provinces.html

http://www.pbs.org/itvs/greatwall/controversy.html

module 2

Cold-blooded versus Warm-Blooded Controversy

Directions: In this module, you learned about body size and temperature regulation strategies. Scientists have argued for many years about whether dinosaurs were warm- or cold-blooded, with most recent findings supporting warm-blooded (see this article:http://www.livescience.com/21215-dinosaur-bones-warm-blooded.html). Compare what you know about the Earth’s temperatures now versus then (65 million years ago) and to the animals now versus then. What kind of challenges do you think a warm- or cold-blooded dinosaur might face? Write a two to four page paper regarding this issue.


mod 3

Species Level Response to Climate Change

Directions: Polar bears are losing habitat rapidly as sea ice simply diminishes. Read this short article for basic information about polar bears (http://assets.worldwildlife.org/publications/398/files/original/Effects_of_Climate_Change_on_Polar_Bears_fact_sheet.pdf?1345754206) and then research the current status of sea ice as the article was published years ago. Do we have more or less sea ice now? How can polar bears adapt to changing environments? Write a three to five page paperregarding this issue.


http://assets.worldwildlife.org/publications/398/files/original/Effects_of_Climate_Change_on_Polar_Bears_fact_sheet.pdf?1345754206

http://assets.worldwildlife.org/publications/398/files/original/Effects_of_Climate_Change_on_Polar_Bears_fact_sheet.pdf?1345754206

http://www.livescience.com/21215-dinosaur-bones-warm-blooded.html

http://www.livescience.com/21215-dinosaur-bones-warm-blooded.html

mod 4

Population and Resource Limitations

Directions: In the sciences we often perform what is called a back of the envelop calculation. Let’s ask the question: Can China sustain itself if its entire population starts eating beef?

You can do this calculation quickly with only a piece of paper and Google, but a calculator might help.

First see if you can find how much arable land there is in China and then the more involved part: how much land it would take to raise cattle to feed the population. The key things you need to know are: How much land it takes to raise some weight of beef? How much meat the average person (American) eats per day, and the population in China?

Please submit your responses to the following:

Step by step explanation of the numbers you used for the calculation. Do you think there is enough arable land in China? Please provide at least a 2 to 3 page

explanation. This is a great deal of land required you most likely determined. Find the state in America that

is closest to the same amount of arable land that would be required.

mod 5

Symbiosis

Directions:Find an example of a symbiotic relationship in nature that has not been covered in your book or lecture. Describe what is exchanged between the organisms and how it is mutually beneficial. Please write a 3 to 5 page position paper describing this relationship.


mod 7

Microorganisms and Nutrients

Directions: In this module, you have learned about nutrient cycles, and you have learned that one of the most important players in nutrient cycles is microorganisms. Please read the following article:

Whitman, W.B., Coleman, D.C., and Wiebe, W.J. (1998). Prokaryotes: The unseen majority. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95(2): 6578-6583.

Note: You can find the above article in your iBoard course under Homework Assignment Instructions.

Write a three to five page paper in which you summarize and reflect on this very important article that was one of the first to point out the magnitude of nutrients stored in microorganisms.


allied bio330 all modules check your understanding 2015

allied bio330 module 1 progress test latest 2015

Mod 1

Question Points

1. Coriolis effect causes winds in the:

a. Northern Hemisphere to deflect to the left.

b. Northern Hemisphere to deflect to the right.

c. Southern Hemisphere to deflect to the right.

d. Northern and Southern Hemispheres to deflect to the left.

e. Northern and Southern Hemispheres to deflect to the right.

2. The populations of Chihuahua spruce (Picea chihuahuana) have been fragmented due to changing climatic conditions. This has resulted in:

a. stabilizing selection.

b. large population sizes.

c. an increase in genetic diversity within populations.

d. genetic drift.

e. all of the choices apply.

