63406441 Self Confidence

8/4/2019 63406441 Self Confidence

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SELFSELF--CONFIDENCE:CONFIDENCE:THE KEY TOTHE KEY TO

SPORT SUCCESSSPORT SUCCESS

Damon BurtonDamon BurtonUniversity of IdahoUniversity of Idaho


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W hat is self-confidence?


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SELFSELF-- CONFIDENCECONFIDENCEDEFINEDDEFINED

True Self True Self- -ConfidenceConfidence is a realistic belief is a realistic belief or expectation of achieving success.or expectation of achieving success.

Self Self--Confidence is:Confidence is:not what you hope tonot what you hope to do do but what youbut what yourealistically expect to dorealistically expect to donot what you tell othersnot what you tell others but your innermostbut your innermostthoughts about your realistic capabilities,thoughts about your realistic capabilities,not pride in past deedsnot pride in past deeds but a realisticbut a realistic

judgment about what you are able to do judgment about what you are able to do


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SELF CONFIDENCETERMINOLOGY


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SELFSELF--EFFICACY DEFINEDEFFICACY DEFINED

Self Self--efficacyefficacy is a realistic belief or expectationis a realistic belief or expectationabout achieving success on a specific task in aabout achieving success on a specific task in aspecific situation.specific situation.For example,For example, I can pole vault 166 in thisI can pole vault 166 in thismeet.meet. oror I will hit this gameI will hit this game- -winning shot.winning shot.Self Self--efficacy is least impacted by personalityefficacy is least impacted by personality

because it is highly specific, unstable and basedbecause it is highly specific, unstable and basedon situational factors such as task difficulty,on situational factors such as task difficulty,preparation, recent successes/failures andpreparation, recent successes/failures andplaying conditions.playing conditions.


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RELATIONSHIPS BET W EENRELATIONSHIPS BET W EEN

TYPES OF CONFIDENCETYPES OF CONFIDENCEConfidence is developed bottom up.Confidence is developed bottom up. Athletes should attemptAthletes should attemptto enhance self to enhance self- -efficacy by accumulating successefficacy by accumulating successexperiences in specific situations.experiences in specific situations.

Next, as self Next, as self- -efficacy experiences increase , state self efficacy experiences increase , state self- -confidence improves.confidence improves.Finally, an accumulation of state self Finally, an accumulation of state self- -confidence experiencesconfidence experienceseventually boosts trait self eventually boosts trait self- -confidence.confidence.For example,For example, an athlete may have high self an athlete may have high self- -efficacy of efficacy of rebounding well in an upcoming game but be worried aboutrebounding well in an upcoming game but be worried abouther ability to play good defense on the opponents starher ability to play good defense on the opponents starplayer.player.Making some good stops increases defensive self Making some good stops increases defensive self- -efficacyefficacyduring the game. A strong overall defensive game enhancesduring the game. A strong overall defensive game enhancesstate self confidence to play well overall in the next game,state self confidence to play well overall in the next game,while 6 good games in a row boosts trait basketball self while 6 good games in a row boosts trait basketball self confidence.confidence.


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HIERARCHICAL MODELHIERARCHICAL MODELOF CONFIDENCEOF CONFIDENCE

Self-EsteemGlobal Level

Domain Level Physical Mental Social Artistic

Sport Competence

Context

Level

Attractive

Body Physical Strength

Physical Condition


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Does self-confidenceenhance performance?


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SELFSELF--CONFIDENCECONFIDENCEENHANCES PERFORMANCEENHANCES PERFORMANCE

Mahoney & Avener (1976) 1976 Olympicqualifiers were more confident thannonqualifiers.Feltz (1988) review found moderate tostrong relationships between confidenceand performance (i.e., mean r = .54).Research finds a reciprocal relationshipbetween self-confidence andperformance.


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HO W SELFHO W SELF--CONFIDENCECONFIDENCEIMPACTS PERFORMANCEIMPACTS PERFORMANCE

lowers anxiety by creating positiveexpectations of success,increases motivation by raising perceivedcompetence,enhances concentration by eliminatingdistraction from negative thoughts andpersonal putdowns.


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What are the three typesof self-confidence?


