4G Seminar Report

8/11/2019 4G Seminar Report

1/33

SEMINAR REPORT

4G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Submitt ed in partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the Degree of

Presented& Submitted By:

Mr. Rohit Agrawal

(Roll No.U10EC069)

B. TECH. IV (Electronics Communication) 7

th

Semester

: Guided By :

Mrs. Shweta N. Shah

AssistantProfessor, ECED.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SardarVallabhbhai National Institute of Technology

Surat-395 007, Gujarat, INDIA.


2/33

Page | 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with greatest pleasure and pride that I present this report before you. At this moment oftriumph, it would be unfair to neglect all those who helped me in the successful completion

of this seminar.

First of all, I would like to place myself at the feet of God Almighty for his everlasting love

and for the blessings & courage that he gave me, which made it possible to me to see through

the turbulence and to set me in the right path.

I would also like to thank our Head of the Department, Prof. P. K. Shah for all the help

and guidance that he provided to me.

I am grateful to my guide, Prof. Shweta N Shah, for her guidance and whole hearted support

and very valued constructive criticism that has driven to complete the seminar successfully.

I would take this opportunity to thank my friends who were always a source of

encouragement.

Rohit Agrawal


3/33

Page | 3

ABSTRACT

There is a great demand of user needs for accessing more interactive multimedia application

like video on demand and seamless connection while moving from one network from other

without any disturbance and maintaining the high data rate at lower cost. Current

technologies are able to provide the services like multimedia applications but they failed to

provide high data rate, transmission cost and seamless connectivity on user mobility from

one network to another and at the same time maintaining its Quality of Service (QoS).

Some groups namely; 3GPP, 3GPP2, and WiMax are working to achieve the key aspects of

the 4G technology which has been defined in IMT Advance. The major components of the4G technology are OFDM modulation, transmission of data using MIMO, use of smart

antennas, SDR, IPV6 and IP Mobility.

The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one word- Integration. The 4G

systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, networks and applications to satisfy

increasing user demands. The continuous expansion of mobile communication and wireless

networks shows evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile subscriber wireless

network access, mobile services and applications. Although many countries around the world

are yet to have a 4G wireless network, it can still benefit from 3G. However, businesses and

homeowners probably wont have long to wait until the Fourth Generation of mobile

communications is available in their area.


4/33

Page | 4

SardarVallabhbhai National Institute of Technology

Surat-395 007, Gujarat, INDIA.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

This is to certify that the B.Tech. IV (7th

Semester)SEMINAR REPORT entitled 4G WIRELESS

TECHNOLOGY is presented & submitted by Candidate Mr. Rohit Agrawal, bearing Roll No.U10EC069, in

the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of B.Tech. Degree in Electronics &

Communication Engineering.

He/She has successfully and satisfactorily completed his/her Seminar Exam in all respect. We,certify that the work is comprehensive, complete and fit for evaluation.

Mrs. SHWETA N. SHAH Mr. P. K. SHAH

Seminar Guide Head of the Dept., ECED

Assistant Professor Associate Professor

SEMINAR EXAMINERS:

Name

1.Prof.____________________

2.Prof.____________________

3.Prof.____________________

DEPARTMENT SEAL

November-2013


5/33

Page | 5

INDEX

Topics Page No.

List of Figures 7

List of Tables 7

1. Introduction 8

1.1. Purpose of 4G 9

1.2. Launch of 4G 10

1.3. Broadening of Spectrum 11

1.4. Hardware 11

1.5. Benefits over 3G 12

2. 4G Standards 14

2.1. Long Term Evolution 15

2.2. 802.16e-2005 Technology 16

2.3. Ultra Mobile Broadband 18

3. Key Components in 4G 19

3.1. OFDMA 19

3.2. MIMO 21

3.3. Smart Antenna Enhancements 22

3.4. Software Development Ratio 23

3.5. IPv6 and IP Mobility 24

4. Comparison between 3G and 4G 25


6/33

Page | 6

4.1. Internet 25

4.2. Limited Reach 25

4.3. Video Streaming 26

5. Applications 28

5.1. 4G in India 30

Conclusion 31

References 32

Acronyms 33


7/33

Page | 7

LIST OF TABLES Page no.

2.2.1 802.16e-2005 QoS Classes 17

3.1.1 Advantages of OFDM over CDMA 21

4.1.1 Comparison Chart 26

LIST OF FIGURES Page no.

