3.Technical and Marketing Review of POU Technologies

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USAID Pakistan Safe Drinking Water & Hygiene Promotion Project

Technical and Marketing Review of POU Technologies

Private Sector Activity: Situation Analysis and Preliminary Evaluation of PotentialPartnerships with POU Water Filtration and Purification Technology Companies

Muhammad Ali Aziz, Manager, Private Sector ActivityJanuary 2008

A. Purpose of the Review

The purpose of this technical and marketing review is to focus on identifying multiple methods of Point-Of-Use (POU) water filtration technologies that can provide low-income populations in Pakistan with arange of options for water treatment. Presently, an estimated 250,000 deaths1 occur due to diarrheal

infections, a majority of which are attributable to lack of safe drinking water. Access to improved watersources and appropriate POU water purification technologies are prerequisites to safe drinking water forperi-urban and rural communities.

The USAID/Pakistan Safe Drinking Water and Hygiene Promotion Project aims to partner with a numberof private sector companies to promote POU water treatment technologies that are effective, affordable,and available to potential low-income users. Private sector activities will focus on manufacturers orcompanies that are currently engaged in designing appropriate POU water filtration technologies or arelooking towards commercial market development through effective implementation of marketingstrategies. Potential private sector partners will be identified based on this review.

B. BackgroundProblem Statement. Access to safe drinking water is a critical health issue for Pakistan, and the countrysprojected population growth over the next 10 years (expected to increase from 150 to 221 million by2025) will only exacerbate water demand, making access to safe water even more of a challenge. Currentdata from the Pakistan Planning Department indicates that only 65% of the population has access toimproved drinking water, and rural coverage is significantly lower (55%) than urban coverage (80%).According to Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), Pakistan has essentiallyexhausted its available water resources and is on the verge of becoming a water-deficit country. The percapita water availability has dropped from 5,600 m3 to 1,000 m3.

The mortality rate for children under five in Pakistan is among the highest in the world, with 101 deathsper 1000 children.4 Water and sanitation-related diseases are responsible for 60% of the countrys diseaseburden in children under five, and it is estimated that diarrheal disease kills more than 200,000 childrenunder the age of five each year.

The combination of unsafe water consumption and poor hygiene practices results in illnesses which notonly contribute to high child mortality and morbidity, but which result in high health costs for treatment.According to UNICEF, 40% of hospital beds are occupied by patients with water borne diseases.Lowerededucational achievement due to reduced school attendance by children, and a decrease in the number ofworking days on the part of adults are also factors related to access to and quality of the drinking water in

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Pakistan. Unsafe drinking water has also been shown to lead to poverty through loss of economicallyproductive time spent by women and girls to fetch drinkable water from long distances. An Aga KhanDevelopment Network (AKDN) study noted that up to 60% of the population may walk up to threekilometers several times each day in order to collect water from open channels, with women and childrenbearing the brunt of this responsibility.

In addition to lack of access to safe drinking water, hygiene practices are also very poor. According toUNICEF (2002), only 54% of Pakistans population has sustainable access to improved sanitation.Washing hands with soap after defecation is estimated to be 48% in urban areas and 25% in rural areas.

A number of studies on Pakistans water quality have been carried out over the past several years.Findings have included the presence of fecal coliform bacteria in main distribution lines due tocontamination from surrounding leaking sewage pipelines; pollution of ground and surface water in urbanand rural areas by sewage and industrial waste; high levels of arsenic, lead and chromium; andbacteriological and fecal contamination of collected water samples.

In Pakistan, groundwater is being utilized through open wells, springs, tube wells, hand pumps andinfiltration galleries. Groundwater studies carried out in various locations have revealed declining levels

of water and lowering of water tables, brackish water that cannot be used for domestic purposes, poor soilhealth and decreased crop yield due to the pumping of sodic water.

Water Quality Standards. The basic purpose of the guidelines or standards is to provide safe drinkingwater to all citizens. WHO has provided general guidelines for drinking water, which advisory in nature,and are based on scientific research and epidemiological findings. The PCRWR and Pakistan StandardsInstitution (PSI) have already drafted drinking water quality standards. However, the enforcement ofthese standards is still pending, despite the fact that water issues are of critical nature and need to betackled on priority basis. Test parameters for E.Coli, Fecal Coliform, Arsenic, Calcium, Iron, Nitrates,Sodium, Totally Dissolved Solids (TDS) and other contaminants developed by the Pakistan Standards &Quality Control Authority (PSQCA), a government body to monitor water quality status, have no legalbinding on the private industry and public sector.

WHO Guidelines

All water intended for drinking), as well as treated water entering the distributionsystem, must not have E. Coli or thermo tolerant coliform and total coliformbacteria detectable in any 100 ml sample. In case of large supplies, wheresufficient samples are examined, E.Coli or thermo tolerant coliform bacteria mustnot be present in 95% of the samples taken throughout any 12-month period.