3. A marsh is the junction between ________________ and _________________.

a. sea; land

b. river; sea

c. land; river

d. estuary; land

e. mangrove; sea

4. Physiological ecologists study:

a. nutrient cycling and energy flow through ecosystems.

b. exchanges of materials, energy, and organisms between communities.

c. physiological and anatomical mechanisms by which organisms deal with variation in their physical and chemical environment.

d. physiological and anatomical mechanisms by which organisms deal with variation in their social environment.

e. none of the choices apply.

5. The "scientific method" includes:

a. observations, experiments, and modeling.

b. posing questions and formulating testable hypotheses.

c. statistical analysis.

d. observations, experiments, and modeling; posing questions and formulating testable hypotheses; and statistical analysis.

e. both observations, experiments, and modeling, and posing questions and formulating testable hypotheses.

6. Which is not considered a reef?

a. Atoll

b. Barrier

c. Kelp

d. Fringing

e. None of the choices apply.

7. Earth's climatic variation is due to:

a. the spherical shape of the earth.

b. earth's axial rotation as it orbits the sun.

c. uneven heating of the earth's surface.

d. all of the choices apply.


8. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that:

a. genotypic changes will result in phenotypic changes.

b. phenotypic changes will result in genotypic changes.

c. allelic frequencies within a population will not change unless certain conditions are met.

d. allelic frequencies within a population will change unless certain conditions are met.


9. In a population of birds, the average beak size is selected against and the large and small sized beaks are selected for. This is an example of:

a. directional selection.

b. disruptive selection.

c. stabilizing selection.

d. natural selection.

e. balanced polymorphism.

1

10. Evolution results from:

a. mutations.

b. natural selection.

c. genetic drift.

d. gene flow.


11. Warm tropical air:

a. is dense and sinks.

b. has a low evaporative potential.

c. cools as it ascends.

d. warms as it ascends.

e. meets cool polar air causing precipitation in the tropics.

1

12. Heating of the earth's surface causes:

a. cool air to rise and warm air to sink.

b. warm air to rise and cool air to sink.

c. warm and cool air to condense.

d. warm and cool air to mix.


1

13. Which soil horizon is most influenced by climate?

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. O

e. All are equally influenced

14. The highest level of ecological organization focuses on:

a. the gene.

b. the biosphere.

c. warbler use of trees.

d. forests.


15. All of the following statements concerning oligotrophic lakes are true, except:

a. warm temperatures.

b. low nutrients.

c. high oxygen content.

d. deep and clear waters.

e. low biological productivity.

1

16. What is ecology?

a. The study of relationships between organisms and the environment

b. The study of animal and plant population interactions

c. The study of the abiotic portion of the environment

d. The study of the biosphere

e. The study of environmental change

1

17. Robert MacArthur's observations on the Warblers of North America indicate that they:

a. are fiercely competitive.

b. cannot coexist.

c. reduce competition by feeding during different times of the day.

d. reduce competition by feeding in different zones.

e. both are fiercely competitive and cannot coexist.

1

18. The pioneering work of Nalini Nadkarni in rain forest ecology revealed that:

a. epiphyte mats in some tropical forests contain nutrient quantities equal to the nutrient content of the canopy foliage.

b. the epiphyte mass in temperate rain forests may be four times the mass of leaves on their host tree.

c. in both temperate and tropical rain forests, trees obtain nutrients by extending roots into epiphyte mats.

d. all of the choices apply.

e. both the epiphyte mass in temperate rain forests may be four times the mass of leaves on their host tree and, in both temperate and tropical rain forests, trees obtain nutrients by extending roots into epiphyte mats.

0

19. Darwin is often considered the father of evolutionary thought. Which of the following terms is/are not part of Darwin's analysis?

a. Gene frequencies

b. Natural selection

c. Adaptation

d. Fitness

e. None of the choices apply

Hint: Section 04.00 Introduction

1

20. Population ecologists do not study:

a. reproductive ecology.

b. distribution and abundance.

c. energy flow.

d. extinction.

e. adaptation.

allied bio330 module 2

Module 2

dback

Question Points

1. What is not included in the defining characteristics of eusociality?

a. Reproductive and non-reproductive castes

b. Intrasexual selection of mates

c. Multi-generational cohabitation

d. Cooperative care of young

e. All are defining characteristics

2. Thornhill's research on mate selection among scorpionflies (Panorpa latipennis) indicates that male ____________ translates into successful mating opportunities.

