2013 Inspection Summit – Session Descriptions

Tuesday, January 8, 2013

Upstream / Midstream

Challenging to Inspect Pipelines Track

Unique Offering for Inspection & Assessment of Challenging to Inspect Pipelines, Real

World Applications -Stefan Papenfuss, Quest Integrity Group

"Pipeline operators have always been aware of the need to manage and maintain the

integrity of their pipeline systems. Advanced ultrasonic in-line inspection tools are

capable of providing accurate, repeatable, 100% coverage data that can be used to

manage pipeline reliability from cradle to grave. Recent advances and proven

deployment of compact and highly accurate ultrasonic inspection tools for non-piggable

pipelines are now allowing operators to examine pipelines and piping systems that were

previously difficult, if not impossible, to completely inspect. Quest Integrity Group has

developed a unique ultrasonic in-line inspection solution (InvistaTM) and fitness-for-

service assessment of pipelines (LifeQuestTM) for pipelines that cannot be inspected

using ordinary in-line inspection technologies. This paper examines some real-world

case studies covering the application of this technology to inspect and assess

traditionally non-piggable pipelines both in Australia and internationally.

Ultrasonic Pig for Difficult to Pig Lines - Hans Gruitroij, A Hak

Inspection of Lined Pipelines - Dave Russel, Russell NDE

The inspection of pipelines that have internal liners or coatings of epoxy, cement

mortar, P.E. and HDPE has been a challenge for the incumbent MFL technology which is

employed in most in-line inspection tools. While MFL is an excellent technology for the

condition assessment of bare steel pipelines, it loses sensitivity as the distance of the

sensors to the steel pipe increases. Remote Field Technology (RFT) is relatively

insensitive to this “lift-off” of the sensors and can inspect through liners as thick as 1”.

The technology has now been in use in O&G pipelines for more than five years. The

technique is described and three case studies are presented, along with new variations

of the technology for detection of CUI from outside the pipe.

Innovative Pipeline Monitoring & Inspection Technology - Brian Morr, Subsea Integrity

Group

NDE Track:

Monitoring of Pipes Using Permanently Installed Guided Wave Sensors - Dr. Thomas

Vogt, Guided Ultrasonics

Guided Wave Testing is now an established method used in the petro-chemical and

related industries for screening pipe-work for defects. Each guided wave test requires

amplitude calibration, which is currently based on the observation of the reflection

amplitudes from girth welds as a reference. These amplitudes are assumed to be of a

certain size and constant with frequency, but depending on the actual dimensions of the

weld reinforcement this assumption can introduce large errors in the calibration. More

advanced techniques therefore require direct measurement of the dimensions of the

weld reinforcement, which allows for a more accurate estimation of the expected

reflection amplitude. Nevertheless, this approach also breaks down, for example, when

the weld reinforcement varies around the pipe circumference, there are no accessible

welds that can be measured or the weld is defective in a way that it influences its

reflection amplitude. All this has a direct impact on the reliability of the inspection since

all defect reflections are sized with respect to this reference. For example, an over-

estimation of the size of the weld reflection can lead to costly false calls. Until recently,

existing calibration techniques were largely satisfactory for standard screening

applications, but the demand for greater accuracy in the classification of defects makes

a new approach necessary. The novel calibration technique presented here is a

significant advancement in this direction and at the same time removes most of the

limitations of current calibration techniques.

Structured White Light for Surface Damage Assessment - John O'Brien, Chevron and

Matt Bellis

This paper will explore the development and application of a value for money, simple,

highly accurate structure white light field unit for the profiling of surface damage,

corrosion, mechanical damage. In the ditch validation of ILI indications and other

surface features has progressed over the years from simple mechanical pit gauge tools

to sophisticated laser scanners. These have had variable results and can be time

consuming. Seikowave in conjunction with Chevron has developed Seikowaves

structured light scanner into a filed portable device that can image surface damage in

seconds, process and deliver fitness for service answers within minutes. We will explore

images, comparisons with existing tools and outputs from the process.