1.1 Evolution of Wireless Standard 13

3.1 OFDMA Modulation 20

3.2 MIMO 22

4.1. 3G vs. 4G 27


8/33

Page | 8

CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION

4G Wireless Systems or Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless

system with wide area coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and

to provide high spectral efficiency. The 4G wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), and Millimetre wireless. Data rate

of 20 mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be up to 200 km/hr. the high performance is

achieved by the use of long term channel prediction, in both time and frequency, scheduling

among users and smart antennas combined with adaptive modulation and power control.

Frequency band is 2-8 GHz. It gives the ability for worldwide roaming to access cell

anywhere.[1]

Wireless mobile-communications systems are uniquely identified by "generation"

designations. Introduced in the early 1980s, first-generation (1G) systems were marked by

analog-frequency modulation and used primarily for voice communications. Second -

generation (2G) wireless-communications systems, which made their appearance in the late

1980s, were also used mainly for voice transmission and reception The wireless system in

widespread use today goes by the name of 2.5G an "in-between" service that serves as a

stepping stone to 3G. Whereby 2G communications is generally associated with Global

System for Mobile (GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified as being "fueled" by General

Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM.

In 3G systems, making their appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for voice and

paging services, as well as interactive-media use such as teleconferencing, Internet access,

and other services. The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth of these systems

provide only WAN coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2

Mbps (for indoor static applications). Segue to 4G, the "next dimension" of wireless

communication. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing


9/33

Page | 9

(OFDM), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), and Millimetre wireless and smart antenna. Data

rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr. Frequency band is 2-8

GHz. it gives the ability for worldwide roaming to access cell anywhere.

THE NEXT GENERATION: 4G LTE is the latest wireless communication and data medium

for mobile phones. It has built on its forebear, the aptly named third generation (3G)

technology that first went online in the early 2000s. LTE offers users a major speed upgrade,

with initial iterations having sustained data rates from 100-1000 Megabytes per second

(Mbps), according to the UN International Telecommunications Unions definition. These

compare with the speeds of 3G, which are as high as 21 Mbps, according to incumbent

operator Omantel. In addition to increasing speeds, 4G LTE technology is also capable of

transmitting high definition voice, video and other media services.

1.1 Purpose of 4G

Ultra mobile broadband refers to faster rates of data transmission available on a wireless

network. 4G technology may provide data transmission rates between 100 megabits per

second (Mbps) and one gigabit per second (Gbps). By comparison, 3G or third-generation

networks offer data transmission speeds averaging around 200 kilobits per second (kbps),

which is significantly slower than those that 4G technology makes possible.

Network connections on 4G may also be more accurate during travel when user and tower

locations are at a constant rate of change. For example, when a user is travelling in a car and

data signals transfer between towers, which 4G handles more effectively than previous

technologies. This faster, more accurate connection can enable the transmission of larger

packets of data than 3G networks. Users can access increasingly information-heavy

applications, such as High Definition (HD) television signals and real time video chat.[3]


10/33

Page | 10

1.2 Launch Of 4G

As of October 2012 there were 347 telecoms operators in 104 countries committed to

commercial LTE networks or working on studies and network tests, according to the UK-

based Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). By the end of 2012, there will be 152LTE networks operating in 65 countries, the GSA estimates. In the GCC, LTE rollouts began

in September 2011, when Saudi Telecom Company (STC), Mobily and Zain, all based in

Saudi Arabia, launched their services, along with the UAEs Etisalat. Viva Kuwait and Viva

Bahrain followed with LTE launches in December 2011 and January 2012, respectively.

Oman Telecommunications (Omantel), the incumbent operator, announced the launch of its

4G LTE network on July 16, 2012. Upon its launch, the operator advertised data rates of up

to 100 Mbps. Sweden-based Ericsson and China-based Huawei signed agreements with

Omantel to roll out the network in May 2012. Areas around the country were selected for

initial connectivity based on their existing data traffic, Omantel CEO Amer Awadh Al

Rawas, said in the announcement. The new network was introduced for data only, which can

be utilized through both mobile and stationary modems.As technology develops, we will see

more devices and handsets that support 3.5G and 4G LTE and eventually data and voice, Al

Rawas said.

Nawras, the countrys second mobile operator, signed an agreement with Huawei in June

2012 to launch its own 4G LTE network. Major areas in the Muscat governorate are set for

4G LTE connections by the end of 2012. By June 2013 all major cities in the sultanate will

have connections, according to the company. In the same agreement, Nawras also hired the

China-based networking and telecommunications firm to upgrade its 3G network to the 3G+,

or high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) standard, which facilitates higher data

transfers at faster rates. About 30% of network sites are set to be upgraded by the end of

2012. Over time, the company aims to increase its 3G+ population coverage from 53% to

97% by 2015. This development is set to improve connections for users of devices that are

not compatible with 4G LTE.[4]


11/33

Page | 11

1.3 BROADENING THE SPECTRUM

Spectrum allocation the process of assigning radio frequencies for use by telecoms

operators is a crucial part of building up wireless networks. Different spectrums offer

different benefits. Omans two operators, Nawras and Omantel, approached the

Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) in December 2011 about the possibility of

releasing lower frequencies for commercial network use. Lower frequencies are more hardy.