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CONFIDENCECONFIDENCE- -PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE

RELATIONSHIPRELATIONSHIP

Diffidence Optimal SC OverconfidenceDiffidence Optimal SC Overconfidence

PERFPERF

SELFSELF--CONFIDENCECONFIDENCE


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OPTIMALOPTIMAL

SELFSELF--CONFIDENCECONFIDENCECompetenceCompetence ---- possess the knowledge,possess the knowledge,strategies, skills and abilities necessarystrategies, skills and abilities necessaryfor success,for success,PreparationPreparation sufficiently prepared sosufficiently prepared soyou can successfully perform those skillsyou can successfully perform those skills

and strategies in a particular competitiveand strategies in a particular competitivesituation.situation.Villanovas 1984 upset of Georgetown in theVillanovas 1984 upset of Georgetown in theNCAA Championship Game.NCAA Championship Game.


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DIFFIDENT ATHLETES . . .DIFFIDENT ATHLETES . . .

confuseconfuse what iswhat is with what theywith what they wish wouldwish wouldbebe or with whator with what ought to be,ought to be,see themselves assee themselves as loserslosers and act accordingly,and act accordingly,mistakes devastate their competence,mistakes devastate their competence,self doubts fuel self self doubts fuel self- -fulfilling prophecies thatfulfilling prophecies thatcreate a vicious negative spiral,create a vicious negative spiral,

focus on their shortcomings and overlook theirfocus on their shortcomings and overlook theiraccomplishments, andaccomplishments, andare underachievers whose confidence limitsare underachievers whose confidence limitstheir developmenttheir development


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TYPES OFTYPES OF

OVERCONFIDENCEOVERCONFIDENCE

inflated confidence, and

false confidence.


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INFLATED CONFIDENCEINFLATED CONFIDENCE

People who believe they are better than theyPeople who believe they are better than theyreally are and have an inflated opinion of really are and have an inflated opinion of

themselves and their skills.themselves and their skills.They overestimate their abilities whileThey overestimate their abilities whileunderestimating their opponents skills.underestimating their opponents skills.Pampering from parents/coaches, playing weak Pampering from parents/coaches, playing weak

competition, and excessive media hype are itscompetition, and excessive media hype are itsprimary causes.primary causes.Often they are competent but dont prepareOften they are competent but dont prepareadequately.adequately.


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FALSE CONFIDENCEFALSE CONFIDENCE

act confident on the outside but insideact confident on the outside but insidefear failure and are really diffident,fear failure and are really diffident,

pretend to be brash, cocky and arrogant,pretend to be brash, cocky and arrogant,difficulty admitting errors and filled withdifficulty admitting errors and filled withexcuses,excuses,difficult to coach because they wontdifficult to coach because they wontaccept responsibility for mistakes, andaccept responsibility for mistakes, andnormally prepare hard but lack thenormally prepare hard but lack thecompetence to be successful.competence to be successful.


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W hat is the difference

between performanceand outcome confidence?


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PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE- - VERSUSVERSUSOUTCOME CONFIDENCEOUTCOME CONFIDENCE

Performance Confidence performersbelief that they can execute the skills andstrategies necessary to perform well andattain their goals.Outcome Confidence performers belief that they will socially compare well andwin the competition.


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W HY IS PERFORMANCEW HY IS PERFORMANCECONFIDENCE BETTER?CONFIDENCE BETTER?

Performance standards are more flexibleso they can be raised or lowered to

consistently achieve optimal difficultynecessary to keep motivation high.Success is also more controllable,

enhancing self-determination, and thusprompting performers to take credit fortheir successes as indicative of increasedcompetence.


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W hat are some specific

strategies you use to boostyour self-confidence?


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CONFIDENCE DEVELOPMENTCONFIDENCE DEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESSTRATEGIES

general confidence developmentstrategies,

six confidence development tips forpractitioners, andstrategies for developing and

maintaining confidence duringcompetition.


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ENHANCINGENHANCING

SELFSELF--CONFIDENCECONFIDENCEPerformance

Accomplishments

VicariousExperiences

VerbalPersuasion

PhysiologicalArousal Control

Self-Confidence

Thoughts

Behaviors

Performance


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ENHANCING SELFENHANCING SELF- -

CONFIDENCECONFIDENCE

Performance

Accomplishments

1.

Vicarious Experiences

1.

2.

Verbal Persuasion

1.