a. body size

b. aggressiveness

c. nuptial offering

d. both body size and aggressiveness

e. both body size, aggressiveness, and nuptial offering

3. Research on eusociality suggests that the evolutionary driving force(s) to preserve this form of sociality is/are?

a. Kin selection

b. Inclusive fitness

c. Environmental adaptation

d. Both kin selection and inclusive fitness

e. Kin selection, inclusive fitness, and environmental adaptation

4. It's a hot summer day, and you begin to sweat. What is the method of heat exchange?

a. Conduction

b. Convection

c. Evaporation

d. Radiation


5. Endler's research on the male guppy (Poecilia reticulate) color indicates that male colorfulness is determined by:

a. both predation and sexual selection by females.

b. intrasexual competition.

c. sexual selection by females.

d. both predation and intrasexual competition.

e. predation.

6. The kingdom that contains the most trophic diversity:

a. Plantae

b. Animalia

c. Monera

d. Fungi

e. Protista

7. In order for terrestrial plants to undergo photosynthesis and produce a six carbon sugar, which of the following metabolic pathways must occur?

a. C3

b. C4

c. CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)

d. both C3 and C4

e. both C4 and CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)

8. The water availability for organisms is determined by:

a. internal dissolved ion concentrations.

b. external dissolved ion concentrations.

c. movement of water down its concentration gradient.

d. movement of water up its concentration gradient.


9. If a person were to place a marine fish into a fresh water lake, water would diffuse:

a. up its concentration gradient and enter the fish.

b. down its concentration gradient and enter the fish.

c. down its concentration gradient and exit the fish.

d. up its concentration gradient and exit the fish.


10. Which kingdom has the higher carbon to nitrogen ratios?

a. Fungi

b. Animalia

c. Monera

d. Plantae

e. Protista

11. Aquatic organisms whose ionic concentration of their body fluids is less than that of their surroundings are:

a. hyperosmotic.

b. isoosmotic.

c. hypoosmotic.

d. osmotic.


12. Secondary sexual characteristics are often considered a handicap because of increased:

a. predation.

b. competition.

c. parasitism.

d. infertility.


13. Saturation water vapor pressure:

a. increases with temperature.

b. decreases with temperature.

c. parallels vapor pressure density.

d. both increases with temperature and parallels vapor pressure density.

e. both decreases with temperature and parallels vapor pressure density.

14. Which of the following statements concerning lion cooperative living is false?

a. Larger coalitions are composed of unrelated males.

b. Prides are composed of closely related females.

c. First and second ranked males sire the majority of cubs.

d. Males taking over a pride will practice infanticide.

e. Female lions nurse each other's cubs.

0

15. C4 and CAM plants are best suited for:

a. hot and moist environments.

b. cool and moist environments.

c. hot and dry environments.

d. cool and dry environments.

e. environments with moderate temperatures and moisture levels.

16. How are C4 plants and CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants similar?

a. They both open their stomata at night.

b. They both initially fix carbon into a four carbon molecule.

c. They both use more water to fix carbon into an organic compound than C3 plants.

d. They both have bundle sheath cells.

e. Both carbon fixation and PGA production occurs in mesophyll cells.

17. Movement of water _____________ its concentration gradient is called ________________.

a. down; diffusion

b. up; diffusion

c. down; active transport

d. up; osmosis


1

18. In general, reptiles are considered to be a(n)?

a. Poikilotherm

b. Homeotherm

c. Endotherm

d. Heterotherm


19. Herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores are all:

a. omnivores.

b. autotrophs.

c. animals.

d. browsers.

e. heterotrophs.

20. In a terrestrial plant, water movement is as follows:

a. from less negative water potential to a more negative water potential.

b. from more negative water potential to a less negative water potential.

c. from less positive water potential to a more positive water potential.

d. from zero water potential to a more negative water potential.

e. from zero water potential to a more positive water potential.


