9tptii Eval

7/27/2019 9tptii Eval

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9. Silvicultural

consideration on theplanting project in the

natural production forest



Introduction

Silvicultural characteristic of Indonesia’s production naturalforest:

Felling limit diameter production forest > 50 cm, LimitedProduction Forest > 60 cm.

Veneer raw material, medium wood hardness, mainlydipterocarpaceae tree species.

No motivation to the management of residual stands,weak control from the government.

Land conflict with local community and stand robbery

happen, one half of concession number are default. Wood production capacity of the production natural

forest decreases, because it was exploited more than itsgrowth capacity.



Since yr 1997 the Ministry of Forestry aware on theimportance of retaining of low land production naturalforests, through minimum planting, line planting system.

In the time being line planting is relevant to Indonesiansituation: plantation is accepted as company’s asset,improving motivation of the concession holder,opportunity of tree breeding.

Intensification of stand management in the naturalforests: not caused by lack of natural regeneration but toimprove area security, and tree breeding to improvewood production capacity ad to conserve mediate strip inform natural forest.

It is necessary to recognize forest areas, which one for line planting, clear cutting and planting, selectivetending.



Silvicultural comment to the well practiced

line planting system at PT SBK Central

Kalimantan

Selective logging

to make sunlight in

the forest standbrighter, is not

clean. Many large

trees (d>40 cm)

are standing in the

forest. Bad for the

future growthspace of the

plantation. It is

caused by the

transport

difficulties of hard

wood species.



Establishment of

planting line: straightly,clean, width 3 m (in PT

SBK, perfectly).



Opening felling for

planting line: gap width5-10 m, smaller cut,

through away (in PT

SBK perfect).



S. platyclados age 1 yr:

d = 3 cm, h = 3 m

Perfect tending, no climber at

the trees, whereas climber is

always there.



S. leprosula age 2 yr: d

4 cm, h = 3 m.

Planting line is enlarged

to 5 m



S. leprosula age 5 yr: d14 cm.

Planting line enlarged to

10 m (PT SBK)



Highly growth of plant diameter should beretained.

Removal of impeder trees should be

continuously done.

The next liberation should be with poisoning.

Strip width already 10 m, not necessarily to

be enlarged because the plantation is highenough and not to be overcome by weed.



Technical suggestions

Success indicator: diameter increment of redmeranti species > 3 cm/yr while the young age(d<50 cm).

Effective method: selective crown thinning (selective tending): select the crop trees, poisonthe impeders.

Questions: (1) optimum density of crop trees?(2) criterias of crop trees?

(3) criterias of impeders?



Setting of crop trees density

Crop trees should selected because the increment of the standshould be concentrated into the best trees of the stand.Investment should be effectively used because of long rotation.

Crop trees density depended on the crown size in adult stage.Meranti trees d ± 50 cm, crown width ±10 m, density CT ± 100trees/ha.

G (basal area) of the virgin forest ± 35 m2/ha, fresh logged-over forest ± 20 m2/ha, at the end of felling cycle stand reaches ± 25

m

2

/ha. CT density d = 50 cm, ± 127 trees/ha.

From two methods of assessment of optimum CT density,optimum density ranged 100-127 trees/ha with average spacing8-10 m each other.



Which trees should be tended?

Trees will be harvested with d ≥ 40 cm, smaller trees will be stilltended for the next harvest/rotation.

The next harvested trees could originated from planted trees

and also from in between strip (nat. regeneration).

Therefore CT criterias in selective tending:

(1) largest diameter at its location,

(2) healthy stem and crown,

(3) spacing (just average) 8-10 m or 100-127 trees/ha.

CT are not only meranti species? All trees with d ≥ 40 cm in thefuture 20 yrs, marketable?



How to improve increment of the CTs

CT will be easier to be recognized if the crown released from pressure andshading, moreover if the stem painted with blue color.

Environment of CT should be free from competition. Environment element in

natural forest which can be changed by forester is competition. Fast,

effective, cheap and save treatment to kill the impeder tree is with poisoning.

Applied arboricide is not allowed to pollute environment, soluble in water,

effective to trees but save for human and animal -> organic material. Already

proofed: salt isopropil amin gliphosate.

Tree poisoning: solution gliphosate 5% in water, in plastic bottle volume 500

ml, put into sap wood through wound made by ax. Impeder tree will die in 3-

4 months. The increment of CT will increased since the same year.

Killing of trees with girdling is not recommended because of: long time to

die, expensive, during first yr only 50% die, loss of increment potency

reaches 50%.



Use of thinning’s wood is not

possible

The rest large trees are trees left by opening

felling: if the woods felled by thinning operation,

damage of plantation will not avoidable.

Therefore, all large and healthy trees left in the

forest should be selected, marked, and tended as

crop trees although the trees are not plantation.



Cost experience

NO ACTIVITIES ACHIEVEMENTHA/GROUP/DAY

DIRECT COST(RP/HA)

1 Penyiapan jalur tanam scr manual lebar 3 m 0,4 968.550

2 Tebang, cincang, singkir ph penaung jalur 1,1 141.450

3 Penanaman 2,2 219,0264 Pemeliharaan awal 1,7 1.618.005

5 Pengadaan bibit 316.595

JUMLAH BIAYA OPERASIONAL LANGSUNG 2.947.031

EXCLUDING: machines depressiation, infrastructure, overhead cost, stand

tending cost, and harvesting cost. Without harvest cost, establishment cost will

not less than Rp 5 mill./ha.



Gift from nature: in between strip consist more

and larger young merantis than those of planting

line-> other source of crop trees? (PT SBK)



In between strip: natural forest stand with original

biodiversity -> should be it conserved here? (PT

SBK)



Area allocation for TPTII

Spacing of planting line 20 m.