Radiographic Surveys for Locating & Evaluating Corrosion - Joseph Galbraith, Phillips 66

Pipeline Company

Over the last twenty-five years, advances in digital image capture along with the

development of durable electronic computers, components and increasingly capable

means of creating x- and gamma ray energy have led to more cost-effective, more

capable applications of radiographic non-destructive testing in industry. Radiography

can provide the most cost-effective non-destructive testing (NDT) technique for locating

and evaluating anomalies that can adversely affect the integrity of an exposed,

operating, in-service pipeline. The restrictions associated with the use of radioactive

sources and the requirements for chemically developing the exposed film in a darkroom

environment have historically decreased its use as an NDT method; however, recent

advances in the sources and the image capturing devices have rendered the technique

much faster, more powerful and more cost-effective as a field technique. The systems

can be remotely deployed in areas difficult or dangerous to access, and can be used to

generate information on an operating pipeline without the extensive, expensive

preparation such as insulation and/or coating removal required when using other NDT

techniques such as ultrasonics. Not only can digital images of hidden pipe features that

can impact its ability to safely operate be directly created, processed, viewed and acted

on in real-time in the field, but also the image enhancement software commonly

available today can greatly assist the analyst in quickly determining the safe operating

pressures of damaged pipelines. Techniques for locating and evaluating both internal

and external corrosion on piping utilizing some of these advanced systems are discussed

in this paper.

Subsea RT - James McNab, Oceaneering

Reliability / Integrity Management Track:

In the Ditch NDE Technique Performance - Mark Piazza, PRCI and John O'Brien, Chevron

This paper will present selected results from an on-going multi-year project within PRCI

to evaluate and report the performance of NDE tools. Understanding the inherent

tolerance and variability of NDE tools and the impact on measurement data related to

procedures and personnel are critical components of assuring the quality of integrity

decisions in support of process safety. To support the development of industry guidance

on performance of NDE technologies, PRCI has established a state of the art repository

in Houston, TX housing real world flawed pipeline samples across a range of defect

types from Internal & External Corrosion through Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC),

Fatigue Weld Cracking, Dents, Gouges and a range of interacting threats. These samples

are truly representative of real world flaws in sections up to 40’ in length. The repository

is used for knowledge learning, training, and technique and technology development, as

well as the core program of testing and determining NDE performance. We will

demonstrate results from testing to date sharing what has been learnt about the

performance of select NDE techniques for a range of flaws and features.

NDE and Validation of ILI - Sean Riccardelli, Riccardelli Consulting

Non-destructive examination (NDE), utilized as defect direct-assessment and validation

of in-line inspection (ILI) smart tool data, is a critical function of pipeline integrity

management. However, it is imperative that proper technology and techniques are

deployed for validating anomalies identified by ILI smart tools. These defects must be

properly characterized and the smart tool technology must be accurately graded by

validation. Advanced ultrasonics, such as phased array, can provide more accurate crack

sizing and corrosion mapping; or allow for more valuable defect characterization and

post-inspection analysis. Furthermore, accuracy of ILI tool validation can be enhanced

by the development of special calibration standards and ultrasonic probe holders,

automated and semi-automated data acquisition scanners, and proprietary zonal-

focusing transducers. Proper education and training is vital for the inspector technicians

that are called upon to perform these duties. Qualification on real flawed specimens

such as defect pipeline cutouts and mandatory practical exams can be a supremely

beneficial implementation to validate an inspector’s technical capability. Oil and gas

operators, ILI smart tool developers, inspection companies, and pipeline integrity

engineers are all encouraged to work together as a consortium to more effectively

understand, develop, and implement best practices for the non-intrusive identification

of pipeline defects, validation of anomalies identified by ILI smart pigs, and direct

assessment of defect anomalies.

