A Billion Miles on CNG

What’s Next?

Advanced Technology Buses at LA Metro

John Drayton Director of Vehicle Technology

Los Angeles Metro June 2016

Los Angeles Metro History of Alternative Fuels and CNG Engines

History of Metro Alternative Fuel and CNG Buses

Metro’s Alternative Fuel Fleet • First 10 CNG buses purchased in

1988

• Purchased fleet of 333 Methanol buses 1989-1992

• AFI Policy Adopted - Purchased only CNG buses since 1992

• First fleet purchase of 294 CNG buses in 1995

• CNG Fueling Public/Private Partnerships in 1998

• 100% CNG Operation since 2011

• 2500 CNG buses; 85m+ miles/year.

• ~ 1.5 billion miles on CNG buses

1973 “Steam Bus”

• GMC New Look bus with custom built Leer Steam Engine

• Unreliable, inefficient, high emissions • “Not every idea is a good one”

New Bus Procurements

• Complete 900 bus New Flyer Delivery - October 2016.

• New RFP being released for up to 1000 40’ and 60’ buses for Metro’s fleet

– Conventional CNG or Zero Emission (most likely battery electric buses)

– Low NOx “Near Zero” CNG engines

– 90% Cleaner than current CNG engines!

– Wifi enabled for security, operating data, potentially for passengers

– Base order is for up to 300 40’ buses, and 100 60’ buses for delivery by mid 2019

– Will consider awarding a limited number as Zero Emission buses

– Expect to see similar features and amenities to current New Flyer buses

Alternative Fuel Basics – What are Hydrocarbons?

More Carbon = More Energy + More Emissions

Hydrogen: H2 High Fuel Cost, lowest emissions

Methane (CNG): CH4 Lower Fuel Cost, lower emissions

Gasoline: C6H14 Higher Fuel Cost, higher emissions

Diesel: C15H32; Higher Fuel Cost, higher emissions

Coal: C240H90O4NS Lowest Fuel Cost, highest Emissions Electricity: NA Note - Primarily sourced from hydrocarbons.

H C C C

H H

H H H

H

C C C C C C C C C C C C H

H H H H H

H H H H H H H H H H H H

H H H H H H HC HH

H

H

Methane Gas (CNG) CH4

Diesel Fuel C15H32

Current Outlook for CNG at Metro

• We foresee continued refinement of CNG engines, exhaust systems.

• CNG fuel prices expected to be stable – diesel fuel prices are expected to be more volatile in our region – Diesel currently $1.80/gallon – fuel cost

~$0.60/mile (price currently rising). – CNG cost $0.465/therm – total fuel cost of

~$0.40/mile (price stable ~ last 48 months)

– Since 2002, average diesel fuel price for Metro is $2.80/gallon, which equates to $0.85 per mile in our service

– Since 2002, average CNG fuel price for Metro is $0.51/therm , which, including compression, equates to $0.38/mile in our service.

Comparison of CNG and Diesel Fuel Prices 2002-2016 (cost/mile)

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1/7/

2002

4/7/

2002

7/7/

2002

10/7

/200

21/

7/20

034/

7/20

037/

7/20

0310

/7/2

003

1/7/

2004

4/7/

2004

7/7/

2004

10/7

/200

41/

7/20

054/

7/20

057/

7/20

0510

/7/2

005

1/7/

2006

4/7/

2006

7/7/

2006

10/7

/200

61/

7/20

074/

7/20

077/

7/20

0710

/7/2

007

1/7/

2008

4/7/

2008

7/7/

2008

10/7

/200

81/

7/20

094/

7/20

097/

7/20

0910

/7/2

009

1/7/

2010

4/7/

2010

7/7/

2010

10/7

/201

01/

7/20

114/

7/20

117/

7/20

1110

/7/2

011

1/7/

2012

4/7/

2012

7/7/

2012

10/7

/201

21/

7/20

134/

7/20

137/

7/20

1310

/7/2

013

1/7/

2014

4/7/

2014

7/7/

2014

10/7

/201

41/

7/20

154/

7/20

157/

7/20

1510

/7/2

015

1/7/

2016

Dol

lars

Average Fuel Cost Per Mile Diesel Fuel Cost/Mile CNG Fuel Cost/Mile

Next Generation CNG

Can “Near Zero” CNG engines reduce fleet emissions? • Low NOx Engines with Renewable Natural Gas

– New Low NOx engine certified at 0.02g/bhp – 90% NOx and PM reduction possible. – 80% reduction in CO and GHG with RCNG – 0.02g/bhp NOx; PM <0.01g/bhp – Nearly equivalent to battery electric ZE in Los Angeles

• Post 2020 – We expect to see a new generation of smaller displacement CNG engines optimized for HD – Metro expects CNG to be a core part of our operation for the

foreseeable future and a transitional step to economical, proven ZE technologies

1985 1990 1991 2000 2010 2016

NOx (g/hp-hr) 10.8 6 5 4 0.2 0.02

PM (g/hp-hr)

0.59 0.59 0.25 0.05 0.01 0.01

9

=

1080 540 54

0.01

Emission Reductions Since 1980’s

One 1980 RTS-II 1000+ Low NOx CNG Engines

Electric Bus Program

• 5 BYD Buses Delivered in 2015 – 36,000 miles in service

– Overall performance was poor, esp. reliability, range, gradeability

– Poor operator and mechanic acceptance

– In process of negotiating a “Buy-Back” with BYD

– Potential trade in current buses for 5 BYD Articulated buses for Metro Orange Line

• 5 New Flyer All-electric Artics – Opportunity Charging at North Hollywood and

Chatsworth

– 10 minutes charging/hour of operation

– Continuous operation with no mid-day charging

– Expect deliver in Fall 2017

• Assessment of other potential electric battery bus lines is underway

Other New Bus Technologies

Looking over the horizon…

• Zero Emission Vehicles will play an increasing role

• Natural Gas and RCNG will also continue to play a big role

• Better communications and real time vehicle information

• ADA Enhancements

• Accident Avoidance Systems

• Semi-Autonomous Vehicle Operation

• Better vehicle management and tracking

John Drayton Los Angeles Metro One Santa Fe Ave MS 63-1-1, Suite 100 Los Angeles, CA 90013 213-617-6285 Draytonj@metro.net