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Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537

Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

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Page 1: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Abnormal Psychology Intro

Pg 531-537

Page 2: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Abnormal Psych Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s

thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine what constitutes “abnormal.” What’s the difference between odd, little quirks we all have and a legitimate mental illness? M – Maladaptive – makes it difficult to function – in

work, school or relationships A – Atypical – most people don’t do it; unusual I – Irrational – there is no logical explanation for the

behavior D – Disturbing – it is disturbing to self or others

Page 3: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

DSM - V How do we know when someone has a D/O? Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Has hundreds of disorders Doesn’t discuss cause or treatment Only discusses symptoms for diagnosis/labeling Highly reliable (80%...what does this mean?)

Page 4: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 6: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Pros and Cons of Labeling

Pros Get help – you know what

you have and can deal with it - meds, counseling, treatment

Insurance – once officially diagnosed, insurance will help cover costs

Reliability/consistency among professionals

Legal competence – “insanity” is a legal, not medical term

Cons Self-fulfilling prophecy

Stigma – mistreated by society (?)

David Rosenhan Study

Always have label

Page 7: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Perspectives – Approach treatment differently

Psychoanalytic – childhood, fixation, unconscious

Humanistic – low self esteem, failure to reach potential, needs not being met

Behavioral – environment, conditioning, modeling

Cognitive – dysfunctional thoughts

Socio-cultural – dysfunctional culture, society

Biomedical/Physiological – chemical imbalance, gene, inherited

Page 8: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 9: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

ANXIETY D/O

All Anxiety D/O share the common symptom of anxiety. Abnormalities may be….

1.) Level of Anxiety – excessive

2.) Irrational trigger for anxiety

3.) Prolonged timing for anxiety

Page 10: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 11: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

PANIC ATTACKS Acute episodes of intense anxiety without any

apparent provocation (you feel like you are in a life or death emergency situation – but you are not)

Sympathetic NS kicks in Choking sensation Trembling Hyperventilating Distress Sweating or peaked

Page 12: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

PHOBIAS Intense unwarranted fear of a situation or object. Fear is way

out of proportion to real danger. Some stimuli are easier to avoid and therefore less debilitating)

Claustrophobia – fear of small places, confinement

Arachnophobia – fear of spiders

Agoraphobia – fear of public places – may refuse to leave home and world becomes smaller and smaller

Social Phobia – fear of embarrassing oneself in public

Many phobias are created from a panic attack and classical conditioning (remember the story of my nephew and the elevator)

Page 13: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

GENERALIZED ANXIETY D/0 6 months or more of unwarranted, excessive, constant,

unrealistic worry Person always feels jittery, nervous, worried Unusual not in the level of anxiety but in the duration – i.e.

symptoms are commonplace, persistence isn’t 2/3 sufferers are women Often associated with perfectionist personality

Insomnia Ulcers Irritable bowel Muscle aches Head aches

Page 14: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

GAD Prevalence

Page 15: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Obsessive Compulsive D/O (OCD) Obsessions: persistent, recurring, disturbing,

unwanted thoughts – cause extreme anx Compulsions: ritual or routine that relieves the anx

temporarily (compulsions are negative reinforcement – removes/reduces anx temporarily)

Most with OCD realize their obsessions are irrational and their compulsions are unnecessary, but cannot stop

Prevalence @ 3% of population Usually appears in late teens, early adulthood Men and women =

Page 16: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 17: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

OCD – Common compulsions Cleaning Checking Repeating Hoarding

Compulsions can become extremely maladaptive and interfere with normal functioning (school, work, relationships)

Page 18: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 19: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Post Traumatic Stress D/O

PTSD Flashbacks/nightmares

after a person’s involvement in a troubling or disturbing event

Relive the trauma

Experience extreme anx

Common for soldiers coming back from war

Page 20: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Theories of Cause - ANX Psychoanalysis – unresolved uncon conflict,

overactive superego Behaviorist – classical conditioning (phobias),

modeling (anx – likely had overly anxious, worrisome parents/environment)

Cognitive – dysfunctional thoughts, unrealistic expectations, fears

Biology/physiology – genetic predisposition Meds – anti-anxiety (depressants) Xanax, Valium

Page 21: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 22: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

MOOD D/O(Affect D/O)

Experience extreme or inappropriate emotions

Page 23: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Major Depression “common cold” of psychology (highest

prevalence of any mental illness) 2 weeks of symptoms with no clear reason Disrupts normal functioning Symptoms – loss of appetite, fatigue, change in

sleep patterns, lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, tired/lethargic, suicidal thoughts