Integrity Management of AST Through Estimation of Corrosion rate of Bottom Floor

Plate - Tariq, Al-Masoud, Kuwait Oil Company

Aboveground storage tanks are considered as vital assets in upstream sector of oil & gas

industry. The large inventory of flammable product stored in these tanks poses a

significant risk from HSE perspective. Over the years, Risk based inspection has been

developed as alternative approach to assess the mechanical integrity of the tank and its

components. Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) has large number of Aboveground storage

tanks in Gathering centres and Export Tank farms, storing crude oil in different stages of

production. Life assessment and integrity of these Aboveground storage tanks primarily

depends on the tank bottom plate corrosion. Operational requirements occasionally

constrain periodic intrusive inspection of these tanks. Longer operating cycle between

successive intrusive inspections necessitates estimation of realistic corrosion rate, in

order to adopt suitable integrity management program. In this paper, a study on the

estimation of theoretical corrosion rate of bottom plate for Aboveground storage tanks

in Gathering Centres in Kuwait Oil Company has been made, using API-581 Risk Based

Inspection recommended guidelines. Various extraneous factors like soil resistivity,

water drainage and protective measures like cathodic protection etc.,

Advantages of Automated Ultrasonic Inspection of Pipeline Girth Welds as Compared

to Radiography". - Andreanne Potvin, Olympus NDT

Panel: Buyer Beware - Validation of In Line Inspection Results – Panelists: Luc Huyse

Chevron, S Riccardelli, M Piazza PRCI, B Brown ROSEN

‘Caveat Emptor’, Buyer Beware do you really understand what you will get when you

buy ILI services or do you even understand what you need? This panel will discuss what

you can and cannot see with ILI tools and invite challenges and discussion around this

topic. Do buyers have unrealistic expectations? Do vendors deliver what they promise?

Is the question more complex that people really comprehend

Downstream:

Engineering/Analysis Track:

Morning Session:

Summit Kick-Off and John Bolton – Former US Ambassador to the UN – Keynote

Speaker “Threats to American Security: A Closer Look at the World’s Trouble Spots and

How They May Affect Our Energy Supply”

The Importance of MOC in Asset Integrity - Y. Al-Mowalad, Saudi Aramco

Not only can a well-managed asset integrity program help in identifying and reducing

safety risks before they escalate, but focusing on asset integrity can also play a major

role in both achieving operational excellence and extending the life of ageing assets. The

incident investigation reports published by the US Chemical Safety Board indicate

ineffective Management of Change (MOC) — a key process among the Asset Integrity

processes — is one of the major contributing factors in many catastrophic incidents.

MOC is a quality management process for managing the change that is not in-kind on

the asset. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has established

rigorous quality standards that include MOC concepts for companies that do business in

the international marketplace. Therefore; companies have to install protocols — in their

standards and procedures — for addressing the MOC scope and depth. These protocols

are required by external guidelines and regulations for managing asset integrity. This

paper exposes the MOC process part of the asset integrity program. It addresses the

main aspects of the MOC process; i.e., definition, types, common shortfalls in MOC

process and the MOC process key success factors. The paper also discusses the need for

enforcing the MOC through incorporating it as a requirement in the engineering

standards and procedures. In addition, the paper disseminates Saudi Aramco Yanbu’

NGL Fractionation Department’s efforts toward having the MOC as a procedural

prerequisite for any not in-kind change over the existing asset. MOC — the center of the

asset integrity program — could remain short-lived unless there are fundamental

changes in values, ways of thinking and approaches. This paper seeks to overcome

resistance to MOC, which is relatively a new concept in the process industry.

Afternoon Session:

Upgrading Mechanical Integrity Programs by Moving from Compliance to Reliability –

R. Davis, Mistras

All refining and chemical companies in the US must comply with OSHA 1910.119 Process

Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals. Paragraph (j) gives some specific

guidelines and requirements that must be met to meet the compliance requirement.