3

Question Points

1. Which of the following statements regarding ‘mean generation time' is false?

a. It is generally calculated only for the females in a population.

b. It is the average time from offspring to offspring.

c. It can be calculated using a fecundity schedule and life table.

d. It can be used to calculate the geometric growth rate.

e. It can be used to calculate the per capita rate of increase.

2. Type III survivorship curve indicates:

a. low juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults.

b. high juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults.

c. low juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults.

d. high juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults.

e. equal chance of dying at any age.

3. Research on North American bird populations have indicated that populations are _____________, distributed on a __________________ scale.

a. clumped; small

b. random; small

c. regular; small

d. regular; large

e. clumped; large

4. The "mean generation time" of a population equals:

a. (x lxmx)/R0.

b. nx.

c. lx mx.

d. x lx mx.


5. Caughly's research on the distribution of three different species of Australian kangaroos (Macropus giganteus, M. fuliginosus, and M. rufus) suggests the:

a. physical environment limits the distribution of the kangaroos.

b. topography limits the distribution of the kangaroos.

c. amount of rainfall limits the distribution of the kangaroos.

d. temperature limits the distribution of the kangaroos.


6. Type I survivorship curve indicates:






7. Density is defined as:

a. the number of individuals within a population.

b. abundance.

c. the number of individuals per unit area.

d. the distribution of individuals within a given area.


8. The "net reproduction rate" equals:

a. (x lxmx)/R0.

b. nx.

c. lx mx.

d. x lx mx.


9. Organisms that produce many offspring would best be characterized by which of the following?

a. A convex survivorship curve

b. A concave survivorship curve

c. A linear survivorship curve

d. A sigmoidal survivorship curve


10. The tiger beetle Cicindela longilabris inhabits higher latitudes and elevations than other North American tiger beetles; Schultz, Quinlan, and Hadley concluded that all of the following factors contributed to these cooler environmental preferences, except:

a. higher metabolic rates.

b. lower body temperatures.

c. increased water proofing.

d. both higher metabolic rates and lower body temperatures.

e. both higher metabolic rates and increased water proofing.

11. Cornell studied the distribution of barnacles Chthamalus stellatus and Balanus balaoides along the coast of Scotland and indicated that, along with the physiology of each barnacle, ______________ also played a large role in their distribution pattern.

a. topography

b. competition

c. salinity

d. predation

e. temperature

12. The __________ defines the physical conditions under which a species might live, in the absence of interaction with other species.

a. functional niche

b. realized niche

c. principle niche

d. fundamental niche

e. primary niche

13. Which of the following are mismatched?

a. nx : mortality rate

b. lx : survivorship history

c. R0 : net reproductive rate

d. mx : average number offspring per individual

e. x : age/time interval

14. The age distribution of a population can reveal:

a. growth potential.

b. survivorship.

c. reproduction.

d. both growth potential and survivorship.

e. growth potential, survivorship, and reproduction.

15. Whittaker's research on North American tree distribution examined ____________ gradients and concluded that the tree distribution was __________________.

a. temperature; random

b. temperature; clumped

c. moisture; clumped

d. moisture; random

e. soil; random

16. Humans would best be represented by which of the following survivorships curves?

a. III

b. II

c. I

d. IV


17. ______________ is/are defined as a group of potentially breeding organisms within a species in a given space and time.

a. Density

b. Populations

c. Distribution

d. Abundance

e. Community

18. In order to determine whether a species is common or rare, ecologists use all of the following criteria, except:

a. habitat tolerance.

b. evolutionary existence.

c. geographical range.

d. local population size.


19. Type II survivorship curve indicates:






20. Which statement about organisms' "niches" is false?

a. The niche summarizes environmental factors influencing growth, survival, and reproduction of a species.

b. The niche concept was developed by Joseph Grinnell and Charles Elton.

c. The "fundamental" niche refers to physical, but not biological, aspects of the environment.

d. Interactions such as competition and parasitism may restrict the size of an organism's niche.

e. In the laboratory, two species with identical niches are especially easy to maintain in a mixed culture.