Pakistan Safe Drinking Water and Hygiene Promotion Project. To achieve the Millennium DevelopmentGoal of reducing by 50%, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water

and thereby significantly reduce the incidence of mortality and morbidity caused by diarrhea and otherlife-threatening water-borne diseases, thePakistan Safe Drinking Water and Hygiene Promotion Project(PSDW-HPP) is being carried out by Abt Associates and its consortia partners the Academy forEducational Development (AED); The QED Group, LLC; Montgomery, Watson and Harza (MWH), andthe Institute for Sustainable Communities (ISC).

With the aim of improving the health and well-being of millions of Pakistanis without access to safedrinking water, PSDW-HPP is being implemented in partnership with the Government of Pakistan's(GOP) Ministry of Industries, Production & Special Initiatives. The project is providing technical

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assistance and extensive capacity building in the areas of hygiene, sanitation promotion and communitymobilization to complement the GOPs substantial investments in hardware for safe drinking water.PSDW-HPP is also tasked with using private sector partnerships to extend the availability of low-costhousehold water purification technologies.

The geographic focus of the project is on 31 districts, including three agencies from Federally

Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and the earthquake affected areas of North-West Frontier Province(NWFP), FATA and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K)eight earthquake-affected areas. Over a three-year period (2007-2009), it is expected that the project will benefit 30 million people in the target areas.

The projects major activities include:

Providing support to Government agencies, NGOs and communities through capacity-buildingand training in operation and management of water treatment facilities; hygiene and sanitationpractices and promotion; water quality testing; community mobilization; planning, cost recovery,and water resources management to ensure that investments in hardware and promotionalactivities will be sustainable in the long-term.

Providing technical assistance on water source protection to prevent water contamination.

Demonstrating ways in which social mobilization may lead to sustainability and bettermanagement of filtration plants by the communities.

Assisting the Ministry of Industry in designing a comprehensive hygiene and sanitationpromotion strategy for safe water management, hygienic behavior, and safe sanitation practices.The strategy will be implemented by NGOs through a grant program.

Assisting local governments and communities in 31 districts to safely maintain and operate watertreatment systems, as well as to promote good personal and household water hygiene to maximizehealth benefits.

Two major accomplishments are envisioned by the end of the project:

1. Program sustainability will be achieved through the participation of both NGO and private sector

partners.2. Behavioral sustainability on the part of target groups will occur as a result of state-of-the-art

tested behavior change approaches used in the implementation process, combined withinnovation and creativity.

Women are at the heart of water issues: it is they who are primarily responsible for collecting andmanaging water at the household level, and for caring for children and others affected by diarrhea. Effortswill be made to reach a maximum number of mothers and other important decision makers such as fathersat the household level to encourage the use POU technologies/products for treating unsafe water to makeit safe for drinking, as well as to promote regular hand washing hygiene practices.

C. Pakistan Investment Climate

Pakistan is a country of 160 million people, the sixth largest population in the world. Its land area is310,000 sq. kilometers. The average rainfall is less than 10 inches per year which makes water generally ascarce resource and drinking water an extremely scarce resource.

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With the onset of economic liberalization, privatization, deregulation, tax and tariff restructuring, andmajor industrial policy changes to address investor concerns, the investment climate in Pakistan hasbecome very positive and conducive to attracting investment. The government has taken major steps toaccelerate programs to support existing and new investment.

Major new business opportunities with strong potential for foreign investment have emerged in a host of

sectors as a result of privatization and deregulation in the oil and gas, textiles, leather, garments, IT,chemical and engineering industries. New opportunities have also emerged in the areas of tourism,banking, financial services, fisheries, food processing and consumer goods. In 2006, direct and portfolioinvestment flows were estimated to achieve a record high of over $5 billion. Pakistan is well poised tobecome one of the fastest growing business frontiers in Asia.

For investors seeking growth and profitability of their investments, Pakistan offers a number of importantcompetitive advantages. In particular, it has a large domestic market of 160 million people. Both theGDP and per capita income have doubled over the past five years. The country also has a long-standingcorporate culture with a booming stock market, and a fairly good legal system to protect intellectualproperty.

With abundant land and natural resources and fertile agricultural land, Pakistan has year-round exportablefood crops, including cotton, rice, sugarcane and wheat. Although 70% of the workforce is based in ruralareas, Pakistan can boast of an educated, well-trained, hardworking labor force.

With a reasonably well-developed physical and communication infrastructure, comprehensive road, railand sea links (including the recently inaugurated Gwadar Seaport as a principal gateway to the MiddleEast, South Asia and Central Asian Republics), Pakistan offers a cost-effective hub for potential investorsboth at home and overseas.

D. Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technology (POU)

Evidence from randomized evaluations assessing the health impacts of various interventions to improvewater quality at the point of use suggests that POU (water treatment and purification) technologies are apromising way to reduce diarrheal incidence.1 Randomized impact evaluations of point-of-use watertreatment systems observe statistically significant reductions of 20-30% in diarrheal incidence at thehousehold level.2

Drinking water treatment at Point-Of-Use is a public health, hygiene and water supply interventiondesigned to prevent diarrhea caused by water-borne pathogens. POU water treatment technologies focusprimarily on disinfection using one or more of the following methods:3

1. Physical filtration : Ceramic-based water filters and Biosand filters are two examples of physicalfiltration. These filters are designed to remove E.Coli and fecal coliform bacteria, but do not

remove high level of turbidity or chemical contaminants such as arsenic, lead, fluoride, iron,chromium etc.2. Solar radiation : Examples of these technologies include SODIS and UV. These achieve

disinfection only.

