Absolutism: unlimited power on an individual or group

Divine Right: idea that monarchs received their power directly from God and are only responsible to Him

Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor Divided Hapsburg lands between Ferdinand and

Philip II Philip II (r. 1556-1598)

“Defender of the Catholic Faith”▪ Inquisition: Autos Da Fe▪ Marranos & Moriscos▪ Dutch Independence

Prudent King (cautious and hard-working) Unified the Government (capital city – Madrid) Spanish Armada:▪ Fleet of warships; sent to attack England▪ 130 ships; 33,000 men

Cervantes – Don Quixote Presents a new hero Symbolized the decline of

Spain Inflation became a

concern Philip II’s successors

lacked governing skills

Was Physically and mentally weakNo heirs to the throneEuropean monarchs plotted for control

The Tudor Dynasty

Henry VII (r. 1485-1509) Aristocracy became dependent on the crown Used diplomacy to avoid war Used marriages to strengthen royal power

Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) Viewed as the most powerful Tudor monarch Developed a strong Navy Married six times Worked with Parliament to accomplish his goals Seized monastic lands and redistributed them

Edward VI (r. 1553-1558) Inherited the throne at 9 yrs. old – died at 15

yrs. old

Mary I (r. 1553-1558) Was devoutly Catholic; supported by the people Married Philip II of Spain; restored Catholicism Went to war with France – lost the port of Calais Died in 1558 without an heir to the throne

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603): Also known as the “Virgin Queen” Speculation on who would succeed her Respected by her subjects Elizabethan Court & Government: advised by nobles Social & Economic Policy: (monarch, gentry,

yeomen)▪ Statute of Apprentices (1563); Poor Laws (1595 & 1601)

Foreign Policy: Relied on the Channel for protection▪ Mary Queen of Scots

Elizabeth did not leave an heir 1603: The English throne passed to James

Stuart of Scotland (Mary Q. of Scots’ son) King James VI (I):

United England and Scotland Began the Stuart Dynasty

Henry IV (r. 1589-1610): Henry of Navarre Edict of Nantes (1598): allowed Protestantism Restored the crown’s treasury, repaired roads,

etc. Tried to restore discipline to the military Laid the foundation of absolutism

Cardinal Richelieu: Louis XIII gave power over to him Destroyed castles to end noble control of France Gave local authority to intendants, non-nobles 1625: Huguenots revolted against Louis XIII▪ Lost at La Rochelle (1628)▪ Lost rights to live in independent towns

Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) Became king at age 5, began to rule alone at

23 Absolute Rule:▪ Feared disorder if a strong monarchy did not exist▪ Lived through the Fronde as a youth▪ Supported by the church (Jacques Bossuet)

Court Life:▪ Moved the government and courts to Versailles▪ Kept a close eye on his nobles

Government Policies:▪ Carefully chose advisors▪ Separate authorities for separate duties▪ Two key aides: Colbert and Tellier

Louis XIV (continued) Taxation▪ Tax burden was on the poor▪ Little desire for higher output b/c of higher taxes

Religious Policy▪ Persecuted Huguenots; many left France▪ 1685: repealed the Edict of Nantes

Expansion and Conflict (War of Spanish Succession)▪ England, Austria, and the Dutch allied together ▪ Treaty of Utrecht: France and Spain can’t unite

Legacy▪ Brilliant cultural period▪ Nobles lost ability to govern▪ Peasants and middle-class resented the wealthy▪ Nobles wanted to regain power under Louis XV

Charles V tried to revive the H.R.E. as the strong center of trade/politics in Europe

Unlike the Eastern Empires – individual states developed independently Protestant Reformation allowed a political

gathering and stronghold for German princes Attacks from the French and Ottoman Empire

proved to be to much on the defense

Thirty Years’ War: Religious conflict continued after the Peace of Ausburg Ferdinand of Stryia was in favor of the Hapsburgs and

caused the Czechs to revolt Spain sent aid – Denmark, England, and Sweden joined

together against the Hapsburgs Approx. 1/3 of German population killed Peace of Westphalia: recognized Calvinism as a religion

Austria: received land in Italy and the Netherlands Pragmatic sanction: allowed female succession and

stated that Hapsburg land could not be divided Maria Teresa succeeded Charles VI in 1740▪ Strengthened the Austrian throne - improved

bureaucracy

Prussia: enemy of Austria during the 1700s Ruled by the Hohenzollerns Fredrick William “the Great Elector”:▪ Allied with the Junkers (nobles) = absolute power▪ Only nobles could own land, exempt from taxes▪ Fredrick I inherited the throne (weak ruler)

Fredrick William I: a powerful ruler▪ United all functions into one beaucracy▪ Devoted to the military (regiment of giants)

Fredrick II “Fredrick the Great”:▪ Rejected the pragmatic sanction (seized Austrian land)▪ 1748: the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle – recognized Prussia▪ 1756-1763: Seven Years War: G.B. & France competed

for land (ended with the Treaty of Paris)