Mod 4

Question Points

1. dN/dt = rmaxN [(K - N)/K] represents:

a. annual growth rate.

b. geometric population growth.

c. exponential growth rate.

d. logistic growth.


1

2. Seeds bearing eliasomes are likely to be dispersed by:

a. ants.

b. wind.

c. water.

d. birds.

e. scatterhoarding mammals.

3. Which of the following observations can be explained by the energetic limitation of an organism's total reproductive effort?

a. Darter diversity is very high in the Ozark Highlands.

b. Darters that lay many eggs lay smaller eggs, on average.

c. Seed size in plants varies over at least 10 orders of magnitude.

d. Seed size in plants depends in part on the plant's seed dispersal mechanism.

e. More than one of the choices.

4. Because natural selection has shaped fish life histories:

a. fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at a younger age.

b. fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at an older age.

c. fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest relatively large amounts of energy in reproduction.

d. both fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at a younger age and fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest relatively large amounts of energy in reproduction are true.

e. both fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at an older age and fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest relatively large amounts of energy in reproduction are true.

5. "N/K" for a population can represent:

a. environmental resistance.

b. logistic component.

c. population size decrease.

d. both environmental resistance and logistic component.

e. both logistic component and population size decrease.

1

6. Which of the following is/are mismatched?

a. rmax = intrinsic rate of increase

b. K = carrying capacity

c. Nt = annual growth rate

d. t = time interval

e. dN/dt = rate of population change

7. The exponential population growth equation can be used for:

a. populations with overlapping generations.

b. populations experiencing continuous growth.

c. populations with nonpulsed reproduction.

d. both populations with overlapping generations and populations experiencing continuous growth.

e. both populations with overlapping generations, populations experiencing continuous growth, and populations with nonpulsed reproduction.

8. Grime's classification of plant life histories focuses attention on:

a. stress and disturbance.

b. stress and nutrient availability.

c. disturbance and gene flow.

d. disturbance and plant species diversity.

e. r- vs. K-selection.

9. The number of eggs laid by a female is called her:

a. fertility.

b. gonadosomatic index.

c. growth form.

d. rotundity.

e. fecundity.

10. Which of the following environments for germinating seed is most likely to favor a plant species that makes many small seeds, compared to one that makes fewer larger seeds?

a. Nutrient limitation

b. Competition from established plants

c. Shade

d. Deep burial in soil

e. Disturbance

11. Nt = N0 t represents:

a. geometric population growth.

b. annual growth rate.


d. logistic growth.


Hint: Section 11.01

SLO1:Describe the ecology of individual organisms with respect to their level of ecological organization.

LO1C:Explain offspring versus number versus size.

1

12. The best model for population growth of an annual plant like Phlox drummondii is:

a. geometric growth.

b. exponential growth.

c. logistic growth.

d. geometric growth during years with high rainfall and exponential growth during years with low rainfall.

e. geometric growth during years with high rainfall and logistic growth during years with low rainfall.

Hint: Section 11.01

SLO1:Describe the ecology of individual organisms with respect to their level of ecological organization.

LO1C:Explain offspring versus number versus size.

1

13. The "K" in "K-selection" comes from the:

a. ecologist who coined it, Astrid Kodric-Brown.

b. shape of the age-vs.-mortality-rate plot for K-selected species.

c. "K" in the logistic growth equation.

d. Greek letter "kappa," symbolizing fecundity.


Hint: Section 12.03

SLO11:Explain the fundamental characteristics common to populations of species, such as growth, distribution, and survival.

LO11G:Describe the two variables that are most important in exerting selective pressure on plants.

1

14. Human populations are clumped on a large scale with the greatest concentration in:

a. Africa.

b. Europe.

c. Asia.

d. North America.

e. South America.

Hint: Section Applications


LO11E:Explain population dynamics from country to country.

1

15. "Riparian" refers to plant communities occurring:

a. in the tropics.

b. at high altitudes.

c. along the edges of deserts.

d. in permanently flooded areas.

e. in transitions between riverbanks and upland areas.

Hint: Section Applications


LO11G:Describe the two variables that are most important in exerting selective pressure on plants.

