Abnormal Psych Psychological Disorders - · PDF fileAbnormal Psych Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders 1. Define abnormal vs. normal 2. Distinguish b/w methods

Abnormal Psych

Chapter 16

Psychological Disorders

Psychological Disorders

1. Define abnormal vs. normal

2. Distinguish b/w methods of deciding normality

3. Recognize and use the bell-shaped curve showing normal

4. Develop and analyze surveys to determine normal personality qualities and behaviors

Psychological Disorders

1. Normal/ Abnormal: Who decides?

2. Group Survey Creation

3. Individual survey Completion

4. Results tabulation and presentation of results

Psychological Disorders

1. Quiz 16-1/ Developmental Review Sheets on Desk/ EC on Desk

2. Calendar Review

3. Developmental Test Review

4. Abnormal Project

HW: 16-2, Review U1 (Prologue & Ch 1)

EC Due

Psychological Disorders

16-1 619-626

Perspectives on Psychological Disorders: Medical Model, Pinel, Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective, DSM-IV, Diagnostic Labeling, Rosenhan

z 1. Identify the criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered.

z 2. Describe the medical model of psychological disorders, and discuss the bio-psycho-social perspective offered by critics of this model.

z 3. Describe the aims of DSM-IV and discuss the potential dangers associated with the use of diagnostic labels.

Psychological Disorders

! Psychological Disorder

! a harmful dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be:

! atypical--not enough in itself

! disturbing--varies with time and culture

! maladaptive--harmful

! unjustifiable--sometimes theres a good reason

Psychological Disorders

! 5 Axes of the DSM-IV

! Axis I- addresses clinical syndromes & major disorders: schizo, anxiety dis, dis diag in infancy, childhood, adolesc, somatoform dis, sexual dis, delirium, amnesia, dementia

! Axis II- personality disorders; MR

! Axis III Gen Med Conditions relevant to understanding/ managing the disorder (Hypothyrodism-Depression)

! Axis IV-Psychosocial & Environmental Problems that may affect diagnosis, treatment, prognosis of mental disorders (housing, economic, family)

! Axis V-rep global assessment of persons level of functioning. (90 indicates minimal symptoms & 1 maximal ie. viol subj likely to harm others)

Historical Perspective

! Perceived Causes

! movements of sun or moon

! lunacy--full moon

! evil spirits

! Ancient Treatments

! exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animals blood, bloodletting

Psychological Disorders

! Phillipe Pinel France early 1800s said madness was sickness of mind, not demon posession, unchained patients and talked to them

! Led to Medical Model in 1800s (hospitals replaced asylums)

! Medical Model

! concept that diseases have physical causes

! can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured

! assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

Psychological Disorders

Cross-Cultural Analysis

! Environmental effects evident from cross-cultural analysis:

! Dep and Schizo present worldwide

! Anorexia & Bulimia Western

! Susto- Latin America; severe anxiety, restlessness, fear of black magic

! Taijin-kyofusho-Japan; social anxiety of appearance, blushing & fear of eye contact

Psychological Disorders

! Today, mental health workers agree that disorders influenced by:

! genes

! physiological states

! inner psychological dynamics

! social-cultural

! circumstances

! Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective

! assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

Psychological

Disorders--Etiology

! DSM-IV! American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)

! a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

! presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)

! 17 categories of mental disorders & neurotic disorders & psychotic disorders

! Most Health insurance companies require diagnosis w DSM-IV to pay for therapy

Anxiety Disorders

! Anxiety Disorders

! distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

! Generalized Anxiety Disorder

! person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Anxiety Disorders

! Panic Disorder

! marked by a minutes-long episode of

intense dread in which a person

experiences terror and accompanying

chest pain, choking, or other frightening

sensation

Anxiety Disorders

! Phobia

! persistent, irrational fear of a specific object

or situation

! Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

! unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions)

and/or actions (compulsions)

Anxiety Disorders

! Common and uncommon fears

Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

! PET Scan of brain of

person with Obsessive/

Compulsive disorder

! High metabolic activity

(red) in frontal lobe

areas involved with

directing attention

16-2 Mood Disorders

20

Mood Disorders

! Mood Disorders

! characterized by emotional extremes

! Major Depressive Disorder

! a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

! Dysthymic Disorder- less extreme than MJD, but longer lasting (the blues)

41

Major Depressive Disorder

Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders. In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women

report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002).

Chronic shortness of breath

Gasping for air after a hard run

Major Depressive Disorder

Blue mood

Mood Disorders-Depression

! Major Depressive Disorder

! a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

! Dysthymic Disorder- less extreme than MJD, but longer lasting (the blues)

2343

Dysthymic Disorder

Dysthymic disorder lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by daily depression

lasting two years or more.

Major Depressive

Disorder

Blue

Mood

Dysthymic

Disorder

Mood Disorders-Depression Mood Disorders-Depression

! Canadian depression rates

Mood Disorders

! Manic Episode! a mood disorder marked by a

hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

! Bipolar Disorder! a mood disorder in which the person

alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

! formerly called manic-depressive disorder

44

Bipolar Disorder

Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and

mania signals bipolar disorder.

Multiple ideas

Hyperactive

Desire for action

Euphoria

Elation

Manic Symptoms

Slowness of thought

Tired

Inability to make decisions

Withdrawn

Gloomy

Depressive Symptoms

45

Bipolar Disorder

Many great writers, poets, and composers su!ered from bipolar disorder. During their

manic phase creativity surged, but not during their depressed phase.

Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway

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Mood Disorders-Bipolar

! PET scans show that brain energy consumption

rises and falls with emotional switches

Depressed state Manic state Depressed state

46

Theory of Depression

Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of

depression that will suggest ways to treat it.

Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory of depression should explain the

following:

1. Behavioral and cognitive changes

2. Common causes of depression

47

Theory of Depression

3. Gender di!erences

Mood Disorders- Suicide

50

Biological Perspective

Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).

Linkage analysis and

association studies

link possible genes

and dispositions for

depression.Je

rry Irw

in P

hoto

gra

phy

51

Neurotransmitters &

Depression

Post-synapticNeuron

Pre-synapticNeuron

NorepinephrineSerotonin

A reduction of

norepinephrine and

serotonin has been

found in

depression.

Drugs that alleviate

mania reduce

norepinephrine.53

Social-Cognitive

PerspectiveThe social-cognitive perspective suggests

that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory

styles.

Mood Disorders-Depression

! The vicious

cycle of

depression

can be

broken at

any point