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Absolutism
Absolutism
Absolutism:
-Middle Ages/renaissance-Struggle for more power
-Monarchs (Kings/Queens) wanted to have absolute (all) power.
AbsolutismDivine Right: “God Given”
-Monarchs would claim to be God’s representative on earth
- Kings were anointed with holy water at their coronations.
-Those that rebelled against the Monarch would be considered defying and rebelling
against God’s will
AbsolutismBourbons of France
How do they come to power?
French Civil war
Huguenots VS. Catholics
(Calvinists)
Absolutism
History.wisc.edu
AbsolutismHenry of Navarre
(1589-1610)
“Good King Henry”
-Henry IV of France
-First Bourbon king
-Instituted the Edict of Nantes in 1598
-Religious toleration of the Huguenots
Marlowe-society.org
AbsolutismLouis XIII
(1610-1643)
-Son of Henry IV
“Fils de FranceDauphin of France”
-Maria de Medici his mother (Catholic) serves as his regent
-He is only 9 years-old when he becomes king after Father
is killed
AbsolutismCardinal Richelieu
“Armand Jean du Plessis“ - cardinal-duc de Richelieu et de
Fronsac“
-Chief Minister for Louis XIII in 1624.
(Louis became early example of Absolute Monarch)
-He is influential during this time because he controls
the bureaucrats.
Galleryhistoricalfigures.com
AbsolutismPolicies of Louis XIII (Cardinal Richelieu)
Sale of Office
Anyone who worked for the king the position or office had to be purchased. Paulette—a fee paid to keep the office holder’s position. It would remain in his family when he died.
Nobles
Reduced their influence, gave them positions as diplomats, soldiers and officials
Huguenots
Ended their political independence and advances/loss of privileges
AbsolutismPolicies of Louis XIII (Cardinal Richelieu)
Intendants: (Sub delegates)
-Royal representatives governing each district in France
-Controlled almost every aspect of life inside of their respected district.
Purpose:
-Recruited people for the army
-Supervised tax collections, regulated Businesses
-Enforced the kings decrees (Watch for rebellion)
-Disliked by peasants and threatened the power of the nobles
AbsolutismPolicies of Louis XIII (Cardinal Richelieu)
-Increased French Influence in the 30 years war. Aided Protestant Princes…to keep Holy Roman Emperor (Catholic) from becoming a major threat to the French.
-Promoted Textile industry and shipbuilding. Established Private Trading companies between France-colonies
AbsolutismWho is this person?
What do you think is going on in this painting?
What is the message of this painting?
Why do you think it was painted?
Architecturalwatercolors.blogspot.com
AbsolutismLouis XIV (1643-1715)
“Grand Monarch” (Grand Monarque)
He was known as the Sun King. He represented this by having coins show the rays of sun falling onto Louis and then to his subjects. This symbolized warmth and life given by the monarch.
Also was considered to be the “Center of the French Universe”, with his Glitter of lifestyle.
5 Year old King; Mother was Anne of Austria (Ruled France until Louis was of age).
Architecturalwatercolors.blogspot.com
Absolutism-France became the greatest
Power in Europe during his reign
-Imitated by many
“Imitation is considered the greatest form of flattery”
AbsolutismVersailles Palace
A-gc.com
AbsolutismVersailles Palace
-Hunting Lodge of Louis XIII.
-Louis XIV’s court by 1680s.
-Versailles Palace was also XIV’s home.
-Located about 10 miles outside of Paris.
-It was the largest building of its day.
AbsolutismLouis XIV’s Absolutist Government
-The use of armed force
-More stricter intendents
-Formulation and execution of laws
-Collection and expenditure of revenue, taxation
-Kept control of important nobles by requiring constant prescience at the court in Versailles
(Lavish entertainment brought in to keep everyone amused) Most loyal were given honors and high office jobs.
AbsolutismJean Baptist Colbert: Financial Advisor.
Utilized the policy of…
-Mercantilism: (colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country.) A nation’s wealth was measured in its gold and silver, more exports than imports.
-Mercantilism affected the colonies such as New France (Canada) started by Henry IV
AbsolutismDomestic Policy:
Revoked the Edict of Nantes from 1685
-why?-
To promote unity however, it had economic consequences.
(Heavy Huguenot persecution)
Result: 1 million Huguenots either leave the country or convert to Catholicism.
AbsolutismHapsburgs of Germany and Spain
Charles V Ferdinand+Isabella
Holy Roman Joanna
Emperor 1519 Archduke Philip of Austria
King of Spain
(1516-1556)
grandparents
daughter
Son
+
AbsolutismHapsburgs of Germany and Spain
AbsolutismHoly Roman Emperor
Charles V
(1516-1556 Spain
1519-1558 HRE)
-Declared Martin Luther an Outlaw (Diet of Worms)
-Supporter and a force behind Counter Reformation
-Fought wars with France over territory in Italy
-Illness and weariness forced him to vacate the Crowns.Artrenewal.org
AbsolutismKing Philip II of Spain
(1556-1598)
Charles V’s son-Married Queen Mary I (England)
Henry VIII’s daughter
-Supports Catholics in
France against Henry IV
-Defeats Muslim (Ottoman navy) invasion at Lepanto
in 1571
-Defeated by the English
in 1588 invasion of England…Historicalportraits.com
AbsolutismKing Philip II of Spain
And the Spanish Invincible Armada, La Armada Grande-Originally friends with Elizabeth I (England) (Sister of Mary I)
-He facilitated her accession and
supported her against the claims of
Mary Stuart (Queen of the Scots)
-He intervened powerfully in her favor (Elizabeth) to prevent French aid from being sent to Scotland.