1

16. A fish maturing late with large body size and producing many small offspring would be said to have a(n):

a. periodic life history.

b. opportunistic life history.

c. equilibrium life history.

d. precocial life history.

e. stress-tolerant life history.

17. If the age distribution diagram is bottom heavy or pyramidal in shape, this indicates that the population is:

a. stable.

b. declining.

c. growing slowly.

d. growing rapidly.

e. cannot be determined.

1

18. If the age distribution diagram is bell shaped or the number of individual in each age class is evenly distributed, this indicates that the population is:

a. stable.

b. declining.

c. growing slowly.

d. growing rapidly.

e. not able to be determined.

1

19. dN/dt = rmaxN represents:



c. exponential population growth.

d. logistic growth.


20. An annual plant when initially colonizing an area will probably demonstrate:




d. logistic growth.



Mod 5

dback

Question Points

1. A "negatively phototaxic" amphipod will swim:

a. away from parasitic worms.

b. towards parasitic worms.

c. away from competing amphipods.

d. towards light.

e. away from light.

2. Crabs and shrimp associated with corals protect their hosts from:

a. being dislodged from the substrate by currents.

b. predation by sea-stars.

c. predation by fishes.

d. attack by parasitic nematodes.

e. infection by pathogenic bacteria.

3. Gause's experiments with Paramecium and Didinium showed:

a. extinction of the predator, followed by extinction of the prey, in all habitats.

b. coexistence of predator and prey at fairly constant population sizes, in all habitats.

c. coexistence of predator and prey, but with oscillating population sizes, in all habitats.

d. coexistence of predator and prey at fairly constant population sizes, but only in the presence of refuges and predator reservoirs.

e. coexistence of predator and prey with oscillating population sizes, but only in the presence of refuges and predator reservoirs.

4. The "unsuccessful mutualists" in Kathleen Keeler's cost-benefit model of mutualism are those that:

a. give benefits to their partner, but fail to receive benefits in return.

b. receive benefits from their partner, but fail to provide benefits in return.

c. neither give benefits to their partner, nor receive them in return.

d. fail to locate individuals of their mutualistic partner effectively.

e. locate mutualistic partners, but fail to overcome their defenses against colonization.

5. Which of the following statements about damselfish on Jamaican reefs is false?

a. Damselfish engage in both intraspecific and interspecific competition.

b. Damselfish compete for territories they use for feeding.

c. Damselfish attack intruders threatening their young.

d. Damselfish without territories die.

e. Competition in damselfish is "interference" competition.

6. Soil fertilization should favor mycorrhizal fungi that are:

a. less aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant hosts.

b. more aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant hosts.

c. more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from soils.

d. more efficient at extracting sugars from soils.

e. more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from plant root exudates.

7. In Thomas Park's experiments with Tribolium beetles, which of the following was true?

a. T. confusum and T. castaneum had identical niches.

b. T. confusum and T. castaneum always coexisted when cultured together.

c. T. confusum and T. castaneum never coexisted when cultured together.

d. T. confusum and T. castaneum could coexist under some environmental conditions, but not all.

e. T. confusum and T. castaneum proved to be unsuitable species for laboratory experimentation.

8. Which of the following organisms are dependent on mutualisms for their persistence?

a. Reef-building corals

b. Bioluminescent fishes

c. Bumblebees and hummingbirds

d. Horses, elephants, and camels

e. All of the choices apply

9. In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, if 21 > 1, then:

a. the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced equally by individuals of either species 1 or species 2.

b. the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced more by each individual of species 2 than by each individual of species 1.

c. the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced more by each individual of species 1 than by each individual of species 2.

d. we would also have to know the value of K2 to decide which of the above is true.

e. we cannot tell from the parameters of the equation which of the choices is true.

10. In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, the parameter 12 relates to the:

a. population growth rate.

b. carrying capacity in the absence of competition.

c. carrying capacity in the presence of competition.

d. effect OF species 2 ON population growth rate OF species 1.

e. effect OF species 1 ON population growth rate OF species 2.

