8- Africa South of the Sahara

8/3/2019 8- Africa South of the Sahara

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The Challenge

Africa: cradle of humanity. Resources: water; farming areas; minerals but worlds

poorest region.

Instability: armed internal conflicts (e.g. Congo,

Sierra Leone).

Deserts (e.g. Sahara, Namib), impoverished soils, and

diseases (malaria, trypanosomiasis, HIV/AIDS).

Africans: own social systems (political organizations)

and cultural expressions (fashion/dressings).

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Kings at festivals


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Fashion show: Ghana

fashion/dressing for males


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Distinctive Physical Geography

Plateaus: rise steeply from the ocean in manyplaces.

Ancient plateau rocks: sites of minerals (gold and

diamonds).

Volcanic peaks Mount Kilimanjaro, Ethiopian

Highlands, Cameroun Highlands, etc.

Delta rocks of Nigeria to Angola contain oil.

South Africa: sedimentary rocks contain coal.

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Victoria Falls Rapids on the Congo River

Plateaus of Mpumalanga, South Africa

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Rift valleys: East

Africa.

Rift valley lakes:

Albert,

Tanganyika,

Malawi.

Lake Victoria,

source of River

Nile.

Lake Victoria is nota rift valley lake.

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Major Rivers Niger, Nile, Congo, andZambezi.

Rivers: source of

industrial and domestic

water and navigation.

Waterfalls, rapids, and

shallowness of rivers:

interrupt navigation.

Niger has marshy delta.

Few natural port sites

(Freetown) .


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Tropical Climates

Climates: Tropical

Region: within Tropics of Cancer and

Capricorn.

Hot and all-year at the equator.

Sahara and Namib deserts: hot and arid.

Crops: rubber, cocoa, coffee, cotton, tropical

fruits, and vegetables.

The sun and presence of big game (animals)

promotes tourism.

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tropical rain forest

savanna landscape

A Rhino

A Desert scene


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Distinctive Human Geography Evolutionists believeHomo sapiens appeared

here and spread to the rest of the world.

People groups: Masai and Bantus.

Great Zimbabwe: center of a trading empire in

AD 1100s.

African religion: animism (worshipping of gods

and spirits in rivers, tree groves, and rock

outcrops).

Land communal possession (no one owns it). Large families: blessing; and childlessness, a

curse.15

A Dogon mask -

MaliWitch Doctor, South Africa

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Shifting Control

AD 600s: Islam spread from Arabia into

northern and eastern parts of Africa through

trade.

Trade goods- salt, gold, ivory, and slaves.

Some West African empires: Ghana (AD 700-

1240), Mali (1050-1500), and Songhai (1350-

1600).

Had Universities at Timbuktu and Djenne (West

Africa) and employed scholars from Greece,Egypt, and Arabia.

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1324: Mansa Musa, a Mali emperor, went on

pilgrimage to Mecca with 500 porters each with

a golden staff.

East Africa: Arabs established trading ports: e.g.

Zanzibar and Pemba.

Arabs exported slaves and ivory to Persia,

Arabia, and China.

Number sent: about 5 million.

Lingua franca (language) in East Africa: Swahili.

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Some WestAfrican Empires

Trade routes on the SaharaDesert

and some city-states

Trade routeson the SaharaDesert


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European Traders

From mid-1400s, Europeans entered west andsouthern parts of Africa.

Goods of exchange: alcohol, guns, and sugar

for slaves, gold, ivory, and palm products.

Parts of Western Africa - labeled Ivory

Coast, Gold Coast, and Slave Coast.

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Ivory tusks of elephants


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Palm tree with fruits

Gold ore and nuggets/bars


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Labor on plantations in the Americas led

demand for slaves.

Slaves: New World: over: 12 million.

Trade called triangular trade between Africa

(for slaves), the Americas (cotton, sugar, etc),

and Europe (manufactured goods).

Antislavery movements: late 1700s

Atlantic slave trade abolished: 1808

Freed slaves locations: Liberia, Freetown, and

Libreville (Gabon).