1 Semenza et.al., 1998; Quick et.al., 1999;Quick et.al., 2002; Sobsey, Handzel and Venezel 2003; Reller et.al.,2003; Clasen et.al., 2004.2 Quick et.al.,1999; Reller et.al., 2003.3 A. Peterson and M. Kremer, CID Working Paper No.140, March 2007, p. 10.

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3. Silver treatment : These include the colliodal silver ceramic filter and Musaffa silver ionizationthrough silver-impregnated sterilized and refined sand particles. They achieve disinfection bykilling E.Coli and fecal coliform bacteria, but do not remove arsenic and chemical contaminants.

4. Chemical filtration : Chlorination through hypocholorous acid is an example of chemicalfiltration, which kills E.Coli and other bacteria but does not remove turbidity and hazardouschemicals.

5. Coagulation, Precipitation and Floccuation technologies : Examples include PuR, carbon filters,reverse osmosis (RO) and other absorption technologies. These kill E.coli and other harmfulbacteria causing diarrhea, remove sediments and particles to improve taste, remove odor and, inthe case of PuR, remove 99 % arsenic. Most of the gravity flow filters belong to this category.

6. Ozonation technology . Ozonation is a water treatment process that destroys bacteria and othermicroorganisms through the infusion of ozone- a gas produced by subjecting oxygen molecules tohigh electric voltage. Although highly effective, ozone does not remain in the water for very long;as a result, chlorination is required in the distribution system.

7. Combinations of the above POU water filtration and purification technologies.

E. Research Methods

To identify a range of appropriate POU water filtration technologies, project staff reviewed a variety ofrelevant publications and research reports, and conducted interviews with key informants in the public,private and NGO sectors in Pakistan. The following reports and publications provided information on thecountry situation with respect to water quality, demographics and other key issues:

PCRWR report on Water Quality Status in Pakistan, 2001-2002, May 2005 (2003-2004 Report).

Water Quality Monitoring in District Layyah (Punjab) 2006 Human Resource DevelopmentSociety (HRDS).

Jamals Yellow Pages- Pakistan.

Central Census Organization, Government of Pakistan- District Population Census 1998.

The News International, December 15, 2005.

The Pakistan Economic Survey, Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2006.

Face-to-face interviews, meetings and telephone discussions were held with representatives of thefollowing agencies and organizations: Proctor & Gamble; PSI/Greenstar Social Marketing; US HealthCare; PCSIR; Association for Humanitarian Development; Medentech Ireland; Zita International; AGSpharmaceutical Industries; Society for Sustainable Development (SSD); NWFP University of Engineeringand Technology; Dawood Industries; Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (RCRWR),Ministry of Science & Technology; So-Safe Water Technologies; Lodhran Pilot Project (LPP) funded bythe World Bank/JSDF; Mabzi International Filtration Technologies; Network for Consumer Protection;Drinking Water for Punjab Local Government Department; UNICEF; Alternate Energy DevelopmentBoard, Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Industries; Human Resource Development Society (HRDS)and Laboratories; and Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF).

F. Water Filtration and Purification Technologies Available in Pakistan

PHYSICAL FILTRATION TECHNOLOGIES

1. BioSand Nadi Filter

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Type: Physical

Manufacturer/Distributor. Promoted by Association of Humanitarian Development (AHD) in Sindh.AHD has been working on the development and promotion of safe drinking water systems for ruralcommunities of Pakistan since 2003. Over 820 Nadi filters have been installed in different areas of Sindh,where the most common problems are worms, gastro intestinal bacteria and fungi spread throughout the

water supply. Bio-sand filters are an adaptation of slow sand filters developed in the West, and have beentested by various government, research, and health institutions across the world.

Description. The Bio-Sand Nadi filter is an innovative and safe drinkingfilter water technique that is cheap, easy to use and primarily intended forhousehold use. These filters are based on a simple concept: stable layersof sand can both remove sediments, as well as provide a surface for thegrowth of microbes that remove harmful bacteria from dirty water. Thefilters are constructed entirely with local materials, and require littletechnical expertise for use or maintenance. The Bio-Sand Nadi filterconsists of a 32-34 ceramic pitcher with a smaller ceramic pitcher thatsits on top of the filter. The Nadi filter is filled with sand and sieved

through different sizes of mesh that separate large and small particles foruse in the various layers inside the filter. AHD claims that Nadi filtersremove more than 95% of fecal coliforms, 100% of protozoa andhelminthes, 50-90% of organic and inorganic toxicants and almost allsuspended particles. It does not remove arsenic, lead, and othercontaminants.

Flow Rate. 10 -12 liter capacity; 2 liter/hour flow rate.