Women 2X as likely as men Rate of depression increased with each

generation and diagnosed at earlier age

Page 24: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 25: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Suicide 3-1 suicide – homicide Women more likely to attempt, but men twice as likely

to succeed….why? Suicide rates higher among white, rich, nonreligious,

single, widowed, divorced….why? People seldom commit suicide while in depths of

depression (lack energy and initiative). Suicide attempt actually more likely when person experience slight upswing from depths of depression

TED talk Kevin Briggs – Bridge Between Suicide and Life:

https://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_briggs_the_bridge_between_suicide_and_life

Page 26: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 27: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Manic Depression (Bipolar) 1% of population Men and women = Extreme mood swings Depression – looks like

major depression Mania – high energy,

racing thoughts, grandiose ideas, soaring confidence, sense of invincibility, risky behaviors

Link between MD and creativity/genius?

Page 28: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Manic Depression

Page 29: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Manic Depression Treatment – lithium

Left untreated – symptoms get worse and mood swings get more dramatic

Fires of Mind – Manic Depression

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki6QOfZfCSk

Page 30: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Seasonal Affect D/O (SAD) Depression during winter

months – cold, dark Normal depression

symptoms that follow seasonal patterns

Almost non-existent in ward, sunny climates

Treated with special light bulbs

Page 31: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

SAD

Page 32: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Causes of Mood D/O Psychoanalytic – uncon conflict, over powerful

superego Behaviorist – social modeling;

reinforcement/attention Biology – lower levels of serotonin cause

depression anti-depressants – increase

serotonin levels by blocking

reuptake

Ex: Zoloft or Prozac

Page 33: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Causes of Mood D/O - Cognitive Aaron Beck – depression results from

unreasonable thoughts about your cognitive triad – yourself, your world, and your future

Page 34: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Causes of Mood D/O – Cognitive – Attribution Style

Failures

Internal – I suck

Global – I suck at everything

Stable – I’ll always suck

Successes

External – I got lucky

Specific – on just this one test

Unstable – it won’t last

Page 35: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Causes of Mood D/OCognitive Learned Helplessness

Prior experiences cause person to believe they are unable to control aspects of their future that are indeed controllable

When undesirable things occur person feels unable to improve situation

Leads to passivity and depression

Martin Seligman

Page 36: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Learned Helplessness

Page 37: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 38: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Schizophrenia

One of more severe and debilitating mental D/O

Page 39: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Anderson Cooper CNN – Schizophrenia simulation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yL9UJVtgPZY

Page 40: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Schizophrenia Schism – literally means a split mind or break

from reality (NOT multiple personality) Surfaces in young adulthood Exists in 1% of population – strong genetic

component Nature/Nurture

at work

Page 41: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Schizophrenia - Symptoms Delusions – beliefs with absolutely no basis in

reality. Cannot be corrected with logic

Delusions of Grandeur –

possess great power or

influence

Delusions of Persecution – people out to get you – makes schizophrenia very difficult to treat – don’t trust anyone, don’t take meds

Page 42: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Schizophrenia - Symptoms Hallucinations – False sensory perceptions

(you see or hear things that are not really there) Auditory Hallucinations most common – hear voices

Inappropriate Language• Word Salad• Neologisms• Clang Associations

Page 43: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Schizophrenia - Symptoms Catatonia – catatonic state

Inappropriate Emotion – laugh at something sad, cry at something funny Flat Affect – no emotion

Page 44: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Schizophrenia - SymptomsPositive – addition of atypical behaviors

Delusions

Hallucinations

Negative – subtraction of normal behaviors

Flat Affect

Inappropriate Emotion

Inappropriate Language

Page 45: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Causes – Biological/Nature Dopamine hypothesis –

higher levels of Dop

Anti-psychotic drugs act as antagonists for dopamine – they block receptor sites to lower dopamine levels

Haldol/Thorazine Help control + symptoms of

hallucinations and delusions Side effects – muscle

stiffness/tremors, weight gain, slow cognitive functioning

Page 46: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Causes – Biological/Nature Brain abnormalities –

schizophrenics have large ventricles and more brain asymmetry

Family prevalence 1% general prevalence 10% if parent is schizo 45% if both parents Almost 50% identical twin

How do you know it’s not ALL nature???

