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Absolutism
• Essential Questions:– How did absolute monarchs centralize power in
government and thereby control the religion, culture and economics of Europe?
Spanish Absolutism
• Starts with Charles I– A Hapsburg King
• Also rules the Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands , and America
• Conquests by Cortes and Pissaro– Spain gains immense
power and influence
Philip II of Spain
• Ruler of Spain during their “golden years.”– Don Quixote is written– El Greco
• Son of Charles V (remember from the Reformation)
• Spain becomes the most powerful nation during his reign (1556-1598)
Government tactics
• Appointed family to Royal jobs
• Created a new royal palace (1584)
Military
• Expanded Spanish armada to over 150 ships– Battle of Lepanto (1571)
made Spain strongest navy
• Fought in several wars– Vs. Ottomans (muslim)– Main Catholic League
nation during Reformation– Anglo-Spanish war
• Spanish Armada defeated British
Spanish Inquisition
• Part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation– Attacks Protestants,
Muslims, Jews and Homosexuals
• About 87,000 cases recorded• Continues until
1834
Economy under Philip II• Used silver from the Americas
to pay for most of his programs– Command Economy
• Didn’t build up industry in country– Ex. Sheep or wheat?
• Extreme spending – Debt of 36 million ducats
• When silver mining dries up, Inflation and debt set in and cause a decline in power and wealth
France and Absolutism
• France emerged after Spain as the next great power of absolutism.
• Started over religious conflict.– Huguenots versus Catholics– Henry IV offered the Edict of Nantes
• Created Religious tolerance towards Huguenots• In the process, consolidated his power as king
• The main absolutist in France was Louis XIV.
King Louis XIV: Sun King
• King of France from 1661-1715
• “I am the State”• Strengthened royal
power immensely• Built Versailles to keep
the Estates General (Congress) happy so he can get his way.
Louis XIV
• Foreign Policy– Fought several wars, including the War of Spanish
Succession and others against England and the Netherlands
– Franco-Ottoman Alliance (against Spain)– Had the largest army in Europe at 300,000 soldiers
Religion under Louis XIV
– Persecuted the Huguenots
– Repealed the Edict of Nantes in 1685
– More than 200,000 fled
– Why is this a bad move for Louis?
Economics under Louis
• Mercantilism– Export more than a country imports
• Taxes and tolls– Over 100 tolls within France– Placed high Tariffs on imported goods– Huge taxes on the middle class
• Cost of Versailles: – 10% of total income to maintain
Peter the Great
• interested in western European society/education
• attempt to reform Russia to be more European (westernization)
• enlightened despot (social & political reforms)
• centralized all power (inc. Orthodox church)
• failed to gain warm water port
Warm Water Port
• fueled by Russia's need to gain access to the sea
• Emperors waged expansion wars against Ottoman empire
• wanted trade access• route to Pacific was too far
(Siberia & away from Europe)
• goal was Black Sea • finally achieved under
Catherine the Great in 1795
Catherine the Great• Empress of Russia• enlightened despot• daughter-in-law of Peter the
Great• spoke against serfdom• expanded empire to warm
water port• efficient & organized
Empress• 1762- (Empress)
St. Petersburg & Westernization of Russia
• capital designed as "window to the West“
• built by serfs & Italian architects
• Serf: low wage worker
King Frederick I of Prussia (r.1701-1713)
King Frederick I of Prussia (r.1701-1713)
Formerly:
Frederick III of
Brandenburg
(r. 1688-1701)
Formerly:
Frederick III of
Brandenburg
(r. 1688-1701)
Maria Theresa & Her FamilyMaria Theresa & Her Family
Her Notable Children:
HRE Joseph II
HRE Leopold II
Queen Marie Antoinette (Fr.)
Her Notable Children:
HRE Joseph II
HRE Leopold II
Queen Marie Antoinette (Fr.)
The exception to absolutism
• England’s Parliament held much power.– Queen Elizabeth was able to coerce parliament on
many issues– Charles I- acted as a complete absolutist monarch• Refused to sign the Petition of Right• Jailed civilians• Led troops into the House of Commons to arrest
A breach to Absolutism
• The English Civil War.– Cavaliers (supporters of Charles I)– Roundheads (led by Oliver Cromwell)– Charles I is executed
• The Commonwealth.– A republic led by Cromwell– Puritan laws and power