2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system PP2

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system PP2

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory

system 2

Breathing

Discuss the process of breathing.External respiration

Internal respiration

Inhalation

Exhalation

InspirationIntercostal muscleslift ribs outward,sternum rises and the diaphragmcontracts and movesdownward this increases the volumeof the lungs and air rushes in.

Expiration

Exhalation is a passive process

All the contracted intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax

Ribs move down, diaphragm moves up

4


system 5

Breathing1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration

How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?

Respiratory Movements

Normal adult = 14-20 Respirations per minute Increases with exercise,

body temperature, certain diseases.

Age-newborm= 40-60/min Sleep= respiration Emotion can or rate

CoughingDeep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tractHiccups spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.

SneezingAir forced through nose to clear respiratory tract

YawningDeep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood

Neural Factors

•Respiratory center located in the Medulla Oblongata

on CO2 or O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center

•Phrenic Nerve- stimulates the diaphragm

Chemical Factors

Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory center in the brain)

Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

Control Breathing Breathing controlled by neural and chemical

factors.

Neural Control

Medulla Oblongata – part of the brainstem which controls the rate and depth of respirations.

Phrenic Nerves – a group of nerves which stimulates the diaphragm


system 11

Types of breathing

Apnea Dyspnea Eupnea Hyperpnea Orthopnea Tachypnea Hyperventilation

Types of Breathing

• Apnea – temporary stoppage of breathing• Dyspnea – difficult, labored, painful breathing • Eupnea – normal or easy breathing • Hyperpnea – an increase in depth/rate of

breathing accompanied by abnormal exaggeration of respiratory movements.

• Orthopnea – difficult or labored breathing when the body is in a horizontal position – usually corrected by standing or sitting.

Types of Breathing

• Tachypnea – abnormally rapid and shallow rate of breathing

• Hyperventilation – condition that can be caused by disease or stress. Causes body to lose carbon dioxide too quickly, sym: Dizziness and fainting TX: breath in paper bag to restore carbon dioxide blood levels.

Lung Capacity and volume

Tidal volume – amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath – Normal amount: about 500 mLInspiratory reserve volume (IRV) – amount of air you can force a person to take in over and above tidal volume - Normal amount: about 2100-3000 mLExpiratory reserve volume (ERV) – amount of air you can force a person to exhale over and above the tidal volume. Normal amount: about 1000 mLResidual air – amount of air that can’t be voluntarily expelled in the lungs. Normal amount: about 1500mL


system 15

Lung capacity and volume Vital lung capacity: total amount of air involved

with tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. Normal 4,500mL

Residual volume: amount of air that can’t be voluntarily expelled in the lungs. It allows for the continous exchange of gases between breaths. Normal 1,500mL

Functional residual capacity: sum of the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. Normal 2,500 mL


system 16

Lung capacity and volume

Total lung capacity includes: Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve Expiratory reserve Residual air

* Normal amount is 6,000 mL

Respiratory Disorders


system 18

Respiratory disorders

AsthmaWhat is asthma?

Who most likely has it?

Inflammatory airway obstruction

Caused by allergen or psychological stress

5% of Americans have asthma

Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest

RX anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator.


system 20


Bronchitis What is

bronchitis? Acute Chronic

Inflammation of mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous

May be acute or chronic Acute bronchitis

characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound)

Chronic bronchitis-middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause.

Bronchitis


system 22


Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

AKA: COPD

Chronic lung conditions such as emphysema and brochitis


system 24


COMMON COLD What is it? What causes it? Hand-washing – best

preventative measure

Common Cold

Contagious viral respiratory infection

Indirect causes- chilling fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep

Rx- stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition

Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)


system 26


EmphysemaWhat is emphysema?

Who is most likely to have it?

How is it treated?

EmphysemaAlveoli become over-dilated, lose their elasticity, can’t rebound, may eventually ruptureAir becomes trapped, can’t exhale-forced exhalation requiredReduced exchange of O2

and CO2

Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

RX – Alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2


system 28

Respiratory disorders InfluenzaDiscuss the

symptoms of influenza.

Viral infection causing inflammation of the mucous membrane

Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion

Complication-pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media, and pleurisy

Rx – treat the symptoms

Influenza (Flu)


system 30


Pneumonia

Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria

or virus Alveoli fill with

exudate Symptoms- chest

pain, fever, chills dyspnea

Rx- O2 and antibiotics

Pneumonia


system 32


Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax

A buildup of air within the pleural cavity on one side of the chest.

Excess air increases pressure on lumg, causing it to collapse

Sinusitis

Infection of the mucous membranes which lines the sinus cavities

Sym: Pain and Nasal discharge


system 35


Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis Infectious lung disease Tubercles (lesions)

forms in the lungs Symptoms: cough, low

grade fever in the afternoon, weigh loss, night sweats

Diagnosis- TB skin test If skin test positive-

follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample

RX- Antibiotic

Tuberculosis

Due to the increase in immigration, homelessness and AIDS, the incidence of TB is increasing in the United States.


system 38

Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system The respiratory

system plays a vital role in homeostasis Discuss the relevance

to your health.

What is the relevance to the body’s use of nutrients?

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2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system PP2