11. Which statement about snowshoe hare and lynx populations in boreal Canada is false?

a. Lynx are not the only important predator of snowshoe hares.

b. Lynx and hare populations both oscillate repeatedly, with a similar period.

c. Snowshoe hares rarely deplete their food supply enough to affect their population biology.

d. Trapping records kept by non-scientists can provide useful records of hare population sizes.

e. Field experiments imply that hare cycles depend both on the hares' food and their predators.

Hint: Section 14.03

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12. Which aspects of the biology of zooxanthellae are controlled by their coral hosts?

a. Their cell wall chemistry

b. Their population growth rate when free-living

c. The release of photosynthetic products from their cells

d. The rate at which they absorb sugars from their hosts

e. Their mortality rate

13. In plants, "self-thinning" refers to reduction in:

a. the biomass of an individual in response to competition.

b. the total biomass of a population in response to competition.

c. both population density and population biomass in response to competition.

d. population density in response to competition, as population biomass increases.

e. population density due to grazing by herbivores.

14. In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a predator population in the absence of prey (hosts) would:

a. grow exponentially.

b. grow logistically.

c. decline as predators die.

d. decline at first, but then increase as predators switch to other modes of feeding.

e. decline at first, but then reach a small equilibrium population size.

15. Joseph Connell discovered that Balanus barnacles were excluded from the upper intertidal zone by ____________, while Chthalamus barnacles were excluded from the middle intertidal zone by ___________.

a. competition from mussels, prolonged immersion in water

b. competition from mussels, competition with Balanus

c. prolonged exposure to air, competition with Balanus

d. prolonged exposure to air, competition with algae

e. predation by wading birds, predation by starfishC

16. In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a prey (host) population in the absence of predators would:

a. grow exponentially.

b. grow logistically.

c. grow exponentially, and then crash when it has outstripped its own food supply.

d. decline to extinction.

e. the model makes no assumptions about what happens in the absence of predators.

17. Which of the following factors can stabilize predator-prey relationships by providing a prey refuge?

a. An area of prey habitat where predators cannot enter

b. An area of prey habitat that is isolated and difficult for predators to find

c. The occurrence of prey in numbers too large for predators to attack effectively

d. The ability of prey to grow to a size invulnerable to predation

e. All of the choices apply.

18. The standard error of the mean is equal to:

a. the sample variance divided by the sample size.

b. the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.

c. the sample variance divided by the square root of the sample size.

d. twice the square root of the sample size.

e. twice the square root of the sample variance.

19. The major benefit obtained by aspen sunflower, Helianthella quinquenervis, from its ant mutualists is:

a. reduced losses of seeds to seed predators.

b. reduced loss of leaf tissue to herbivorous insects.

c. more efficient extraction of soil nutrients.

d. more rapid growth early in the growing season.

e. improved attraction of pollinators.

20. The major benefit obtained by zooxanthellae algal cells from their coral host is:

a. protection from herbivores.

b. sugars.

c. phosphorus from coral wastes.

d. nitrogen from coral wastes.

e. temperature regulation.


Mod 6

Question Points

1. The terrestrial ecosystems with highest primary production are usually those that are:

a. warm and wet.

b. warm and dry.

c. cool and wet.

d. cool and dry.

e. intermediate in both temperature and moisture.

.

1

2. We can infer a statistically significant difference between two population means when:

a. our estimates of the two means are different.

b. the variances of the two means do not overlap.

c. the standard deviations of the two means do not overlap.

d. the 95% confidence intervals for the two means do not overlap.

e. the 95% confidence intervals for the two means are of different widths.

3. Robert MacArthur's study of forest warblers suggested that:

a. fewer warbler species can survive in more complex habitats.

b. warbler species diversity increases with habitat complexity.

c. warbler species diversity decreases with habitat complexity.

d. most warblers have rather similar foraging niches.


1

4. A simple tree community consists of 4 maples, 3 oaks, and 1 alder. The Shannon-Wiener diversity of this community is:

a. 0.42.

b. 0.97.

c. 1.5.

d. 3.

e. not possible to calculate from the data given.