They travel farther and go inside buildings more easily, Ross Cormack, the CEO of Nawras,

told Reuters that December. You dont mind if youre in Hong Kong or a place where

youve got a huge number of people in a tiny area because you will have a lot of base stations

anyway, but in our country you have a challenge. You have to build more base stations for

in-building coverage. With lower frequencies, you can get to more people with just one basestation. Because of their advantages, lower frequencies are often reserved for government

and military use. In Oman as well, these spectrum ranges were off-limits to commercial

communications providers.

In March 2012, however, the Omani Transport and Communications Ministry announced

that OR50m ($130.3m) would be spent on opening spectrum, including the 1800-MHz band,

to the countrys telecoms providers. The move was welcomed by both Nawras and Omantel

as a major step forward toward developing Omans mobile telecommunications

infrastructure.

1.4 HARDWARE

Indeed, spectrum management can be crucial in network roll-out, allowing coverage to

spread over a wider area faster. Spectrum is also important for mobile devices. Some

products are designed to work within a fixed range of frequencies. The third generation of

Apples iPad, for example, supports 4G LTE connections only over 700 and 2100 MHz

frequencies, which are more common in North America. For the GCCs early adopters of 4G


12/33

Page | 12

LTE, like Saudi Arabia and the UAE, these frequency constraints have meant that this model

of the tablet could not utilise the higher data rates offered by a 4G network.

Although Omans operators are also on an incompatible frequency for the third generation of

the iPad, they are in good company with the opening of the 1800 MHz frequency. As of

September 2012, one-third of all commercial LTE networks were running on the frequency,

according to Netherlands-based Telecom paper. Areas using the band range include major

markets such as Germany, South Korea, Hong Kong and Japan. Running 4G LTE services on

a more broadly used frequency range could increase the chances of a given device being

compatible on the network.

In September 2012, Apple announced spectrum compatibility for the iPhone 5, which

includes 1800 MHz. The Cupertino, California-based technology companys iPhone products

held a 16.9% market share of the global Smartphone market in the second quarter of 2012,

according to the US-based Information Data Corporation (IDC). Samsung, the largest

producer of mobile phones running Googles Android operating system, also produces

several phones in its popular Galaxy line capable of utilizing 4G LTE on 1800 MHz.

Samsung held a 32.6% share of the global smartphone market in the second quarter of 2012,

according to the IDC.

In Oman, providers are set to use different frequency ranges for the time being. Omantels

4G services currently run on the 2300-MHz frequency, another popular range around the

world, with presence in large markets like the US, India and China. Nawras is set to use the

newly opened 1800 MHz frequency. For consumers, the current state of affairs could be a

boon, as two frequency bands could mean a larger selection of mobile devices compatiblewith Omani networks.[5]


13/33

Page | 13

1.5 BENEFITS OVER 3G

As Omantel continues to expand its 4G LTE network and Nawras moves to roll out its own,

the Omani telecommunications market stands to gain. Higher web speeds are likely to

encourage more internet use, as services will be more convenient to access. As smartphones

become more common and connectivity strengthens, demand for mobile apps and other

services could increase as well. A larger pool of potential customers could, in turn, help spur

the creation of locally developed apps, boosting the governments drive for technology-

oriented entrepreneurship.

Indeed, the advent of fourth generation mobile broadband could unlock a multitude of

benefits for Omanis across various economic sectors. With the government and service

providers working together to ensure a smooth roll-out, mobile broadband coverage and

connectivity are only set to expand in the coming years.

Fig. 1.1 Wireless Standards Evolution


14/33

Page | 14

CHAPTER-2 4G STANDARDS

Short for fourth generation, 4G is an ITU specification that is currently being developed for

broadband mobile capabilities. 4G technologies would enableIP-based voice, data and

streaming multimedia at higher speeds and offer at least 100 Mbit/s with high mobility and

up to 1GBit/s with low mobility (nomadic).

While 3G is defined by ITU as IMT-2000, IMT-Advanced is being studied by ITU as 4G.

IMT is now used as the generic name for 3G and 4G.

4G technology is meant to provide what is known as ultra-broadband access for mobile

devices, and in March of 2008 the International Telecommunications Union-Radio

communications sector (ITU-R) created a set of standards that networks must meet in order

to be considered 4G, known as the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced

(IMT-Advanced) specification. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following

requirements [2]:

Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.

Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as

mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as

nomadic/local wireless access.

Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more

simultaneous users per cell.

Using scalable channel bandwidths of 520 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.

Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in

the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than

67 MHz bandwidth).


15/33


16/33

Page | 16

Although marketed as a 4G wireless service, LTE (as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9

document series) does not satisfy the technical requirements the 3GPP consortium has

adopted for its new standard generation, and which were originally set forth by the ITU-

R organization in its IMT-Advanced specification. However, due to marketing pressures and

the significant advancements that WIMAX, HSPA+ and LTE bring to the original 3G

technologies, ITU later decided that LTE together with the aforementioned technologies can

be called 4G technologies. The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-

R requirements to be considered IMT-Advanced. And to differentiate LTE Advanced

and WiMax-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined them as "True 4G".

2.2 802.16e-2005 TECHNOLOGY

The 802.16 standard essentially standardizes two aspects of the air interface the physical

layer (PHY) and the Media Access Control layer (MAC). This section provides an overview

of the technology employed in these two layers in the mobile 802.16e specification.

PHY

802.16e uses Scalable OFDMA to carry data, supporting channel bandwidths of between

1.25 MHz and 20 MHz, with up to 2048 sub-carriers. It supports adaptive modulation and

coding, so that in conditions of good signal, a highly efficient 64 QAM coding scheme is

used, whereas when the signal is poorer, a more robust BPSK coding mechanism is used. In

intermediate conditions, 16 QAM and QPSK can also be employed. Other PHY features

include support for Multiple-in Multiple-out (MIMO) antennas in order to provide good non-

line-of-sight propagation (NLOS) characteristics (or higher bandwidth) and Hybrid automatic

repeat request (HARQ) for good error correction performance. Although the standards allow

operation in any band from 2 to 66 GHz, mobile operation is best in the lower bands which

are also the most crowded, and therefore most expensive.


17/33

Page | 17

MAC

The 802.16 MAC describes a number of Convergence Sub layers which describe how wire

line technologies such as Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Internet

Protocol (IP) are encapsulated on the air interface, and how data is classified, etc. It also

describes how secure communications are delivered, by using secure key exchange during

authentication, and encryption using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) or Data

Encryption Standard (DES) during data transfer. Further features of the MAC layer include

power saving mechanisms (using Sleep Mode and Idle Mode) and handover mechanisms. A

key feature of 802.16 is that it is a connection oriented technology. The subscriber station

(SS) cannot transmit data until it has been allocated a channel by the Base Station (BS). This

allows 802.16e to provide strong support for Quality of Service (QoS).

QoS

Quality of service (QoS) in 802.16e is supported by allocating each connection between the

SS and the BS (called a service flow in 802.16 terminology) to a specific QoS class. In

802.16e, there are 5 QoS classes:

TABLE 2.2.1 802.16e-2005 QoS classes

Service Abbrev Definition Typical

Applications

Unsolicited

Grant Service

UGS Real-time data streams comprising

fixed-size data packets issued at

periodic intervals

T1/E1 transport

Extended Real-

time Polling

Service

ertPS Real-time service flows that generate

variable-sized data packets on a

periodic basis

VoIP


18/33

Page | 18

Real-time

Polling Service

rtPS Real-time data streams comprising

variable-sized data packets that are

issued at periodic intervals

MPEG Video

Non-real-time

Polling Service

nrtPS Delay-tolerant data streams comprising

variable-sized data packets for which a

minimum data rate is required

FTP with guaranteed

minimum throughput

Best Effort BE Data streams for which no minimum

service level is required and therefore

may be handled on a space-available

basis

HTTP

The BS and the SS use a service flow with an appropriate QoS class (plus other parameters,

such as bandwidth and delay) to ensure that application data receives QoS treatment

appropriate to the application.

2.3 ULTRA MOBILE BROADBAND

UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a project within 3GPP2 to improve

the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In

November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of

the technology, favouring LTE instead. Like LTE, the UMB system was to be based upon

Internet (TCP/IP) networking technologies running over a next generation radio system, with

peak rates of up to 280 Mbit/s. Its designers intended for the system to be more efficient and

capable of providing more services than the technologies it was intended to replace. To

provide compatibility with the systems it was intended to replace, UMB was to support

handoffs with other technologies including existing CDMA2000 1X and 1xEV-DO systems.

However 3GPP added this functionality to LTE, allowing LTE to become the single upgrade

path for all wireless networks. No carrier had announced plans to adopt UMB, and most

CDMA carriers in Australia, USA, Canada, China, Japan and South Korea have already

announced plans to adopt either WiMax or LTE as their 4G technology.


