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03/11/2015
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FARMAKOLOGI MATA
OBAT ANTI ‐ GLAUKOMA
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OBAT BERPENGARUH PADA PENGLIHATAN
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Acne Medication
Isotretinoin dry eyes and a sudden decrease in night vision
Antihistamines CTM Narrow angle glaucomasudden vision changes, headache pain around the eyes, blurred vision, or double vision
Antimalaria chloroquine retinal toxicity, leading to permanent vision loss
Corticosteroid prednison cataract or glaucoma
Erectile Dysfunction Drugs
sildenafil blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and seeing a temporary blue tinge
Ethambutol visual acuity, or clarity, and difficulty seeing certain colors
Phenothiazines chlorpromazine sensitivity to light, changes in color vision, blurred vision, and problems seeing at night
Tamoxifen crystalline retinopathy, include blurred vision, corneal changes, and an increased risk for cataracts
Topiramate Narrow angle glaucomasudden vision changes, headache pain around the eyes, blurred vision, or double vision
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Ukuran pupil dipengaruhi:
– Cahaya
– Parasimpatis
– Simpatis
PUPIL
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MIDRIASIS
• Cahaya redup++
• Anti‐muskarinik++
• Simpatomimetik+
• Alfa1‐adrenoseptor agonis+
MIOSIS
• Cahaya terang++
• Parasimpatomimetik++
• Muskarinik agonis++
• Stimulasi reseptoropioid++
• Alfa1-adrenoseptorantagonis+
CATATAN:
• Obat tetes mata dapat sebabkan efek sampingsistemik
• Pigmen iris dapat menyerap obat (mis. Atropin)
– Hitam > coklat > hijau > abu‐abu > biru
– Onset lambat, durasi memanjang
• Beberapa obat dapat merubah warna mata
– Epinefrin, latanoprost
• Zat pengawet / tambahan pada tetes mata dapatsebabkan alergi
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EFEK SAMPING ETAMBUTOL
1. neuritis retrobular
Buta warna merah‐hijau (etambutol 25 mg/kg selama beberapa bulan) Reversibel
penurunan ketajaman penglihatan
2. Otto-toksisitas (jarang), nervedeafness (biasanyairreversible) pada terapi klorokuin dosis tinggijangka panjang
Tinitus dan berkurangnya pendengaran 500 mg klorokuin 1x seminggu dalam beberapa bulan
EFEK SAMPING KLOROKUIN
• Kerusakan retina yang ireversibel, penglihatan kabur, kesulitan untuk memfokuskan pandangan dan penglihatan berkabut.
• Gangguan penglihatan parah bisa terjadi jikaklorokuin digunakan jangka panjang dengandosis lebih dari 150 mg perhari
• Pengobatan jangka panjang dengan dosis tinggimenyebabkan: keratopathy, transient edema
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ANESTESI LOKAL
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Local Anesthetics
Mekanisme kerja:
• mem‐blok Na‐channel secara reversibel
• Berikatan pada resepton di tengah channel
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• 2 Kelompok Anestesi Lokal:
– Ester dimetabolisme olehplasma cholinesterase
– Amida dimetabolisme olehcytochrome p-450 di hati
Eliminasi / Metabolisme:
Esters Plasma
Amides
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Tata nama: amida ada 2 “i”
Esters
Cocaine
Chloroprocaine
Procaine
Tetracaine
Am”i”des
Bupivacaine
Lidocaine
Ropivacaine
Etidocaine
Mepivacaine
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ANESTESI LOKALMATA
ANESTESI TOPIKAL
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ANESTESI TOPIKAL
ANESTESI TOPIKAL
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ANESTESI TOPIKAL
ANESTESI TOPIKAL
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ANESTESI SUNTIKAN
ANESTESI SUNTIKAN
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ANESTESI SUNTIKAN
ANESTESI SUNTIKAN
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ANESTESI SUNTIKAN
ANESTESI SUNTIKAN