Page 47: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Schizophrenia – Nature/Nurture 1st Hit = genetics

2nd Hit – Nurture/Environment Viruses Drugs Brain trauma Stress Etc…….

Page 48: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 49: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Personality D/O

Well established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function.

Personality D/O are less maladaptive than other mental

illnesses– may function in school or work but typically strain close,

long-term relationships.

Page 50: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Narcissism Extreme selfishness – cannot see others’

perspective Difficulty with empathy Entitlement

Need for adoration – power Fantasy of beauty or ideal love Exaggerates talents/accomplishments to

appear superior Manipulation/exploitation of others

Page 51: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Anti-Social Personality D/O Disregard for safety of self or others Lack of remorse/guilt – lack moral conscience Deception – lie easily Risky impulsive behavior No empathy – little regard for others’ feelings Disregard societal rules/authority Aggressive or violent behavior Unable to maintain close relationships

Page 52: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Anti-Social Personality D/O

More prevalent among males

High incidence in criminal/incarcerated population

Must be 18 to get diagnosis

Teen boy exhibiting same symptoms =

Conduct Disorder

Not all ASPD become serial killers but all serial killers are ASPD

Page 53: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Dependent Personality D/O See self as helpless/incompetent; lack

confidence Look to others to take the lead, make decisions,

or provide support Inability to make decisions – even common,

every day ones Overly sensitive to criticism Fear being alone – stay in bad/abusive

relationships, go from one relationship to another

Avoid disagreeing with others – fear conflict

Page 54: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Histrionic Personality D/O Overly dramatic – as if performing for others

Display of excessive emotions and yet seems shallow/fake

Need for attention

Dresses provocatively, excessive flirt

Overly concerned with physical appearance

Needs constant approval/reassurance

Easily swayed of influenced by others

Page 55: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Personality D/O – Causes/Treatment

Often caused by family dynamics, parenting styles Deeply ingrained, chronic habits Stronger basis in Nurture/Environment Difficult to treat

Often no magic medicine Person themselves rarely sees that they have a problem Often able to function at work or school Greatest fall-out is in close, long-term relationships – family,

marriage

Page 56: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 57: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Somatoform D/O

Patient manifests with a physical problem but

there is no physiological cause – underlying

cause is psychological

Page 58: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Hypochondriasis Physical complaints with

no physiological cause

Chronic

Often feel poorly, sick

Absent from work/school

Always convinced have illness

Page 59: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Conversion D/OAcute

Wake up blind or partially paralyzed

Test after test reveals no physiological cause

Cause = psychological

Page 60: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 61: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Dissociative D/O

Involve dysfunction of memory or altered sense

of identity

Page 62: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Psychogenic Amnesia - no biological cause Cannot remember things Periods of time blacked out Unfamiliar with environment May be brought on by traumatic event

Psychogenic Fugue – sudden and complete loss of identity

Caused by severe stress

Assume new identity – leave home, find new identity elsewhere

Page 63: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Dissociative Identity D/O (DID) Multiple Personality

Appearance of 2 + distinct identities in one person Identities may or may not be aware of each other Identities may vary in age, gender, handedness Much more common in women Often from severely traumatic, abusive or neglectful

environment Difficult to treat – extensive, long term therapy Some Psychologists question if it is a real D/O Often confused with schizophrenia – NOT same

thing – Oprah Clip – DID patient https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2atzoaA2NI

Page 64: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

DID

Page 65: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine
Page 66: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Remember other D/O Sexual D/O

Fetishes, pedophilia, zoophilia Voyeurs Sadists/Masochists

Eating D/O Anorexia Bulimia

Substance Abuse – Alcohol, Drugs Developmental D/O

Autism, ADD/ADHD (both higher in boys)

Page 67: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

Commonalities of all D/O?? MAID Stress - makes D/O surface or makes it worse Most a combo of nature/nurture Many surface in young adulthood (late teens,

early 20s) Strain on families Difficulty finding right medicine, right dosage,

and almost always unwanted side effects

Page 68: Abnormal Psychology Intro Pg 531-537. Abnormal Psych  Psych Disorders (D/O) manifest in people’s thoughts and behaviors. It’s difficult to determine

D/O and Gender Skews

Males Alcohol/drug abuse

ADD/ADHD

Anti-social or conduct D/O

Autism

ADD/ADHD

Females Depression

Generalized Anxiety

DID

Anorexia or Bulimia