Absolute Monarchs in the Middle East & Europe (1500 – 1800) Pondering the Entire Unit

What might be a benefit as well as a drawback having one person with complete control (Absolutism) in charge of a country?

Benefit Drawback:

Reading #1 (73 - 77) – The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

Main Idea: The Ottomans established a Muslim empire that combined many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years.

Getting Ready to Read

1. Look at the entire lesson (pages 63 – 70). What areas of the world did the Ottomans rule and who were a few of their famous leaders?

Areas (Map 67): Rulers:

Setting the Stage

2. How were the people of Turkey (Anatolia) in the 1300s like Japanese in the “warring states” era?

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Turks Move into Byzantium 3. Who led the Ottomans in the early stages of empire building? How were the Ottomans able to conquer and maintain control over their conquered peoples?

Who? How conquer? How maintain control?

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion 4. Why was the capture of Constantinople my Mehmed II important? How was he able to capture the city?

5. To where did Selim expand the Ottoman empire?

Suleyman the Lawgiver (1520 – 1566) 6. To where did Suleyman expand the Ottoman empire?

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7. Point out three means (ways) by which Suleyman effectively governed his conquered lands.

1. 2. 3.

8. Describe two cultural achievements of the Ottomans under Suleyman?

1. 2.

The Empire Declines Slowly 9. Explain one factor (according to the author) that led to the gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire.

Make it Stick! 10. Point out two ways the Ottoman Empire was similar to that of the Mughals.

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Chapter Introduction (Page 436)

Main Idea: The Ottomans built a vast empire built on tolerance during the 1500s. In Europe, amidst religious and economic crises, kings with absolute power took control in Spain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia. However, rulers in the Netherlands and England were unable to gain complete control.

Preparing to Read Look at the lessons list on page 436 as well as the picture of Louis XIV. What are two big topics that will be covered in the next four readings?

Reading #2 (438 - 445): Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism

Main Idea: During a time of religious and economic turmoil, Philip II ruled Spain with a strong hand.

Setting the Stage

1. What areas of Europe did Charles V give to his son Philip II of Spain (See map on page 439)?

A Powerful Spanish Empire

2. By 1580, what lands did Philip rule over? How was he able to maintain control of these vast lands?

Areas: How maintain control?

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3. Explain two ways that Philip carried out his belief that he responsibility was to “defend” the Catholic faith.

1. 2.

Golden Age of Spanish Art & Literature 4. Briefly describe the art of El Greco and Velázquez.

5. What was Cervantes classic work, Don Quixote, about?

The Spanish Empire Weakens 6. Explain two reasons for Spain’s economic troubles.

1. 2.

7. Why did the Dutch revolt against Spain and what was a result of this revolt?

Why? Result?

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The Independent Dutch Prosper 8. What made the newly independent United Provinces of the Netherlands (Dutch) unique in all of Europe?

9. Describe the work of one of the great Dutch painters.

10. What brought great wealth to the Dutch (United Provinces of the Netherlands)?

Absolutism in Europe

Theory of Absolutism Analyzing Key Concepts (Causes)

Analyzing Key Concepts (Results)

11. Define absolute monarchy (Use divine right in your response).

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12. What were a cause as well as an effect of absolutism (according to the chart)?

Cause: Effect:

Absolutism in Europe continued

Growing Power of Europe’s Monarchs Crises Lead to Absolutism 13. Give two reasons why European monarchs of the 1500s were able to gain absolute (complete) power in their countries.

1. 2.

Make it Stick! 14. Point out two ways absolutism in Europe was similar to Ottoman absolutism.

1. 2.

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Reading #3: The Reign of Louis XIV (Pages 446 – 455)

Main Idea: Louis XIV established an absolutist state in France in the late 1600s. While the arts and the economy flourished during his reign, his love for war and luxury placed France in great debt.

Getting Ready to Read 1. Page through lesson 2 (pages 446 – 455). How is Louis XIV able to gain control of France? Point out two ways.

1. 2.

Introduction: Setting the Stage 2. What prevented the Henry II’s sons from establishing an absolutist state in France in the late 1500s?

Religious Wars and Power Struggles 3. Explain two reasons why Henry of Navarre was able to bring order to France in the late 1500s.

1. 2.

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Religious Wars and Power Struggles Continued

Louis XIII Cardinal Richelieu

4. What were two steps Cardinal Richelieu took to increase the power of the French (Bourbon) monarchy? How did each increase the monarch’s power?

1. 2.

Writers Turn Toward Skepticism 5. Define skepticism. How did the writings of Montaigne and Descartes reflect this type of thinking?

Skepticism Montaigne Descartes

Louis XIV Comes to Power

Louis, the Boy King Louis Weakens the Nobles’ Authority

Economic Growth

6. What were two factors that helped Louis gain power in France?

1. 2.

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Cardinal Mazarin Intendants J.B. Colbert

7. How did Cardinal Mazarin as well as Colbert assist Louis’s rise to power?

The Sun King’s Grand Style 7. Describe two other ways Louis was able to increase his control (authority) in France.

1. 2.

History in Depth: The Palace at Versailles 8. In what way did Louis XIV’s palace at Versailles contribute to his power?

Louis Fights Disastrous Wars

9. How did Louis use war to expand his power? How were his conquests ultimately stopped?

War? Stopped?