The returnees: seldom integrated with local

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The Colonial Period Partition of Africa: Berlin Congress (1884-

1885).

Africa occupied and colonized: by Europeans.

Colonies: sources of raw materials (cocoa,

palm oil, peanut, etc) and minerals.

Europeans set up homes in Africa: South

Africa, Kenya, and South West Africa. European settlers: resisted by the local

population.

After the WWI: Germany lost her territories.28


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Political Independence

1948: South Africa institutes the apartheid

policy.

Gold Coast: independent (1957) named Ghana.

Violent transfer of power in e.g. Kenya,

Mozambique, and Angola.

Portuguese colonies (e.g. Angola) independent

in 1975; Namibia independent: 1990.

Military coups replaced governments: e.g.

Ghana, Nigeria, etc.

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Growing and Mobile Populations

High populated areas (a) at traditional

empires locations (b) where agricultural

produce and mineral extraction existed, and

(c) administrative capitals and coastal areas.

Low population areas e.g. Sahara desert

margins and southwest (Namibia).

Population growth through: investments in

modern medical facilities and treatments. Fall in death rates, resulted in population

growth and it is young.

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Population Distribution in Africa

Namibia

Sahara desert

Annual population growth is 3%.

1980 population (380 million); 700 million in 2006.

Little use of birth reduction methods.

Large families: signs of maleness and old age social

security help system.

Migration

Pull reasons: economic reasons (paid employment).

Affect the educated and professionals (doctors, etc)move to materially-rich Western countries (USA,

Canada, etc) (known asbrain drain). Push reasons: fleeing from violence e.g. political and

religious persecution, ethnic conflicts/civilwars/famine (Rwanda, Congo, etc), and change ofgovernment (South Africa).

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HIV/AIDS Pandemic

AIDS occurrence ispandemic (a disease that

has a long-term presence around the world).

Contraction methods: unprotected sexual

contact, HIV-contaminated blood or fluids, and

infection from mother to baby.

Southern Africa: the epicenter of global

HIV/AIDS pandemic.

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Graphic images of

HIV/AIDS patients

An AIDS patient being helped


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More images

about AIDS

Women visiting a rest-stop of drivers

of trucks


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Exploding Cities Two-thirds of population rural and subsistence

farmers.

Some cities: Accra, Cape Town, Harare, Addis Ababa.

Urban areas centers of wage employment, betterhealth, and educational facilities.

Shantytowns (slums): house over 70% of the urban

population.

Shantytowns: lack facilities like pipe water or

sewerage systems; have high incidence of urban

crimes (drug use, prostitution, etc).

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Cape Town South Africa


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Harare - Zimbabwe

Accra - Ghana


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Addis Ababa Ethiopia

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Slums in Africa

South of the Sahara


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Local and Global Connections: Cell

Phones

Africa: 3% landline phone in 2001.

50 million cell phone subscribers in 2001.

Ethiopia: lowest usage and has one cellphone network.

2005: United Nations Digital Divide Fundto help reduce technology gap between richand poor worlds.

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GSM, Global System for Mobilecommunications in Africa Southof the Sahara

5 Cell

phoneCompaniesin Ghana


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Cell Phones- Use in Africa

Tourism Tourist industry:

potential foreign

currency earner in

Eastern and Southern

Africa.

Places of interest: slave

trading centers (West

Africa), Robben Island

(Mandela incarceration

place), etc. with big

game.

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Robben Island

Cape Town

Elmina Castle

Safari Visitors

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Culture Shock

Many Africans: earn low wages.

Discrimination in terms of gender, race,ethnicity, religion, and education.

Jobs of women: care for children, collectwood, water, raise crops, and cook meals.

Only 13% of women: Parliamentarians.

Liberia: First female president in Africa:Johnson Sirleaf.

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Some work done by women: care for childrenand collect wood

Liberian President Johnson Sirleaf

Documents

8- Africa South of the Sahara