2.

Physiological Arousal

1.

2.

Hierarchical Model Interventions


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GENERAL CONFIDENCEGENERAL CONFIDENCEDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

performance accomplishmentgoal-setting,

vicarious experiences,modeling/demonstrations Namaths Jets,imagery Russell dj vu,

verbal persuasion,reinforcement enhances feelings of competence,self talk confidence script,

arousal control.


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CONFIDENCECONFIDENCE- -DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTTIPS FOR PRACTITIONERSTIPS FOR PRACTITIONERS

develop a systematic goal settingprogram and log and graph progress,

create a personal Hall-of-Fame,design a systematic conditioning programand maximize preparation,

use effective modeling strategies,replay past successes and imagine futuretriumphs, andemphasize confidence-building thoughts.


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How do you maintain

your self-confidenceduring competition?


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DEVELOPING & MAINTAININGDEVELOPING & MAINTAININGCOMPETITIVE CONFIDENCECOMPETITIVE CONFIDENCE

appraise situations as challenges rather thanthreats,

develop readiness, performance andrecovery plans to deal with problems,emphasize problem-focused copingstrategies to reduce threat,

use emotion-focused coping techniques tofeel less threatened, andfocus on more controllable process andperformance goals.


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W hat is the self-fulfillingprophecy?


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SELFSELF--FULFILLING PROPHECYFULFILLING PROPHECY

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies occur whencoaches/teachers expectations promptathletes/students to behave or perform in a waythat conforms with those expectancies.Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that agroup teachers believed were academic latebloomers made greater educational gains thandid a control group for whom they had neutralexpectancies.Expectancies of teachers, coaches and parentscan significantly raise or lower performersself-confidence.


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W hat are the four (4)

steps of the Self-FulfillingProphecy Process?


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SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY MODEL


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SELFSELF--FULFILLINGFULFILLINGPROPHECY PROCESSPROPHECY PROCESS

STEP 1 Coaches Develop ExpectationsSTEP 2 Coaches Expectations Influence their

Treatment of Athletes (i.e., frequency,duration, and quality of interactions)

STEP 3 Athletes Learning and PerformanceIs Impacted by Differential Treatment

STEP 4 -- Athletes Behavior Conforms toCoaches Expectations


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STEP 1: COACHES FORMSTEP 1: COACHES FORMEXPECTATIONSEXPECTATIONS

Person Cuesrace,gender

socioeconomic status,size,body type, andstyle of dress.

Performance Informationconditioning and skills tests,previous performance history,evaluation of others, andtryout information.


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STEP 2: DIFFERENTIALSTEP 2: DIFFERENTIALEXPECTANCIES IMPACTEXPECTANCIES IMPACTCOACHING BEHAVIORSCOACHING BEHAVIORS

type, frequency and warmth of interactions,nature of instructional behaviors (e.g.,skills taught, difficulty of skills, andpersistence)

nature of feedback behaviors (e.g.,valence, specificity, and correctivecontent)attributions for success and failure.


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STEP 3: COACHES BEHAVIOR STEP 3: COACHES BEHAVIOR IMPACTS ATHLETESIMPACTS ATHLETES

PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE

quantity and quality of learning,quality of competitive cognitionsand performance, and

long-term development.


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STEP 4: ATHLETESSTEP 4: ATHLETESPERFORMANCE CONFORMSPERFORMANCE CONFORMS

W ITH COACHES EXPECTATIONSW ITH COACHES EXPECTATIONS

Athletes most susceptible to Self-Fulfilling Prophecy effects are . . .

younger,less experienced,

lower in self-esteem,more coachable, andvalue success more.


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How do we maximizepositive Self-Fulfilling

Prophecy effects?


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HO W TO MAXIMIZEHO W TO MAXIMIZEPOSITIVE SFP EFFECTSPOSITIVE SFP EFFECTS

1. Determine what sources of information are usedto form expectations.

2. Realize initial expectancies may be inaccurate,

requiring adjustment as performers skill changes.3. Equalize skill-development time across athletes.4. Provide all performers sufficient time to fully

master skills.

5. Respond to errors with corrective instruction.6. Focus on product as a means to attain product.7. Develop good coach-athlete relationships.8. Create a performance-oriented team climate.

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63406441 Self Confidence