5. In Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, the largest "standing stock" of energy is represented by biomass of:

a. living plant tissues.

b. dead plant tissues.

c. invertebrate herbivores.

d. vertebrate herbivores.

e. vertebrate carnivores.

6. In Michael Huston's studies of Costa Rican forest diversity, the highest tree diversity was found on soils with:

a. very high fertility.

b. moderate fertility.

c. very low fertility.

d. either high or low, but not moderate, fertility.

e. there was no relationship between diversity and soil fertility.

7. On the Serengeti plain of eastern Africa, large grazing mammals consume what fraction of total primary production?

a. A negligibly small amount

b. About 10%

c. About 25%

d. About 66%

e. Nearly all

8. Teja Tscharntke's studies of the food web associated with Phragmites reeds revealed that:

a. only a single parasitoid species can persist exploiting a single species of herbivore.

b. only a single herbivore species can persist attacking a single species of plant.

c. predation by birds actually protects herbivores, because the birds feed on parasitoid-infested herbivore galls but not uninfested galls.

d. within local food webs, all interactions tend to be of roughly the same strength.

e. recognizing variation in interaction strength can greatly simplify the depiction of a food web.

9. Disturbances can alter a community's stable environmental conditions, also called its:

a. frequency.

b. intensity.

c. heterogeneity.

d. equilibrium.

e. niche space.

10. In most ecological communities, we find:

a. more rare species than moderately common or very common ones.

b. more very common species than moderately common or rare ones.

c. no rare species—apparently "rare" species are artifacts of incomplete sampling.

d. roughly equal proportions of rare, moderately common, and very common species.

e. more moderately common species than rare or very common ones.

11. Net primary productivity is the primary productivity of an ecosystem, after subtracting energy lost in:

a. dead plant tissues.

b. inedible plant tissues.

c. respiration by primary producers.

d. respiration by primary consumers.

e. inefficiencies of photosynthesis.

12. In soil and water fertilization experiments, increasing fertilization tends to reduce the number of limiting resources for plant growth until a single resource limits growth of all species. This "ultimate" limiting resource tends to be:

a. carbon.

b. oxygen.

c. phosphorus.

d. nitrogen.

13. In the Washington intertidal community studied by Robert Paine, the most important limiting resource is:

a. space.

b. light.

c. plankton.

d. nitrogen.

e. water.

14. A Predator and its prey interact __________, but if the predator affects another species through this interaction, ecologists describe it as a(n) ___________ interaction.

a. strongly; inefficient

b. directly; variable

c. weakly; diffuse

d. indirectly; keystone

e. directly; indirect

15. Carnivores that feed on herbivores (or on detritivores) are referred to as:

a. primary producers.

b. primary consumers.

c. secondary consumers.

d. parasitoids.

16. Joseph Connell's "intermediate disturbance hypothesis" proposes that:

a. species diversity is highest at intermediate frequencies of disturbance.

b. species diversity is lowest at intermediate frequencies of disturbance.

c. population growth rates are highest at intermediate frequencies of disturbance.

d. competitive exclusion is fastest at intermediate levels of disturbance.


17. Prairie dog disturbances maximize plant diversity:

a. by burrowing and grazing.

b. by creating patches open for dispersal.

c. by allowing good competitors and good colonizers to coexist in the grassland.

d. at intermediate levels.


18. A keystone species is one:

a. that makes up a very large proportion of total community biomass.

b. that feeds on a very large fraction of all available prey species.

c. that is fed on by a very large fraction of all predators in its community.

d. whose feeding activities have a disproportionate effect on the structure of its community.

e. that occupies the lowest level (the base) of the food web.

19. "Actual evapotranspiration" for an ecosystem refers to the amount of water that:

a. is taken up from soils by plant roots.

b. evaporates from soils.

c. is transpired by plants.

d. evaporates from soils plus the amount transpired by plants.

e. could evaporate from soils, if they were kept wet at all times.

20. Experimental fertilizations in the Baltic Sea suggest that primary productivity there is normally limited by:

a. phosphorus.

b. nitrogen.

c. iron.

d. potassium.

e. temperature.

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