19/33

Page | 19

CHAPTER-3 KEY COMPONENTS IN 4G

3.1 OFDMA Modulation

Multipath phenomena in CDMA can tolerate long delay but it does not capture the entire

energy, only fraction of the energy of the multipath signal because of limited no. of

capability of taking the signal. In OFDM as from the below figure it can be understand the

long guard band interval is long enough to absorb all inter-symbols-interference.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages

for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by

proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit the time

domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio

channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced

receiver complexity.

In OFDM, a data stream is split into Nc parallel lower data streams (a few kHz) that are

modulated on separate subcarriers. The split the signal is called orthogonal subcarriers and

these subcarriers are modulated by Inverse Discrete Fourier Transformation (IDFT) and

hence it does not affect the signals on multipath effects. The long guard band is inserted

between each OFDM symbol to absorb all inter signal symbols interference. This

significantly improves the physical layer performance. The OFDM signal is also compatible

with other enhancement technologies like smart antennas and MIMO.

Multiple access technology (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access; OFDMA) can

also be used for modulation of OFDM. In this case, each OFDM signal symbol can transmit


20/33

Page | 20

information to/from several users using a different set of subcarriers (sub channels). This not

only provides additional flexibility for resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also

enables cross-layer optimization of radio link usage.[6]

Fig 3.1 OFDMA Modulation[10]

3.2 MIMO

In order to improve the communication performance between sender and receiver, the

multiple antennas are used at both transmitter and receiver end. MIMO multiplex the signals

from the multiple transmitting antennas as it is suitable for OFDM because time symbols can

be processed independently after OFDM waveform is correctly designed for the channel.

This aspects of OFDM reduces the complexity while transmission and makes processing

simple. The signal transmitted by m antennas and signal received by n antennas and the

processing of the received signal may produce significant performance improvement such as

range, quality of received signal and spectrum efficiency.


21/33

Page | 21

Table 3.1.1 Advantages of OFDM over CDMA

CDMA OFDM

1. CDMA can tolerate long delay but it doesnot capture the entire energy, only fraction

of the energy of the multipath signal because

of limited no. of capability of taking the

signal.

It captures entire energy because ofcapability to absorb high no. of OFDM

signal subcarriers. In OFDM, as long as

guard interval is long enough, all inter-

symbol-interference is absorbed

2. Multipath self-interference affects CDMA. Multipath self-interference does not

affect OFDM.

3. CDMA the interference affects all symbols. Only a few tones are affected or lost in

OFDM

4. CDMA several symbols may be lost because

of impulse noise.

OFDM spreads the impulse noise over a

burst reducing its effect

5. CDMA is very sensitive to timing and

requires fast acquisition

This results in complex algorithms and

overhead unlike OFDM.

6. CDMA rake receiver is more complex than

OFDM digital front end (FFT).

Implementation of equalization,

interference cancellation, and adaptive

antenna array algorithms is simpler in

OFDM.

7. CDMA requires fast and precise power

control as it is very sensitive to received

power fluctuations.

This is not in the case of OFDM.

8. CDMA technology is less sensitive to

capacity enhancement by using smart

antenna techniques than OFDM technology

because of CDMA intra-cell interference

behaviour.

This is not in the case of OFDM.


22/33

Page | 22

Hence MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path signals are received. The gain in

spectrum efficiency is directly related to the minimum number of antennas in the link. The

MIMO enables significant increase in the data throughput and link range with additional

bandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency more bits per

second per hertz of bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading). Because of

these properties MIMO has become current theme of wireless research.[7]

3.3 Smart antenna enhancements

The main purpose of the radio communication depends on the advancements of the antennas

which refer to smart or intelligent antennas. In early 90s, in order to meet growing data rate

needs of the data communication, many transmission techniques were proposed such as

spatial multiplexing which increases the bandwidth conservation and power efficiency.

Spatial multiplexing provides the multiple deployment of antennas at the transmitting and

receiving end and then independent streams of data can be transmitted as requested by the

user can be transmitted simultaneously from the all transmitting antennas. Thus increasing

the throughput into multiple folds with minimum number of the transmitting and receiving

antennas.

Fig. 3.2 MIMO[7]


23/33

Page | 23

There are two types of smart antennas which are switched beam smart antennas and adaptive

array smart antennas. Switched beam systems have several available fixed beam patterns

which help in making decisions as to which beam to access at any given point of time based

on the requirements of the system. While adaptive arrays allow the antenna to steer the beam

to any direction of interest while simultaneously nulling interfering signals.

The reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by

using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive

diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized

into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel

knowledge at the time of transmitting the signals. The other category is closed-loop multiple

antenna technologies which use the channel knowledge at the transmitter.

3.4 SDR (Software-Defined Radio)

A basic SDR produces a radio that is capable of receiving and transmitting a different form

of radio protocol (sometimes referred to as a waveform) as per the needs just by running

different software. A SDR will allow to increase network capacity at specific time (e.g.

during a sports event) and the operator can reconfigure its network by adding several

modems at a given Base Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR will allow reconfigure network

structure as per the needs. At the present SDR implementation is done by the infrastructure

which develops multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals. SDR can be a

powerful aid for manufacturer by providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with

reduced development effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel processing.

Software radios have significant utility for the military and cell phone services, both of which

must serve a wide variety of changing radio protocols in real time. In the long term, software-

defined radio is expected by its proponents to become the dominant technology in radio

communications.[11]


24/33

Page | 24

3.5 IPv6 and IP mobility

4G wireless technology will be using mobile IPv6 which allows assigning more number of

addresses than IPv4. In IPv6 each device have own IP address. User can keep their IP address

even if user changes the access point. Presently translate IP with each change because there

are not enough IP addresses. The following diagram shows that each IPv6 packet can have

multiple source addresses and multiple destination addresses.

Mobile IP techniques allow network roaming, a device can move from one network to other

network. IP Mobility is often termed macro-mobility since it will be global, and

independent of mechanisms (such as routing protocols, link-layers technologies and security

architectures) of different administrative IP-domains. These methods are applicable to data

and probably also voice. During handover in IP Mobility the OFDM, MIMO allows macro-

diversity processing with performance gains. However, the implementation of macro-

diversity implies that MIMO processing is centralized and transmissions are synchronous. In

high mobility a device is capable to cope with more than 10 handovers per minute. In

contrast, a host performing less than 10 handovers is considered to have low mobility.


25/33

Page | 25

CHAPTER-4 COMPARISION BETWEEN 4G AND 3G

A 3G internet connection is very popular around the world. Many places in the UK have

access to 3G which enables Smartphone, laptop and tablet operators to take advantage of a

fast internet speed. Tablets, smart phones and laptops which have been launched recently

have an in-built 3G connection. Consequently, as soon as they are in a 3G hotspot, it can

instantly connect if its operator chooses to do so. 3G is an improvement on 2G which has a

slower internet speed in comparison. A 4G network is now available in many countries and it

is seen as being the next big thing in wireless technology. Main differences between 3G and

4G are listed below.[4]

4.1 Internet

A 4G wireless network has a much faster internet speed than what 3G is capable of.

Smartphone and laptop operators in such countries as South Korea and India that have a 4G

network have noticed a huge difference between them. 3G wireless already has a faster

download speed than 2G but 4G is even quicker. 4G wireless can download videos up to ten

times quicker than 3G. When a large video is streamed online, such as a film, it wont take as

long on 4G when compared to 3G.

4.2 Limited reach at present

Many towns and cities around the world do not currently have a 3G network. In the UK,

there are vast areas of some counties which dont have a 3G reach. However, more masts are

being built which aims to increase the number of tablets, smart phones and laptops that can

connect to 3G. The reach of 4G is also minimal and some countries dont have it yet. This is

bound to change, especially as the world continues to crave a faster internet speed than what

it has at the moment.


26/33

Page | 26

4.3. Video Streaming

When a Smartphone or a tablet connects to a 4G network, it can handle more data than 3G.

Although a 4G mobile phone company is expected to set limits on how much can be

downloaded, it is bound to be more than what 3G can offer. If a Smartphone is used fordownloading video and surfing many websites at once, it can cope with doing so. If

everybody in a family home has smart phones or laptops, the maximum monthly download

limit can be reached. It can also take a long time to download many videos individually but

4G can cope with such demand. The businesses which are in countries that already have a 4G

network have noticed that many of their employees are able to access a Cloud network at the

same time where there are minimal disruptions to their productivity.

Although many countries around the world are yet to have a 4G wireless network, it can still

benefit from 3G. However, businesses and homeowners probably wont have long to wait

until the Fourth Generation of mobile communications is available in their area.

Table 4.1.1 Comparison chart

3G 4G

Data

Throughput:

Up to 3.1Mbps with an average

speed range between 0.5 to 1.5

Mbps

Practically speaking, 2 to 12

Mbps (Telstra in Australia claims

up to 40 Mbps) but potential

estimated at a range of 100 to

300 Mbps.

Peak Upload

Rate:

5 Mbps 500 Mbps

Peak Download

Rate:

100 Mbps 1 Gbps

Switching

Technique:

packet switching packet switching, message

switching


27/33

Page | 27

Network

Architecture:

Wide Area Cell Based Integration of wireless LAN and

Wide area.

