2012 Cal Poly

Wetting and Dispersing Additives+ Defoaming Additives

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Pigment Dispersion

Dispersion

Flocculation

AgglomerateFlocculate

Flocculated Deflocculated

Primary Particle(Ideal Dispersion)

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Flocculation

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Pigment Properties

Chemistry determines: Shade Fastness Cost

Particle shape & size determines: Opacity / transparency Strength Rheology Dispersibility

Surface treatment determines: Durability Dispersibility

Primary Particle

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Wetting and Dispersing ProcessWetting and Dispersing Process

Wetting and Dispersion Stabilizing

additives

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Wetting Additives

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Wetting Additives

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Dispersing Additives

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Pigment Stabilization

Coating System Stabilization Mechanism

• Solvent-Borne

• Water-Reducible

• Emulsion

• Steric Hindrance

• Charge / Steric Hindrance

• Charge

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Pigment Stabilization - Solvent

Steric Hindrance

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hydrophilic

lipophilic

Wetting Additives

Disperbyk®-181/187

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–

–

–

––

–

Dispersing Additives

BYK®-156

–

––

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Pigment Stabilization - Water

W 0032 07/98

Electrostatic Repulsion

– +–––

––

– –

– ––

––––– – +

+

++

+

++

++

+

++++

–+–––

––

––

–– –––––––

++

++

+

+

+

++

+

+ + ++

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Deflocculating

Controlledflocculating

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Deflocculating

Higher glossLower hazeHigher color strengthImproved hiding powerBetter transparencyLow viscosity / Newtonian Flow No flooding & floating

For Appearance

Advantages of deflocculation:

Possible side-effects:SaggingSettling

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesControlledflocculating

Better sag resistanceBetter anti-settlingNo color separation

For Function

Advantages:

Possible side-effects:Lower glossReduced hiding power

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Low molecular weight Higher molecular weight

Wetting and Dispersing Additives

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Higher molecular weight

Excellent steric stabilization

No negative influence on weathering / durability

Larger number of pigment anchoring groups

Strong & permanent adsorption on pigment surface

Higher MW Additives: Properties

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High Molecular Weight W&D Additives

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Different pigments in the same resin system

can carry different charges

2-pack acrylic resinControl

Bayferrox 130 M +Special black 4 - - -Cinquasia red Y FT 859 D + +Chromophtal red A 2 B - -

+,++,+++ = weak, strong, very strong positive charge-,--,--- = weak, strong, very strong negative chargeo = no detectable charge

Pigment Charges

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+

- + - +

Pigment Charges

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Different pigments in the same resin system

can carry different charges

2-pack acrylic resinControl With Additive

Bayferrox 130 M + ++Special black 4 - - - ++Cinquasia red Y FT 859 D + + ++Chromophtal red A 2 B - - ++

+,++,+++ = weak, strong, very strong positive charge-,--,--- = weak, strong, very strong negative chargeo = no detectable charge

Pigment Charges

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+

- + - +

+

+ +++

Proper stabilization

Pigment Charges

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Set-up for Charge Measurement

Power Supply

1 2

34

1 Power Supply 0-60V DC2 Glass plate3 Copper tape4 Gap 0.7-0.9 mm (not drawn to scale)

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Higher molecular weight

Excellent steric stabilization

No negative influence on weathering / durability

Larger number of pigment anchoring groups

Strong & permanent adsorption on pigment surface

Uniform positive charge on stabilized pigment particles

Higher MW Additives: Properties

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Pigment Stabilization

Coating System Stabilization Mechanism

• Solvent-Borne

• Water-Reducible

• Emulsion

• Steric Hindrance + Charge

• Charge / Steric Hindrance

• Charge

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Disperbyk®-160 - Family

Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Disperbyk®-182 / Disperbyk®-184

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Disperbyk®-190 Disperbyk®-191

Wetting and Dispersing Additives

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Pigment Stabilization

Coating System Stabilization Mechanism

• Solvent-Borne

• Water-Reducible

• Emulsion

• Steric Hindrance + Charge

• Charge / Steric Hindrance

• Charge + Steric

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Pigment Properties

Chemistry determines: Shade Fastness Cost

Particle shape & size determines: Opacity / transparency Strength Rheology Dispersibility

Surface treatment determines: Durability Dispersibility

Primary Particle

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Pigment Properties

Color / Shade

Hiding Power

Transparency

... Optimal properties obtained by complete pigment deflocculation

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70

75

80

85

90

95

0 1 2 3

Gloss 20° [%]