Maintenance. Since there is no synthetic filtration material, maintenance involves removing the sand andwashing it periodically.

Price. Rs. 800 (US$ 13.33), two-year life.9 paisa/liter (US$ 0.002), based on two years/12 liters per day.

2. CAWST Bio-Sand Filter

Type: Physical

Manufacturer/Distributor. The Center for Affordable Water andSanitation Technology (CAWST) in Calgary, Alberta, Canadaworks in collaboration with the Koshish NGO located in DistrictSialkot and with The Consumer Network based in Islamabad.They selected the Vehari District in South Punjab to conduct a trialof Bio-Sand

Description. The Bio-Sand Filter creates a biological layer on topof the sand layer that kills bacteria. Viruses are also eliminatedthrough the absorption process. The filter also removes metals such as zinc, copper, manganese and, tosome extent, arsenic. The drawback of the filter is that the cost is higher than the affordable range. It is

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also too heavy to be transported from place to place. A prototype of the Bio-Sand Filter can be seen at theoffices of The Network a consumer protection organization based in Islamabad.

Flow Rate. 2 liters per hour.

Price. Rs.1,500 Rs.2,000 (US$ 25.00 $ 33.33)

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SOLAR RADIATION TECHNOLOGIES

3. Solar Desalinator (Mith-Khara)

Type: Solar Disinfection and Salt Filtration Technology

Manufacturer/Distributor. The solar desalinator wasdesigned by the Alternative Energy Development Board(AEDB), Ministry of Industries Government of Pakistan.

Description. The Solar Desalinator utilizes solar energyfor producing desalinated drinking water fromsaltish/brackish water or sea water independently in eachhome. It is a portable, easy to carry, low-cost, easy toinstall and maintain independent solar home desalinatorthat can be installed and used instantaneously. It isdesigned for 20 years of life with no component of

corrosive material. A black flat surface of long-life, non-corrosive material is used as a base material. Thesurface is enclosed by clear window glass that allows solar radiation to fall over the black surface and

heat it up to stagnation temperature of more than 100 C. The glass cover also serves to reduce heat lossfrom the surface to the outside air. A small quantity of water flows over the surface and is heated toevaporation temperatures in the airtight enclosure. As the vapors rise, they strike the cooler glass surfaceand are condensed on the inner side of the cover glass. When enough vapors are condensed, they trickledown into a clean water collection channel attached at the lower end of the glass. The desalinator canhave its own support structure or be placed on pre-fabricated flat surface to reduce the cost. ThisDesalinator can produce up to 5-10 liters/day clean drinking water in summer and around 2-5 liters/dayduring winter.

Flow Rate. 5-10 liters/ day depending on size of base surface area and whether solar units are

single/multiple.

Maintenance. The black surface of the desalinator must be cleaned frequently to remove any salt depositby opening the seal. After cleaning the glass is sealed again with the help of silicon sealant.

Price. Prototype cost is Rs.3,000 (US$ 50.00); per liter cost is 8 paisas (US$ 0.0013).

CHLORINATION TECHNOLOGIES

4. Aquatabs: Effervescent Water Purification Tablets

Type: Chemical

Manufacturer/Distributor. Aquatabs (sodiumdichlorisocyanurate) chlorinated water purification tablets aremanufactured by Medentech, Ireland, which also own theregistered trademark. They are being imported and marketed inPakistan through Zita International. However, the sales force and

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distribution network is limited to urban Rawalpindi, Islamabad and some parts of Punjab and NWFP.There is little sales promotion activity.

Description. Aquatabs are available in packs of 20 tablets. Each 33 mg. tablet is used to purify 10 liters ofwater. The dosage is 2 PPM (Parts Per Million) or 2 mg per liter. The residual concentration of freechlorine (hypochlorous acid) after 30 minutes of contact time as recommended by the WHO maximum

guideline value is 5 mg per liter. Aquatabs claims the residual chlorine to be equal to or less than 0.5 mgper liter. The product is available at pharmacies only, although it is not registered as a proprietary drugwith the Ministry of Health and is imported as a food item with a 66% import duty and a 15% sales tax. Avariant of Aquatabs, marketed as AquaSept, is also sold through wholesalers to poultry farmers fordisinfecting drinking water for poultry birds.

Flow Rate: 1 tablet treats 5 liters of water.

Price. Rs. 50 (US$ 0.83) The cost of each liter of treated water is 50 paisas (US$ 0.008).

5. Aquapura

Type. Chemical

Manufacturer/Distributor. AGS Pharma and Chemical Industries arelocal manufacturers of the Aquapura brand and are located in theindustrial estate, Peshawar. Aquapura is a local brand registered withthe MOH as a drug (medicine) After the earthquake disaster inOctober 2006, the Ministry of Environment purchased a largequantity of Aquapura (600,000) for the earthquake victims of Azad Kashmir. However, the company didnot follow up to monitor user response about product efficacy, quality, and taste, or correct use of theproduct to treat contaminated water. The company has been in the market for over 10 years but has notyet developed a country-wide distribution network. Aquapura is available through pharmacies/chemists inLahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Peshawar, but is not available in Sind and Baluchistan and large parts ofthe Punjab except Lahore. It is not actively promoted or advertised in the mass media. The company has alimited field force.