Services And

Applications:

CDMA 2000, UMTS, EDGE etc Wimax2 and LTE-Advance

Forward error

correction (FEC):

3G uses Turbo codes for error

correction.

Concatenated codes are used for

error corrections in 4G.

Frequency Band: 1.8 2.5 GHz 2 8 GHz

Fig. 4.1 shows the comparison between 3G and 4G over general activities in a users day today life like downloading, streaming and other internet usage.

Fig. 4.1 3G vs. 4G


28/33

Page | 28

CHAPTER-5 APPLICATIONS

Based on the requirements for seamless interaction between networks, 4G is characterized by

the following key attributes:

A. Support for Multiple and Efficient Applications and Services

4G provides support for unicast, multicast and broadcast services and the applications that

rely on them. Prompt enforcement of Service Level Agreements (SLA) along with privacy

and other security features.

B. Quality of Service

Consistent application of admission control and scheduling algorithms regardless of

underlying infrastructure and operator diversity leads to an increased quality of service(QoS)

to the users.

C. Network Detection Selection

A mobile terminal that features multiple radio technologies or possibly uses software

defined radios if economical, allows participation in multiple networks simultaneously,

thereby connecting to the best network with the most appropriate service parameters (cost,

QoS and capacity among others) for the application. This requires establishing a uniform

process for defining eligibility of a terminal to attach to a network and to determine the

validity of link layer configuration.

D. Seamless Handover and Service ContinuityA base station that features intra- and inter-technology handovers, assuring service

continuity with zero or minimal interruption, without a noticeable loss in service quality.

Support for this function requires continuous transparent maintenance of active service

instances and inclusion of various access technologies, from Wi-Fi to OFDMA.


29/33

Page | 29

4G technology has indeed.[14]

Some other user friendly applications are as following:

Live Mobile Video4G wireless networks provide many features to handle the current challenges in video

communication. The WiMax and Long Term Evolution (LTE) 4G networks now being

built will be able to handle broadcast-quality data loads over much cheaper, faster, and

more mobile connections than satellite trucks. For instance, one developer, Nomad

Innovations, offers a WiMax-based modem that attaches to the back of a professional

video camera, obviating the need for satellite connectivity in the field.

Mobile/Portable Gaming

Since most gaming platforms have Wi-Fi connectivity built in, you can easily use the

portable modem to share a 4G connection with five to eight different devices thus

broadening the use of 4G for swift portable gaming experience.

Cloud-Based Apps

The emergence of the 4G wireless network will make cloud computingworking with

data and apps that are stored onlineeven more winsome than it is today with the cloud

services becoming considerably more reliable, functional and secure for the mobile users.

Emergence Response and Tele-medicine

4G networks have the ability to transfer large files(like x-rays) in quick time along with

providing interactive video for remote physician monitoring and direction. This has led tothe development of special gears and services for the health-care operations that will

provide better, faster, and less expensive medical and emergency care.


30/33

Page | 30

5.1. 4G IN INDIA

Bharti Airtel launched India's first 4G service, using TD-LTE technology, in Kolkata on

April 10, 2012. Fourteen months prior to the official launch in Kolkata, a group consisting of

China, Bharti Airtel and Softbank Mobile came together, called Global TD-LTE Initiative

(GTI) in Barcelona, Spain and they signed the commitment towards TD-LTE standards for

the Asian region. It must be noted that Airtel's 4G network does not support mainstream 4G

phones [73] such as Apple iPhone 5, Samsung Galaxy S III, Nokia Lumia 920 and others.

Airtel 4G services are available in Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune and Chandigarh region

(The Tricity or Chandigarh region consists of a major city Chandigarh, Mohali and

Panchkula).

RIL is launching 4G services through its subsidiary, Jio Infocomm. RIL 4G services

are currently available only in Jamnagar, where it is testing the new TD-LTE

technology. RIL 4G rollout is planned to start in Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata and

expand to cover 700 cities, including 100 high-priority markets.

Bharti Airtel is launching 4G services in Delhi by Jan 2014

India uses the TD LTE frequency #40 (2.3 GHz), Apple iPhone 5s supports the TD LTE 40

band.


31/33

Page | 31

CONCLUSION

There has been constant development in the cellular as we have seen in 2G technology to 3G

technology which includes GSM, GPRS, EDGE, CDMA, CDMA200, HSPDA, WiMax etc.

2G only supports the voice communicate and 2.5G supports voice and data communication

and 3G supports voice and data communication but at higher rate as compare to the 2.5G.