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ANESTESI SUNTIKAN
Local anesthetic + vasoconstrictors
Adrenalin Vasokonstriksi hambat aliran darah hambat metabolisme
Vasoconstrictors (adrenalin) tidak bolehdigunakan pada:– Jari
– Hidung
– Daun telinga
– Penis
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Keamanan anestesi lokalRelated to 1)Drug2)Dose3)Site of administration4)Condition of the patient
Efek SSP Efek Kardiovaskular
SSP: Eksitasi depresi
All local anesthetics cross the blood brain barrier
All local anesthetics cross the placenta and enter the blood stream of the developing fetus
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Local Anesthetic Toxicity
• Central nervous system
Local Anesthetic Toxicity
• Cardiovascular
– myocardial depression
– vasodilation-- hypotension and circulatory collapse
• Allergic reactions-- rare (less than 1%)
– preservatives or metabolites of esters
– rash, bronchospasm
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TOKSISITAS
Faktor:
konsentrasi, cara pemberian, BB
vaskularisasi tempat pemberian, usia
rasa kebas lidah+bibir tinnitus
tremor sakit kepala
drowsiness gangguan kesadaran
kejang depresi jantung & respirasi
Bupivacain langsung depresi jantung
ANESTESI LOKAL
Prevention and Treatment of Toxicity
• Antisipasi terhadap kemungkinan injeksi ke intravaskuler dan dosis berlebih:– Selalu aspirasi saat memberikan suntikan
– Waspada gejala keracunan SSP
– Selalu lakukan monitoring
– Sarana resusitasi
– ABC’s
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Treatment of Toxicity
Malignant Hyperthermia: pharmacogenic disorder in
which a genetic variant alters the person’s response to certain drugs.
Tachycardia, tachypnea (rapid breathing), unstable blood pressure, cyanosis, fever muscle rigidity and death;
68% mortality rate.
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ANESTESI LOKAL
CARA PEMBERIAN :
• direct mucosal/skin
• intradermal
• infiltrasi lokal
• ring infiltration
• epidural / kaudal / extradural
• spinal / subarachnoid
• iv regional anaesthesia ( Bier’s block)
‐ Lidokain
‐ onset cepat, durasi 1‐2 jam
‐ depresi myocard‐excitability….terapi aritmia
‐ Prilokain
‐ durasi > lidokain, less toxic
‐ banyak untuk dental anestesi
‐ Emla cream (lidokain+prilokain)
‐ onset 45 menit anestesi sempurna
‐ Bupivacain
‐ onset lambat (30mnt), durasi 2‐4 jam
‐ epidural analgesi (persalinan)
‐ lebih toxic kontraindikasi iv
ANESTESI LOKAL
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‐ Ropivacain
‐ durasi < bupivacain, less toxic
‐ pengaruh motorik < bupivacain
‐ Levobupivacain……less toxic
‐ Tetracain (amethocain)
‐ slow onset, long duration
‐ sangat toxic per‐inj./ mukosa
‐ banyak untuk anestesi konj. mata & gel
‐ Prokain?
ANESTESI LOKAL
Infiltrasi/Local/Field Anesthesia
• Application of local subcutaneously to anesthetize distal nerve endings
• Uses:– Suturing, minor superficial surgery, line placement,
more extensive surgery with sedation
• Advantages:– minimal equipment, technically easy, rapid onset
• Disadvantages:– potential for toxicity if large field
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Peripheral nerve block
• Injecting local anesthetic near the course of a named nerve
• Uses:– Surgical procedures in the distribution of the
blocked nerve
• Advantages: – relatively small dose of local anesthetic to cover
large area; rapid onset
• Disadvantages:– technical complexity, neuropathy
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“Anestesi Blok‐epidural”
• Injection of local anesthetic in to the epidural space at any level of the spinal column
• Uses:
– Anesthesia/analgesia of the thorax, abdomen, lower extremities
• Advantages:– Controlled onset of blockade, long duration when
catheter is placed, post-operative analgesia.
• Disadvantages:– Technically complex, toxicity, “spinal headache”
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