Planting line 3 m.

Mediate strip 17 m. Area comparison: 3:17 = 1500 m2 : 8500

m2 each ha.



Land use in line planting system: riverside, steep

slope, not allocated for planting line -> conserved

forest in the production forest (PT SBK)



Assessment of rotation to produce

large logs of meranti wood

PT SBK assesses rotation of 25 yrs, based on averagediameter increment of old meranti plantation of 1,8 cm/yr.

Average diameter increment can’t used for estimation of rotation, but diameter increment of the dominant trees (mean

diameter of the largest 100 trees/ha).

The dominant trees from 200 trees/ha planted meranti willemergent but may be not too many, but the needed number of 100-127 trees/ha crop trees will be fulfilled also by the trees inmediate strip. Therefore, the mediate strip should be refinedand liberated/thinned, because the mediate strip is alsoproduction forest not conserved forest area.

With optimum tending to the crop trees, diameter increment of the crop trees can reach 2-3 cm/yr, that rotation of plantationcan be targetted to 20 yrs.



Estimation of rotation based on

diameter and increment

Plot in the 5 yrs old planted Shorea leprosula.

D of 5 yrs S. lepro dominant trees 14 cm,increment 3 cm/yr. To be 50 cm, it should grow

(50-14) = 36 cm. This can be reached by 36/3 =12 yrs more. Rotation = 5+12 = 17 yrs.

D of selected crop trees (mixed tree species) inthe mediate strip is 24 cm. Average increment

estimated 2 cm/yr. To reach 50 cm need grow of (50-24) = 26 cm. This can be reached in (26/2) =13 yrs. Rotation = 5+13 = 18 yrs more.

Combination between planted and nat reg.

rotation is 18 to 20 yrs.



Yield estimation

If minimum crop trees density at the end of rotation

100 trees/ha, d = 50 cm, bole length 25 m, f = 0,65:

V = 100 x (0,25 x π x 0,50) m2 x 25 m x 0,65

= 319 m3/ha

Commercial volume increment = 319/20 = 15,95

m3/ha.th.

If there are 30 concessions with meranti plantation:annual area of 1,000 ha/yr, then since 21th yr harvest

of meranti wood = 30,000 ha/th x 319 m3/ha =

9,570,000 m3/yr SUSTAINABLE!



Plantation prospects

In an optimum environment (sunlight, water, nutrient,space), increment will be higher reached by superior genetic resources which are produced by treebreeding experiments. Volume increment can be

improved 50-100% from those recent capacity. Superior genetic resources will be easier developed in

plantation program.

It is important to discover: which species, family inspecies, and which clone should be developed in theintensified silviculture.

Superior genetic source need shorter rotation, smaller business risk, faster capital pay back period.



20 species of diperocarpaceae compared in PT SBK for species

trial: future local selection can be done, which tree species are the

best to be cultivated in the natural forest .



An example: collaboratio

experiment among ITTO,

concession, university



Merantibubur (S. parvifolia), one of fast growing meranti species

easily grow its diameter 3 cm/yr, so long its crown doesn’t shaded

(PT SBK).



Stand density in the plantation of

PT SBK Central Kalimantan

Inventory result in PT SBK:

seedlings 21.563 stem/ha,

saplings 2.900 stem/ha,

poles > 80 stem/ha ->

That means the forest stand doesn’t need to beenriched. Management intensification is necessary

just for strengthening of company right on the foreststand.

Th b f th id l t



The number of the residual treesSTAND DIAMETER (CM) INTERVAL TOTAL TREES

D ≥ 40 40-49 50-59 ≥ 60

PLANTED-0 YR 27 9 9 45

1 YR 20 13 5 38

2 YR 34 13 9 56

3 YR 35 14 12 61

4 YR 19 11 11 415 YR 23 11 3 37

PRIMARY FOR. 26 10 12 48

• There are 37-61 trees/ha left in plantation area -> two kinds of company loss: the old trees make no increment, the old trees stop

the growth of the younger trees through its shading.

• silviculture: it is important not to leave any old trees in the forest

before planting program



Basal area of the stand in the plantation areas

TEGAKAN D 20-39 CM D ≥ 40 CM TOTAL ≥ 20 CM

TPTJ-0THN 12,55 14,76 27,31

TPTJ-1THN 11,40 12,33 23,73

TPTJ-2THN 12,77 18,86 31,63

TPTJ-3THN 10,59 22,96 33,55

TPTJ-4THN 10,68 16,53 27,21

TPTJ-5THN 12,57 11,22 23,79

HTPRIMER 11,48 16,73 28,21

• G = 23-33 m2/ha, as dense as the climax forest, too dense for plantation.

According to research result in East Kalimantan and in Sabah, the highest

increment of the young trees was reached if G < 15 m2/ha, not too much

shading -> red column (d ≥ 40 cm) should be removed/utilized.



Left wood volume (d>40 cm)

Average basal area of large trees left in the stand (d >

40 cm) = 16 m

2

/ha. Assumed its bole length 25 m, f =0,65 -> volume = G.h.f = 260 m3/ha.

The volume of the residual stand is too large that in

the future will hamper the growth of plantation.



Conclusion

Establishment of meranti plantation in the natural production

forest is necessary to improve productivity, controllability,

motivation, acceptability to the company asset.

Application of intensified silviculture is important to save therest of natural forest against robbery and conversion.

According to data and experience, plantation of meranti tree

species can improve productivity and save.

Utilization of the thinning’s wood after the existing of plantationis not possible, because it will destroy planted merantis.

Through the intensified silvicultural program, opportunity of

using of superior genetic source through tree breeding is easier

to be implemented

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9tptii Eval