Description. Two types of tablets are offered: (1) Aquapura 3x10 tablets containing TricholroisocyanuricAcid 15 mg. - dosage is one tablet for 1.5 liters of tap water; and (2) Aquapura 3x10 TabletsTricholoroisocyanuric Acid 100 mg (Active ingredient 10 ppm) dosage is one tablet for 10 liters ofdrinking water. Aquapura destroys harmful water-borne micro-organisms but does not remove turbidity,arsenic and fluoride from untreated water. Offers solid protection against hepatitis, gastroenteritis,typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, and intestinal infections. Claims that drinking germ-free water gets ridof 90% of diseases and that clean water will provide protection against all types of viral, fungal, andbacterial diseases. Packing leaflet (insert) in English claims active ingredient 10 ppm and pH value oftreated water 6.98-7.2.

Flow Rate. In treating water with Aquapura, there is a minimum waiting time of 30 minutes for thebacteria to be eliminated before the water is safe for drinking. The volume of treated safe drinking watercan be increased by: (a) using a higher-dosage tablet (for example, 100 mg. tablet for treating 10 liters ofwater, and (b) using the tablets for treating drinking water in safer household water storage containers.

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Price.Aquapura 3x10 tablets containing Tricholroisocyanuric Acid 15 mg Rs.49 (US$ 0.82) for 30tablets.Cost per tablet liter - Rs. 1.63 (US$ 0.03)Cost Per Liter of Treated Water - Rs. 1.08 (US$ 0.03)

Aquapura 3x10 Tablets Tricholoroisocyanuric Acid 100 mg (Active ingredient 10 ppm) - Rs. 165(US$ 2.75) for 30 tablets.Cost per Tablet - Rs. 5.50 (US$ 0.09)Cost per Liter of Treated Water - Rs. 0.33 (US$ 0.01)

6. Dettol Water Purification Tablets

Type: Chemical

Manufacturer/Distributor. Dettol Tablets were manufactured by Medentech (manufacturers of Aquatabs)and the product was branded as Dettol by which wanted to market the tablets under their own brandname. Reckitt & Benckiser test-marketed Dettol in urban areas some time ago. However, a full scaleproduct launch was not undertaken due to the antiseptic aftertaste problem that was revealed during tastetrials. Without further improving the aftertaste, management took the product off the retail shelf and put itback in cold storage. The company still has stocks remaining from the initial market test and is willing toreconsider a re-launch if the products potential can be tested and researched in rural markets.

Description. Sodium dichlorisocyanuarate, 33 mg. per tablet for treating 5 liters of water.

Flow Rate. Effervescent tablets are dissolved in water. The waiting time before water is safe for drinkingis 30 minutes.

Price. Rs. 50 (US$ 0.83) per box of 20 tablets.

FLOCCULATION/DISINFECTION TECHNOLOGIES

7. PuR Purifier of Water Sachet

Type: Chemical

Manufacturer/Distributor. Proctor & Gambleand CDC (U.S. Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention)/PSI/GreenStar

Description. Pur (calcium hypchlorite) treats water through acombined process of disinfection with calcium hypochlorite andflocculation with iron sulfate. CDC laboratory and clinical studies inGuatemala, Kenya, Pakistan, and Bangladesh show that Pur is highly effective in treating surface waterturbidity after five minutes of stirring, PuR settles all dirt particles, rendering muddy water crystal clearkills 8 log of bacteria, 4 log of virus, 3.3 log of parasitic microbes. PuR also is 99% effective againstarsenic. It also effectively removes lead, but efficacy against fluoride is not yet clinically established.

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Surveys conducted by PSI/GreenStar revealed that 60% of the population in the villages where PuR waspromoted indicated acceptability of the results in terms of efficacy and economy. PuR has the addedadvantage of treating surface water as well as arsenic. The product is convenient to use and is easilytransportable to remote rural areas.

Flow Rate. 4 gm sachet for 10 liters of water.

Price. Rs. 5 (US$ 0.08) per one 4 gm powder sachet. The cost comes to about 60 paisa (US$ 0.01) per 10gallons, or approximately 6 (US$ 0.001) paisa per gallon (4 liters) which is highly economical comparedto other water purification tablets available in the market.

COMBINATION TECHNOLOGIES

8. Spinzer Colloidal Silver Filter

Type: Combination: Physical Ceramic with Silver Treatment

Manufacturer/Distributor: SSD; Dawood Industries, Peshawar.

Description. The project is exploring the potential of developing a marketable Colloidal Silver (CS) filterin Pakistan by identifying prospective partners in the local ceramics industry. Technical advisory supportfrom Nepalese experts in the field may be of assistance in designing and developing a CS filter locally,provided the parties commit to build a sustainable and scalable capacity for production andcommercialization of CS filters

Flow Rate. 7 liter pot in 19 liter bucket filters at 2 liters/hour.