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10. What did Great Britain gain from its leadership in wars against France?

11. What were one positive and one negative result of Louis’s reign in France?

Positive: Negative:

Make it Stick! 12. How was Louis XIV like two other absolute leaders you have studied? Name the leader and point out the similarity. 1. Leader & Similarity: 2. Leader & Similarity:

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Reading #4: Central European Monarchs Clash (Pages 456 – 461)

Main Idea: Austria and Prussia, while lagging behind France and Spain in the establishment of monarchical rule, begin to establish strong states in the late 1600s.

Getting Ready to Read 1. Page through lesson 2 (pages 456 - 461). What will be the focus of this reading?

Introduction: Setting the Stage 2. What new religious tensions would arise in Germany (Holy Roman Empire) in the early 1600s?

The Thirty Years’ War

Catholic & Protestant Leagues Bohemian Protests (30 Years’ War) Revolt

Hapsburg Triumphs & Defeats

3. What was the cause of the 30 Years’ war? Who were the two sides?

4. How were the two “halves” of the war different?

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The Thirty Years’ War Continues

Peace of Westphalia Beginning of Modern States 5. What were two consequences of the 30 Years’ War?

6. Why might the Peace of Westphalia be considered the beginning of the modern state system?

States Form in Central Europe

Economic Contrasts with the West (W. Europe) Several Weak Empires

7. Give two reasons why strong absolutist states failed to develop in Central Europe by the mid 1600s?

1. 2.

States Form in Central Europe Continued

Austria Grows Stronger Marie Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne 8. Explain two factors that helped Austria create a strong state in the late 1600s.

1. 2.

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Prussia Challenges Austria 9. Explain two factors that helped Prussia create a strong state in the late 1600s.

1. 2.

Prussia Challenges Austria Continued

War of the Austrian Secession The Seven Years’ War 10. Compare and Contrast the War of the Austrian Secession with the Seven Years’ War. Point out one similarity as well as one difference.

Make it Stick! 11. How was the rise of absolutism in Austria and Prussia different than in France or Spain? Point out two ways. 1. 2.

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Reading #5 (462 - 469) – Absolute Rulers of Russia

Main Idea: Peter the Great made many changes in Russia to try to make it more like western Europe.

Getting Ready to Read

1. Page through lesson 4 (pages 462 - 469). How does Peter the Great change Russia? Point out two ways.

Setting the Stage 1. Explain two ways Ivan the IV’s predecessors (those before him) helped lay the foundation for a strong central government in Russia.

1. 2.

The First Czar

2. Explain two reasons why Russia’s first Czar, Ivan IV, had difficulty establishing a strong central government in Russia.

1. 2.

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Peter the Great Comes to Power

3. Why is Czar Peter I known as Peter the Great?

4. Point out two ways Russia was different from Europe when Peter came to power.

1. 2.

5. Why did Peter embark on his tour of Europe in 1697?

Peter Rules Absolutely

6. Explain two reforms Peter undertook to modernize Russia.

1. 2.

7. Point out two other changes Peter made to have Russia become more like Europe (Westernize).

1. 2.

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Peter Rules Absolutely

Establishing St. Petersburg 9. Why did Peter go to war with Sweden in the late 1600s? Was he successful in achieving his objective?

Why? Successful?

10. What was the primary way Peter’s rule changed Russia?

Social History: Surviving the Russian Winter (Pages 468 & 469) 11. Point out three ways the Russians adapted to their cold winters.

1. 2. 3.

Final question on the following page . . .

Expansion of Russia Map, 1500 – 1800 (Page 465)

8. What areas did Peter the Great add to Russia during his reign. Why might rulers like Peter and Louis XIV seek to add territory to their kingdoms?

Areas added: Why?

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Make it Stick

12. What are two ways Russia is different from the rest of Europe?

1. 2.

Reading #6 (470 - 475) – Parliament Limits the English Monarchy

Main Idea: Absolute rulers (kings) in England were overthrown, and Parliament gained power.

Getting Ready to Read 1. Look at the picture on page 472. Kings in England fail to gain complete control. Based on the picture on 472, why might this be?

Setting the Stage 2. What was one factor that med it difficult for English rulers to establish complete control?

Monarchs Defy Parliament

3. What is the English Parliament (Look it up on-line)?

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4. Give two reasons why James I (1603 – 1625) struggled with Parliament.

1. 2.

5. Give two reasons why Charles I (1625 – 1649) struggled with Parliament.

1. 2.

English Civil War (1642 – 1649)

6. What was one cause of the English Civil War? When was it fought?

Cause: When:

7. Who were the two sides in the conflict? What was a key result of the war?

Two Sides: Result?

English Civil War (1642 – 1649) continued

8. How was Cromwell’s rule like that of an absolute monarch?

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9. Why might the people of England have disliked Puritan rule?

Restoration & Revolution

10. What was the Restoration? How did the English people receive it? Why?

11. Define habeas corpus? Why is it mentioned in your reading?

12. What was the Glorious Revolution? What was a cause as well as a result?

Glorious Revolution: Cause: Result:

Limits on the Monarch’s Power 13. Define constitutional monarchy.

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14. What were two rights granted in the 1689 English Bill of Rights to the English people?

1. 2.

Make it Stick 15. What are two reasons kings in England fail to gain absolute power?

1. 2.