-With the upswing of Protestantism
relations between England and Spain
begin to turn bad
Historicalportraits.com
AbsolutismKing Philip II of Spain
And the Spanish Invincible Armada, La Armada Grande
So, What Went Wrong?
—Spanish ships were robbed with impunity in the English channel
—The Protestant groups in the Netherlands started to rebel in 1566
which were supported by England. Spain supported Catholics in
Netherlands.
—In 1568, a Spanish ship docked in Plymouth and filled with pay for
the Spanish army in Flanders was seized by the English.
AbsolutismKing Philip II of Spain VS. Queen Elizabeth I
– In the Spring of 1587, Francis Drake cruised off the coast of Spain and contrary to Elizabeth’s wishes attacked Spanish shipping, burnt the half-finished and unmanned ships at Cadiz and did enormous damage to the Spanish navy.
—The Armada left Lisbon on May 20, 1588. It consisted of 130 ships and 30, 493 men but half of the ships were transports and two-thirds of the men were soldiers. It went to the harbor of Carunna for retrofitting.
—The Armada sailed out for Flanders on July 12.
—One ship was reported captured three sank and four or five ran ashore
AbsolutismPeter Alexowitz (the Great)
(Czar 1682-1725)
-Curious about other lands at a young age
-Would travel in disguise to Western Europe to learn about the advancements made and return with them to Russia.
-Would impose new ways that went against tradition
Absolutism
AbsolutismThe English Civil War
(1642-1646, 1648-1649, 1649-1651)
English Civil War August 1642-September 1649
Parliamentarians Vs. Royalists“Roundheads” “Cavaliers”
Over 80,000 killed
English Civil War English Civil War
Previous Conditions
Edward VI—Henry’s 10 year old son inherited the throne. Advisors were Protestants. Thomas Cranmer was using the Book of Common Prayer. Protestant service while keeping Catholic Doctrine.
http://tudorhistory.org/edward/
Tudorhistory.org
English Civil War Previous Conditions
Mary Tudor wants to return England to Catholic faith. She is the younger sister of Henry VIII
http://tudorhistory.org/mary/
English Civil War Previous Conditions
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) (r. 1558-1603)
She was the last of the Tudors. She wasn’t married. Her Minister Robert Cecil enabled the King of Scotland, James Stuart to succeed her.
http://tudorhistory.org/elizabeth/Englishhistory.net
English Civil War Previous Conditions
Mary Queen of ScotsA Catholic, hoped she would inherit the throne.
Elizabeth had Mary executed in 1587. She was the great grand niece of Henry VIII.
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html
Englishhistory.net
English Civil War Causes
The Gentry
--Newest group in society looking for respectability.
--Maintained agricultural holdings and crown offices.
--Three-quarters of the House of Commons were gentry, well educated and could approve all taxation.
English Civil War Causes con’t
The Debt
The war with Spain in 1588
It created an economic depression
John Stuart, King of Scotland and England left with a 400,000 debt.
English Civil War Causes con’t
The Puritans
Puritans were English Calvinists. They believed the Protestant Anglican church was too close to Roman
Catholicism. By 1639, the Calvinist Scots took up arms rather than accept the Anglican prayer book.
English Civil War Causes con’t
King James I (r. 1603-1625)
James VI; King of Scotland.
He was not well liked by the people of England.
He was a foreigner, Scottish and an absolutist.
Short on Money; financial restraints
English Civil War The Parliament showed their dislike of James I in a number of ways:
1. Forced his ministers
to resign
2. blocked the union of
England and Scotland
3. Only Anglicans allowed
to hold public office
History.wisc.edu
English Civil War Quick Review:-Queen Elizabeth I dies 1603: End of Tudor Family Reign-No children; a cousin was appointed the Crown of England-Cousin was James VI of Scotland(James I of England)-Hated man (Scottish, constant conflict and tension between Parliament and himself (Little respect for Parliament)
English Civil War Charles I (r. 1625-1649)
2nd Son of James I
-Continued to have tensions with Parliament-Seeked out goals his father accomplished-continued on with absolutist, divine right of rule for England
English Civil War During the Parliament of 1628-1629,
He agrees to Petition of Right
which grants more rights to the
People:
End to imprisonment w/o cause
End to martial law in peacetime
End to billeting of troops among
civilians
Taxation w/o consent of
Parliament (James VI would constantly do this, Petition would limit his son from doing it ever again.
http://www.hrp.org.uk/HamptonCourtPalace/escapeSites.psu.edu
English Civil War English Civil War
Causes of the English Civil Warhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3h_RyFEV0M
English Civil War -Charles I agrees to the Petition of Right but breaks his word on all the issues.
