Absolute monarchs in Europe

REVIEW

Chapter 5 in text book

Pages 152 to 185

# 1– Hapsburg King • (Spain, Am. Colonies, parts of Italy, Austria, & Netherlands)

# 2• Charles V…1556, divided

empire & retired in a monastery

• Ferdinand(brother) – Austria & the Holy Roman Empire

• Philip II (son) – Spain, Spanish Netherlands, & Am. Colonies

# 3• King of Portugal died

w/out heir

• Philip was the king’s nephew & seized Portugal

• Africa, India, & East Indies

# 4• El Greco (“the Greek”)– Brilliant clashing colors, distorted human figure, &

had symbolic emotional expressions in paintings– Showed deep Catholic faith of Spain– Painted saints & martyrs

• Diego Velazquez– Used rich colors– Painted the pride of the Spanish monarchy – Court painter to Philip IV of Spain

# 5

• Miguel de Cervantes - Wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha

• Story… poor Spanish nobleman went crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights & then dressed up as a knight & mistook windmills for giants

• Birth of modern European novel

# 6

• Spanish empire weakens because of … • Severe Inflation• Taxes• Guilds• Wars• Dutch Revolt

# 7 • Rembrandt van Rijn – Portraits of the wealthy

middle-class merchants– Group portraits – Used sharp contrast of light

and shadows

• Jan Vermeer– Had domestic indoor settings – Often painted women doing

everyday activities Girl with a Pearl Earring

# 8

• Stable government• Economic growth • Had largest fleet of ships in the world• Created the Dutch East India Company

# 9

• Feudalism declines & cities grow• National kingdoms centralize authority• Growing middle-class usually backed

monarchs• Church authority broke down = monarchs got

greater control

# 101. Henry II – died 1559; wife Catherine de Medicis 2. King Francis II - 15 years old; died 15603. King Charles IX - 10 years old; died 15744. King Henry III - 24 years old; died 15895. Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) - 1st king of the Bourbon

dynasty 5. Louis XIII - 9 years old6. Louis XIV - age of 14; AKA “The Sun King”

# 11• King was 9 years old• leader of Catholic church in France• Effects…– Didn’t allow Protestant cities to have protective walls– Weakened the nobles’ power– Caused France to go into 30 years war

#12

• King was 14 years old• was Richelieu’s successor• Effects…– Ended 30 years– higher taxes

# 13• King of Spain Charles II died childless• Throne promised to Louis XIV’s grandson who was 16 years old;

Philip of Anjou (Philip V-King of Spain) • European nations didn’t want the French Bourbons to

have this much control…WAR• Treaty of Utrecht…– Philip V remained King of Spain– Great Britain took Gibraltar– France gave Great Britain Nova Scotia & Newfoundland– Austrian Hapsburgs took Spanish Netherlands & Spanish lands

in Italy– Prussia & Savoy were recognized as kingdom

# 14

• POSTITIVES - France ranked above all in art, literature, & statesmanship, military leader of Europe, strong American colonial empire

• NEGATIVES – constant wars, debt due to Versailles, resentment over taxes, abuse of power plagued his heirs – led to revolution

# 15• Causes…– Churches in Germany could be either Catholic or

Lutheran – NOT Calvinist – Ferdinand II closed Protestant churches in the Czech

kingdom of Bohemia & they revolted– German Protestant Princes also saw this as a chance to

go after the Catholic emperor Peace of Westphalia…

- Ended the 30 years war- France received German territory- German Princes became independent of the Holy Roman

emperor

# 16• Maria Theresa (Austrian Queen)– Alliance = Austria, France, & Russia

• Frederick II (Prussian King)– Alliance = Prussia & Britain

Outcome…– War didn’t change Europe’s borders– France lost colonies in North America– Britain gained sole domination of India

# 17• GOOD PERIOD, 1547 to 1560 –– Won great victories– Added lands to Russia– Gave Russia code of laws– Ruled justly

• BAD PERIOD - RULE BY TERROR, began in 1560 –– After Anastasia died; he accused Boyars of poisoning her– Organized his own police force who hunted down & killed

those Ivan thought were traitors; he then gave their land to other nobles

– Thousands were killed

# 18

• GOAL #1 – to learn about European customs & manufacturing techniques. To Westernize Russia

• To achieve goal he…– Introduced potatoes– Started 1st Russian newspaper– Women were allowed to attend social gatherings– Nobles had to give up their traditional clothing for

Western European fashions– Education:

• School of Navigation• Schools for art & science

# 18• GOAL #2 – To have a seaport that would make it

easier to travel west.

– Fought Sweden 21 years to gain a piece of the Baltic coast

– Built a new city on swampy land – Named it St. Petersburg after his patron saint– After completed, nobles were forced from their

homes to make new ones in the new capital

# 19• Charles tried to arrest Parliament leaders because he needed money

wouldn’t give it to him & tried to limit his power• but they escaped

• War between Charles I & his supporters (The Royalist/Cavaliers) vs. opponents of King Charles I (Puritan supporters of Parliament/Roundheads)

• Charles I was put on trial for treason against Parliament – He was found guilty – Sentenced to death by public beheading

• Never before had a reigning monarch faced a public trial and execution

# 20 • abolished monarch• House of Lords and established a commonwealth;

republican form of gov’t • became a military dictator• uprising in Ireland, seized lands & homes and then

gave them to English soldiers• Created laws that promoted Puritan morality &

abolished “sinful” activities…– Theater, Sporting Events, & Dancing

• Had religious toleration for all Christians with the exception of Catholics

# 21

• habeas corpus – “to have the body”– Gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or

document ordering that they be brought before a judge to specify charges

– Now a monarch couldn’t put people in jail just because

# 22• Offended subjects b/c of his Catholic beliefs – Heirs – • Mary, that was protestant• Had a son who was Catholic

• Parliament didn’t want a Catholic monarchy & convinced Mary and her husband William of Orange (prince of Netherlands) to overthrow her father, James II

• James II fled to France

• Glorious Revolution – bloodless overthrow