Price. Initial cost Rs 1,800 (US$ 30.00)20 paisa/liter (US$ 0.003) with a claimed life of two years at 12liters/day for a family of 6.

9. Arsenic Filter

Type: Combination: Physical with ArsenicPlus Bacteria Removal Media

Manufacturer. The Arsenic Removing Filterwas initially developed by the PakistanCouncil for Research in Water Resources

(PCRWR) with funds available from UNICEF.The ceramic-based Filter was then produced byPCRWR and distributed in southern areas of the Punjab (such as Rahim Yar Khan) where drinking watersources are arsenic-affected.

Description. PCRWR attempted to commercialize the POU water filtration technology by designing PVCand a galvanized steel version of the Arsenic filter with a special Arsenic-Removal Pouch containingPCRWRs special recipe. However, due to the high cost of the prototype designs and lack of interest by

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both UNICEF and the PCRWR management, they failed to attract the private sector to developpartnerships.

Flow Rate. 10 liter capacity, 2 liters/hour flow rate

Price. Rs.1,500 (US$ 25.00)18 paisa/liter (US$ 0.003)Based on two-year life at 12 liter usage per day for a family of 6.

10. Musaffa Water Decontamination Bag (see

Appendix A for additional details)

Type: Combination: Physical and Silver-Treatment inSand Medium

Manufacturer/Distributor. Musaffa was originally developed as

a decontamination bag by the Pakistan Council of Scientific andIndustrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories, Government ofPakistan. The PCSIR Laboratories is one of the largest government-owned labs for scientific andindustrial research in Pakistan, and typically develops and commercializes technologies through theprivate sector. Since the 1960s, PCSIRs Karachi Complex has been working on improving the quality ofdrinking water. In 1988, PCSIR transferred its patented POU water treatment technology (known as thethe decontamination bag) to US Health Care, a company established by two local physicians. USHealth Care then branded the decontamination bag as Musaffa which in Urdu means the Purifier. Thecompany initially placed production orders with PCSIR to supply Musaffa to public relief and donororganizations, but subsequently established their own manufacturing facility in Karachi and currentlysupplies the product to government agencies, NGOs and private sector organizations.

Description. Musaffa is a water decontamination bag that is effective, easy to use, and safe. The bagcontains a mixture of silver-treated and untreated sand, and works by oligodynamic action of silver ionsfor decontamination of water without disturbing the original contents of desirable minerals in the water.The bag is made of a material that does not does not degrade with prolonged contact with water. Whenthe decontamination bag is placed at the outlet of the matka (ceramic pitcher), the stored water flowsthough the contents of the bag. PCSIR claimed that the water flowing through the bag becomes safe fordrinking, rendering it free from diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, cholera etc. It has beentested against E.Coli, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, staphylococcus and klebsiella pneumonia.The efficacy of debacterification is 95+3% +_ at a mean microbial load of 104per ml when water ispassed through the bag at a flow rate of one liter per minute. According to PCSIR, a bag of 1 kg issufficient to debacterify more than 2500 liters of water. This ensures a 4-6 months supply of germ-freedrinking water for an average family of six persons. It is not effective against arsenic.

Flow Rate. 1 kg filters 2000 liters of water or effective life of four months for a family of 6-7 using 12-16liters.

Price. Rs. 250 (US$ 4.17) per kg.12.5 paisa/liter (US$ 0.002)Based on effective life of 2,000 liters.

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11. TOYOKO Portable Jug and Water Filters

Type. Combination: Physical and Adsorption (Carbon) Filtration

Manufacturer. Toyoko Jugs are imported by RN Traders, Sialkot and distributed to various points in Sind

and Punjab. Toyoko Jug is presently available in Karachi, Peshawar and Lahore through companydistributors. The company is still in the early stages of developing a distribution network.

Description. The 1.5 liter jug is a convenient travel companion but can alsobe suitable for home use as it tucks neatly into the refrigerator. The jug usesa 30% resin and 70% first grade active carbon filter featuring effectivephysical and chemical absorption ability, and disinfects and purifies thewater. The importer claims that it detoxifies the water fromhydroxybenzene, lead, arsenic, and eliminates lead and arsenic. The resinsoftens the water and can exchange some heavy metal ion in water such asmagnesium, and calcium carbonate. The filtered water can then be stored ina food grade plastic bottle for later use and the jug can be refilled.

Flow Rate. Filtering speed is 0.3 liter per minute, which means the jug will have purified drinking waterwithin 3-5 minutes.

Maintenance. The filter has a life of filtering 150 times x 1.5 liters or 225 liters (or about every twomonths).

Price: Rs. 425 (US$ 7.08) at retail shops. The company is also marketing 3-stage (Rs.3,000/US$ 50.00)and 6-stage (Rs. 5,000/US$ 83.33) household filtration systems with KDF, DPF and silver-coated filters.