Disperbyk 162(cationic)

Disperbyk 110(anionic)

Disperbyk 180(electroneutral)

CR-50 (Ishihara) Dispersant level s.o.p.[%]

Stabilization of TiO2 with BasicSurface Treatment

Treatment:Al2O3/SiO2

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78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

0 1 2 3

Gloss 20° [%]

Disperbyk 162(cationic)Disperbyk 110

(anionic)

Disperbyk 180(electroneutral)

CR-90 (Ishihara)Dispersant level s.o.p.[%]

Stabilization of TiO2 with Neutral Surface Treatment

Treatment:Al2O3 /SiO2

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0102030405060708090100

0 1 2 3

Gloss 20° [%]

Disperbyk 162(cationic)

Disperbyk 110(anionic)

Disperbyk 180(electroneutral)

Dispersant Level s.o.p.[%]

Stabilization of TiO2 with Acidic Surface Treatment

Treatment: SiO2

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesSteric hindrance

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesSteric hindrance

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesSteric hindrance

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesSteric hindrance

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesSteric hindrance

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesIncompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesIncompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesIncompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesIncompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesIncompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesIncompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesIncompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing AdditivesIncompatibility

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Flooding

Vertical pigment separation = flooding

Uniform color in surface

Color is differentunderneath the surface

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FloatingBénard cells

Eddy currents during drying

Horizontal pigment separation= floating

due to

differentdegreesof flocculation

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Why is there Flooding and Floating?

Flocculation increases (secondary) particle size (1-3 magnitudes)

Particles are segregated by currents during film formation (big particles move with the currents)

A basic understanding of pigment dispersion, stabilization and flocculation phenomena is needed to solve the problem

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Use Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Wetting and dispersing additives for all applications

Controlled flocculating or deflocculating types

Solvent-based systems

Water-based systems

With or without grinding resin

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The Measure of Success!

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Questions?

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What’s foam

How defoamers work

Test methods

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Definition of Foam

Dispersion of gas (air) bubbles in a liquid

Foam is characterized as an extremely large interface of gas and liquid with the gas (normally air) encapsulated within the interface

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Bubbles Rise to Surface

V = Velocity of riser = Bubble radius = Viscosity of theliquid

V r2

Stoke’s Law

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Foam Stabilization

hydrophobic / non polar

hydrophilic / polar

Surfactant

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Foam

wet foam dry foam

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Insoluble

Incompatible

Positive spreading coefficient

Defoamers Characteristics

Positive Entering coefficient

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Defoamers – How they work

Chemistry and particle size dependent

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Defoaming through Hydrophobic Particles

Hydrophobicparticle

Foam lamella

Saturation will reduce efficiency

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Defoamers - Air Release Agents

DefoamersAct at the surface

Air Release AgentsAct in the film

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Defoamers and Air Release Selection

Low Polarity High

De f

o am

i ng

p rop

e rti e

s

Deaeration properties

Mol

ecul

ar W

eigh

t

High

Low

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Air Release Additive Replaces Interfacially Active Substances

InterfaciallyInterfacially active active substancessubstances

Air release additiveAir release additive

LiquidLiquid

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BYK 054

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Defects

compatible/soluble

incompatible/insoluble

Defoaming

Foam

Optimum

Air Release Additive Selection

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Defoamer Selection

Foam

Defoaming

Foam

compatible/soluble

incompatible/insoluble

Defects

Optimum

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Defoamer test methods - Low Shear

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Defoamer test methods - High Shear

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What is controlled incompatibility?

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Defoamer: Selection Criteria

Duration of shear

Defoamerselection

Point ofaddition

Shear forces available for incorporation

Use level

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ANTI-TERRA®, BYK®, BYK®-DYNWET®, BYK®-SILCLEAN®, BYKANOL®, BYKETOL®, BYKOPLAST®, BYKUMEN®, DISPERBYK®, DISPERPLAST®, LACTIMON®, NANOBYK®, SILBYK® and VISCOBYK®

are registered trademarks of BYK-Chemie. AQUACER®, AQUAFLOUR®, AQUAMAT®, CERACOL®, CERAFAK®, CERAFLOUR®, CERAMAT®, CERATIX® and MINERPOL® are registered trademarks of BYK-Cera.

This information is given to the best of our knowledge. Because of the multitude of formulations, production, and application conditions, all the above mentioned statements have to be adjusted to the circumstances of the processor. No liabilities, including those for patent rights, can be derived from this fact for individual cases.