-He orders Parliament dissolved until 1640 due to breaking word on Petition of Rights as well as the discovery of the Star Chamber: A secret court were Charles would arrested and have people tried without Parliament’s knowledge.
-11 years Charles ruled without any type of check and balance. Absolute rule.
-Would often reactivate old taxation laws and fines/fees to keep money flow into England (shipping taxes, Knighthood fees)
English Civil War By 1639, the Calvinist Scots took up arms rather than accept the Anglican prayer book.
By 1640, the Scots occupy most of northern England. Charles I then approaches Parliament to raise money to fight the Scots.
Charles I starts the Long Parliament which lasts for 13 years.
English Civil War Royalists Anti-Royalists
Anglican Puritan
North and West of England South and East of England
Controlled House of Commons
Called Cavaliers (had long hair) Called Roundheads (had bowl shaped hair)
English Civil War starts in 1642
Oliver Cromwell and his new Model Army defeat the Royalists in 1646.
English Civil War Second English Civil War 1648-1649
-Two years after the defeat in the First Civil War, Charles I took up arms and attempted to use force to
retake what was his
-Political agreement could not be reached
-Despite being captive, secret agreements between Charles and the Scots lead to the Scots invading
England again. Turned away shortly after
English Civil War What happens to Charles I?
-Parliament begins decision to end the reign of Charles I
He was put on Trial for Treason in 1649
He was later found guilty, and convicted
English Civil War What happens to Charles I?
Punishment? Executed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPmSR--BktE
English Civil War Oliver Cromwell
-Ruled England from 1649 to 1660 (Interregnum)
-1649-1651 Continued to regain English control over
Ireland, and Scotland
-England is a republic at this time (Commonwealth)
-Becomes a dictator in 1654: “Lord protector of England”
English Civil War Oliver Cromwell
-Dissolved Parliament twice due to lack of reforms.
-Ends the Long Parliament in 1653 (started by Charles I)
offers him the crown in 1656 but refused
-1657 England’s first constitution “Instrument of England” is written, only to
be scrapped
-
English Civil War Oliver Cromwell
-Killed many Irish over the belief that many English
settlers were killed in Ireland in 1641, **Still a
horror filled memory to this day**
-Allowed all types of religion to practice except
Catholicism
-Banned all type of criticism via publication
-Shut down all types of entertainment/amusement
English Civil War Oliver Cromwell
-Clamped down on (limited) the celebration of
Christmas and other Saint and Holy days during his
reign
-Dies of a Malarial-type of disease
-His son alienated both the army and Parliament in
effort to succeed his father
English Civil War Richard Cromwell
-Third (eldest) surviving Son of Oliver
-Served nine month reign (1658-1659)
-Controversy as to whether or not Oliver named him
successor, or his Son in Law Charles Fleetwood
English Civil War Richard Cromwell-Left with £2 million Debt
-questioned as capable leader due to lack of military
experience
-No strength/unity between the Army, Parliament, and
Cromwell
-Could not control either side
-Parliament forces Cromwell to resign, appoints new
Council to govern England
English Civil War Restoration
-Since 1658 (Cromwell’s death) Parliament once again had the most power-But English people still wanted a king to
rule.
Charles II (r. 1660-1685)
Charles I son
Protestant
He forms a limited monarchy,(the king and Parliament
share power)
English Civil War Restoration
-Most of Cromwell’s actions are reversed (Amusement/entertainment)
-Things were less severe in comparison to Cromwell’s reign
Habeas Corpus Act passed by Parliament
(A person who was arrested could obtain an order demanding to be taken in front of a judge within a
certain amount of time. Judge would decide whether person is tried for crime or released)
English Civil War -After his death James II
(1633-1701), Charles I second son and younger brother of Charles II
-Rules from 1685-1688.
He is Catholic and his second wife has a son who is also Catholic.
-Parliament dislikes him but nevertheless supports him.
English Civil War -Despite the Catholic faith, his daughters married
protestant princes, parliament accepts and believes the crown will continue to be upheld by Protestant faith
HOWEVERRR……..
-A catholic son was born in 1688-trumping the line of age to be the heir successor to the throne
English Civil War Restoration
Why is this an issue and how is it resolved?
Glorious Revolution 1688
No Fighting or Bloodshed needed
How so?
-Parliament invites older Protestant Daughter Mary and husband to rule England
English Civil War Restoration
William and Mary
William of Orange from the Netherlands and
Mary, James’s Protestant daughter accept the offer to take up the crown and rule England.
William, with army, march on London. James II flees to France.
William III and Mary II officially begin rule in 1689
English Civil War Restoration
William and Mary
William of Orange from the Netherlands and
Mary, James’s Protestant daughter accept the offer to take up the crown and rule England.
William, with army, march on London. James II flees to France.
William III and Mary II officially begin rule in 1689
English Civil War Restoration
William and MaryGlorious Revolution ends Absolute Monarchy in
England