12. Mabzi UV-820 Purification System

Type: Combination: Carbon Adsorption and Gravity Flow Filtration Technology

Manufacturer. Mabzi is a leading manufacturer of water and waste water treatment systems with over 30years of experience. Mabzi offers a combination of advanced water treatment systems featuringultraviolet sterilization, activated carbon absorption and micro filtration. Its product range includes:electro dialyzer, desalination plants, ion exchanges, reverse osmosis, demineralizers, absorbers, ion-exchangers and water softeners. Mabzi also designs and manufacturers custom-made systems engineeredfor specific applications.

Description. A practical, affordable home water treatment plant that treats water through a three-stage

process containing a sediment filter, an activated carbon filter, and the UV-820 water sterilizer. Waterpasses through the sediment filter, which removes all undissolved particles. It then passes through theactivated carbon filter which removes chlorine, ammonia, iron, unpleasant taste, odor, toxic chemicals,etc. The UV Sterilizer sterilizes and destroys bacteria, viruses and phenol.

Flow Rate. Water is treated on line at full flow rates, thus no storage is needed.

Maintenance. Mabzi claims that its home water treatment system is easy to install, and its initial andmaintenance cost is low.

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Price. For home-use Mabzi offers two-stage, three-stage (D.B.P.) and four-stage water sterilizationsystems. Prices of the two stage (Rs.4, 000) (US $ 60), three stage (Rs. 7,000) (US $117), and four stagewater filtration and purification units are between Rs.10,000-12,000 (US $ 167-200).

13. So-Safe Water U.V. Triple Water Purification System Model 9311G.

Type: Combination: Carbon Absorption and UV Gravity FlowFiltration Technology

Manufacturer. So Safe is a technology-driven manufacturing anddistribution company in the field of water and waste watertreatment systems. So-Safe is the registered trademark of the S-Safe Products Inc., USA. So-Safe is a member of the WaterQuality Association, USA and is affiliated with UniversalAquaTech, Marlo Inc., Ametek and several other internationalcompanies. So-Safe offers both packaged systems, a reverse

osmosis system, and complete installation and operation.

Description. The U.V. Triple Water Purification System is a top-of-the-line unit for domestic use. It offersextended features including longer cartridge life, protection against heavy metals and enhanced ultravioletefficacy. The Stage 1 Filter is a Poly Propylene Yarn In-depth Sediment Filter Cartridge with outside core5-micron and inside core 1 micron that removes dust, rust, silt, scale and suspended particles. The Stage 2Filter removes organic and inorganic (heavy metals) pollutants in water. It uses two types of media: KDF(Redox alloy medium) removes heavy metals from water by exchanging electrons by redox (oxidation/reduction) reaction. It also absorbs up to 95% of free chlorine from water, enhancing efficiency of SilverImpregnated SGAC in the cartridge. SGAC removes unpleasant taste, odor from contaminated water andinhibits the growth of bacteria within filter beds and prolongs the useful life of cartridges. In case ofarsenic, the filter used is Granular Charged Ferrous Oxide. The Stage 3 Ultraviolet cartridge is used for

sterilization by scrambling the DNA-structure of pathogenic micro-organisms which renders them sterile.

Flow Rate. 1 gallon per minute

Maintenance:

The Stage 1 Filter requires replacement after 3 months. Cost: Rs.200 (US$ 3.33)

Stage 2 KDF/SGAC cartridge replacement costs: Cost: Rs.2,000 (US$ 33.33)

Stage 3 Ultraviolet cartridge. The UV lamp life is 10,000 hours (approximately 2 years).Replacement cost: varies from Rs.2,000-3,500 (US$ 33.33 $58.33) depending on the model.

Price. Rs. 9,000 (US$ 150.00)

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14. UniSafe Triple Water Purification System

Type: Combination

Manufacturer. UniSafe filters are being marketed in Pakistan by

Universal Technologies, Inc., Imtiaz Center, Main Market Gulberg,Lahore.

Description. The company sells 3-stage filters. The first stage filter ispolyester in-depth sediment filter useful for removal of dust, rust, silt,scale, and unseen suspended particles. The Stage 2 filter is a GranularActivated Carbon Filter (GAC) equipped with post-filter of 1 micronand the bed of GAC removes up to 99% of EDB, TCE, PCE, THMs and all other organic chemicals,chlorine, insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, and unpleasant odor from drinking and cooking water. TheStage 3 Ultraviolet system provides a regular lamp with an output of 30,000 microwatt-seconds persquare centimeters (MW sec./cm2) energy and Gold lamp with an output of 50,000 MW sec/cm2. TheUV lamps guarantee 100% sterilization and ensure effective control of microbial contamination.

Sterilization is achieved by scrambling DNA structures of microorganisms on exposure to ultravioletlight.

Flow Rate. Depending on the purification cartridge size (0.5 to 100 micron) and filtration cartridge (10 to40 inch size), the average flow rate is 1 gallon per minute.

Maintenance. The UV lamp has a life of 10,000 hours or approximately two years.

Price. Rs. 6,500 (US$ 108.33) for Regular and Rs.8,500 (US$ 141.67) for Gold Models.

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Deborah, Please move things around to be in the same categories as above.