But today there is high demand of multimedia applications like online video, video

conferencing. And there is need of better quality of service (QoS) and device mobility from

one network to network at high speed. There is strong need of technology better than 3G.

A 4G technology which is an upgraded version of 3G technology, will be introduced in the

market by 2011 which will meet the needs which were not found in the 3G technology whilemaintaining its backward compatibility. As we have seen in the working group of 4G

technology namely 3GGP, 3GGP2 and WiMax technologies will continue to evolve and

enhance its capability, with a clear roadmap of reaching 1 Gbps in motion at low speed and

100 Mbps at high speed at lower cost. The successful demonstration of the 4G technology

has been done by the companies such as NTT DoCoMo, Mobile and Nortel Networks, and

Nokia Siemens Networks


32/33

Page | 32

REFERENCES

[1] J. Ibrahim. 4G Features. Bechtel Telecommunications and Technical Journal, Volume

1, Number.1, December 2002, Page(s): 11-14.

[2] Frattasi, S.; Fathi, H.; Fitzek, F.H.P.; Katz, M.D.; Prasad, R. Defining 4G Technologyfrom the Users Perspective. IEEE Volume 20, Issue 1, Jan.-Feb. 2006, Page(s):35

41.

[3] Santhi, K.R.; Srivastava, V.K. ; SenthilKumaran, G.; Butare, A. Goals of True Broad

bands Wireless Next Wave (4G-5G). Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003. VTC

2003-Fall. 2003 IEEE 58th, Volume 4, Oct.2003, Pages(s): 2317-2321.

[4] Kibria, M.R.; Mirchandani, V.; Jamalipour, A. A Consolidated Architecture for

4G/B3G Networks. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2005,

IEEE Volume 4, March 2005, Page(s):2406 - 2411.

[5] Berardinelli, G.; Ruiz de Temino, L.A.; Frattasi, S.; Rahman, M.; Mogensen, P.

OFDMA vs. SC-FDMA: performance comparison in local area imt-a scenarios. IEEEWireless Communications, Volume 15, Issue 5, October 2008, Page(s):64-72.

[6] Goldsmith, A.; Jafar, S.A.; Jindal, N.; Vishwanath, S. Capacity Limits of MIMO

Channels. Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal Volume 21, Issue 5,

June 2003, Page (s): 684 - 702.

[7] Adachi, K.; Adachi, F.; Nakagawa, M. A Study on Channel Capacities of MC-CDMA

MIMO and OFDM MIMO. Communication Systems, 2008. ICCS 2008. 11th IEEE

Singapore International Conference, Nov. 2008, Page(s):1384 1388.

[8] Xiaodong Wang. OFDM and Its Application to 4G. Wireless and Optical

Communications, 2005. 14th Annual WOCC 2005. International Conference, April

2005 Page(s):69.

[9] Mitola, J.; III E-Systems, Fairfax, VA. Software Radios Survey, Critical Evaluation

and Future Directions. Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE, Volume

8, Issue 4, April 1993, Page(s):25 36.

[10] Sharony, J. Introduction of Wireless Theory and Application. IEEE LI, November

2006.

[11] Suk Yu Hui, Kai Hau Yeung. Challenges in the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems.

Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume 41, Issue 12, Dec. 2003, Page(s):54 59.

[12] Yongsuk Park, Taejoon Park. A Survey of Security Threats on 4G Networks.

Globecom Workshops, 2007, IEEE, Nov. 2007, Page(s):1 - 6.[13] Krenik, B. 4G Wireless Technology: When will it happen? What does it offer. Solid-

State Circuits Conference, 2008. A-SSCC '08, IEEE Asian, Nov. 2008, Page(s):141

144.


33/33

Page | 33

ACRONYMS

3GGP: The Third Generation Partnership Project

3GGP2: The Third Generation Partnership Project2

BTS: Base Transceiver Station

CDMA: Code Division Multiplexing Access

EVDO: Evolution-Data Optimized

GPRS: General Packet Radio Services

GSA: Global Mobile Suppliers Association

GSM: Global System for Mobile

GTI: Global TD-LTE Initiative

HD: High Definition

HSDPA: High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSPA: High-Speed Packet Access

IDC: Information Data Corporation

IDFT: Inverse Discrete Fourier Transformation

IMT: International Mobile Telecommunications

ITU: International Telecommunication Union

LTE: Long Term Evolution

MIMO : Multiple Input Multiple Output

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

SDR: Software Defined Radio

TRA; Telecommunications Regulatory Authority

UMB: Ultra Mobile Broad Band

WiMax: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

Documents

4G Seminar Report