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SUMMARY OF POU TECHNOLOGIES

POU Safe WaterTechnology

PotentialPartner(s)

Flow Rate Price & Cost/Lt. Commercial Status Lab Test &Acceptabilit

Status

CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIEIS1. Aquapura

Tablets containingTricholroisocyanuricAcid destroys harmfulwater-borne micro-organisms.

AGS Pharmaand ChemicalIndustries

MinimumWaitingTime forDrink-SafeWater is30minutes.

3x10 tabletscontainingTricholroisocyanuricAcid 15 mg

Rs.49 for 30 tablets.Cost per tablet liter -Rs. 1.63Cost Per Liter ofTreated Water - Rs.1.08

3x10 TabletsTricholoroisocyanuricAcid 100 mg

- Rs. 165 for 30tablets.Cost per Tablet- Rs. 5.50

Cost per Liter ofTreated Water- Rs. 0.33

- Registered with theMOH as a drug.- Available throughpharmacies/chemists inLahore, Rawalpindi,Islamabad, Peshawar.- Not available in Sind,Baluchistan & large partsof the Punjab exceptLahore.

Following theearthquake in2006, the Minisof Environmentpurchased a laquantity (600,0for victims of AKashmir.However, thecompany did nofollow up tomonitor userresponse abouproduct efficacy

quality, taste, ocorrect use of tproduct to treatcontaminatedwater

2. Pur Purifier of WaterSachetsCalcium hypochlorite,iron sulfate removesarsenic coagulation/flocculation.

P&G GlobalPSI/GreenstarPakistan.

4 gmsachet for10 lts.liters ofwater

Rs.5 per sachet cost/lt50 paisa

Commercial, school, andcommunity level activitiesin 8 urban cities bysocial marketing co-partners PSI/Greenstar

P&G conductedStudies, includone done in lowincome area inKarachi thatshowed highacceptability.However, demodone for womehouseholds andschool activity

GreenStar focumainly on urbaareas.

3. AquatabsSodiumDichlroisocyanurate

Manufacturer-MedentechDistributor - ZitaInternational

1 tablet(33 mgtablet)with 20mgavailable

Rs.2.50 / tab50 paisa/lit

Weak marketing anddistribution

Some lab testsdone but noacceptabilitystudy.

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G. CONCLUSION

To address the problem of the lack of safe drinking water for Pakistans low-income populations, theUSAID Pakistan Safe Drinking Water & Hygiene Promotion Project undertook an investigation and

evaluation of point-of-use water filtration technologies that could potentially be made available to thesepopulations via the private sector.

The review focused on five categories of technologies that are appropriate for household use: (1) physicalfiltration, (2) solar radiation, (3) chlorination, (4) flocculation/disinfection, and (5) combinations of thesetechnologies. To gather information on the range of products available in-country with respect to each ofthese categories, project staff conducted key informant interviews with officials in the public, private andNGO sectors, and reviewed relevant publications and research reports.

Within the above five categories, the project identified 14 POU technologies, with a focus on the type oftechnology; method of operation and water flow rate; the status of and potential partnerships with privatesector manufacturing, distribution and/or marketing activities; and the cost of each product, including

maintenance costs. The 14 technologies were further assessed to determine their commercial status,laboratory test and acceptability status, and the advantages and disadvantages of each product.

The projects next step will be to select one or two of the 14 identified technologies for possiblecollaborative implementation..

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H. REFERENCES

1. Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS), 2001-20022. USAID PSDW-HPP Project Brief.3. Environment Health Project (EHP), Strategic Report 10, Bureau of Global Health.4. WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation, Global Water Supply

& Sanitation Assessment, 2000, Report.5. Agha Khan Development Network (AKDN) Study- Water & Sanitation Program.6. UNICEF (2002).7. Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) (PS-1932-2002, Second Revision)_

8. Technical Brief Nadi Filter- Association for Humanitarian Development (AHD), April 27, 2007.9. PSDW-HPP Implementation Plan for Year 1 (2007-08).10. Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PLSM) Survey, 2004-05, Government of

Pakistan, Federal Bureau of Statistics, June 2005.11. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), Ministry of Science & Technology,

Government of Pakistan Islamabad- Report on Water Quality Status, May 2005.12. USAID PSDW-HPP, Revised Technical Proposal.

13. Websites: WHO, UNICEF, IRC, www.safewaterpak.com (PSDW-HPP).14. The News International, Pakistans Leading English Language Newspaper, December 15, 2005.

15. Pakistan Economic Survey, 2005-2006.16. Efficiency Report on Filter Jug Toyoko- The Water Clinic- Human Resource Development

Society (HRDS). HRDS also runs modernized microbiological and chemical testing laboratory.17. Environmental health project (EHP) Strategic Report 10, Advancing Hygiene Improvement for

Diarrhea Prevention: Lessons Learned, October 2004.18. EHP Joint Publication 8, The Hygiene Improvement framework- A comprehensive Approach for

Preventing Childhood Di

Documents

3.Technical and Marketing Review of POU Technologies