The result of compliance to the standard is a safer more reliable facility. This

presentation will discuss compliance to OSHA 1910.119(j) Mechanical Integrity. Findings

from OSHA National Emphasis Programs (NEP) will be discussed. This paper will look at

the multiple elements necessary to attain compliance to the standard. The paper will

further discuss the risk reduction and reliability benefits that result in complying with

the standard. The requirements for the different equipment types will be discussed

with an analysis on how the requirements contribute to safer more reliable equipment.

The emphasis of this paper is to identify that a safer more reliable facility is the result of

a proactive mechanical integrity program. By compliance to paragraph (j) of the PSM

standard facilities avoid fines. The resulting benefit of compliance is safer more reliable

plants. Target audience: Plant engineering and reliability management, OSHA PSM and

EPA Risk Management compliance managers on an intermediate level.

Getting the Most out of your Inspection Data Management System – E. Heard, Valero

Energy

Inspection Database Management systems (IDMs) have evolved greatly since the days

of TML point locations. We in these industries generate enormous amounts of data on

daily, weekly and monthly basis. What do we do with all this data? As an IDMs

admin/lead, our job is not just scheduling UT crews for next inspections. With the

addition of RBI, KPIs, ever-changing turnaround/squat schedules, the job we are tasked

with is managing this data to help give a correct and confident answer to what may be

asked. Some items to consider when managing a system are Correctness, Consistency,

Communication, Confidence, and then on the people side of the equation is Coaching.

Correctness of data is reviewing files (U1’s, construction drawings, etc…) each time a file

gets pulled. As these IDMs house a majority of the asset data (design data, P&IDs) that

gets used on a daily basis, we have become a main hub of information. So when

questions as simple as what P&ID does “X” RV reside on, to what Process Streams and

Equipment do we have that operate greater 400°F and have a hydrogen partial pressure

greater than 50 psia; we can answer them quickly and correctly. There are two parts to

consistency. When starting out as a new site or as a seasoned site with a new task to

track, “consistency” is a must. The original path taken may eventually be deemed

incorrect. Not a problem, because the data is structured the same, there will be only

one solution needed to put this back on track. The second part is users. An example is

four complex inspectors entering data four different ways. This will lead to having to

manage four reports to pull the same data for each complex. In the previous example

ask the complex inspectors why they are entering in reports or other data that particular

way. Communicate! Listen to all sides, one complex inspector may have items that are

under some Governmental jurisdiction and another does not know by using a certain

event they can then track the life of a RV or bundle life. By instilling the previous three

topics, it will then lead to “confidence” in the data. The proverbial question of “are you

sure?” shall greatly be decreased. It is not only that question being decreased, it’s

knowing that the product/process is operating within good metal and operating in a

safe manner. Coaching is the final topic. Show the folks on your Inspection team how to

run and build reports. Discuss what anomalies that get searched for when reviewing

data. Explain how UT data gets used in RBI data. There will be one individual that will

begin to ask what SQL is and the following Monday SQL for dummies is on their desk.

Now we get the “what if” and “can we” questions!

Full-scale Testing of Composite Repairs (Case Studies) – J. Bedoya, Stress Engineering

Services

The use of composite materials in high pressure pipeline and piping repairs are

becoming commonplace, and as such it is necessary to know the performance

limitations of these materials under different loading and environmental conditions.

This study discusses specific applications of composite materials in pipelines in

reinforcing defective girth welds, dents, corrosion and elbows and tees, subject to static

and fatigue loading and buried conditions. The viability of these repair methods is

discussed based on actual testing of these materials in relevant loading conditions. In

addition, the standards that govern the use of these materials is also discussed.

Methods to Improve Your Mechanical Integrity Program – W. Rivero, Meridium

(previously PDVSA)

The aim of this session is to create an awareness of the need for, and benefits of,

upgrading Mechanical integrity (MI) programs to a Risk Based Inspection program for

facilities in any industry, and in this case, specifically the Mining industry. A sound MI

program will consist of multiple aspects, meant to ensure failure prevention in the

operation of a facility when implemented and integrated correctly. Some key

components of this program include, documentation, degradation assessments,

inspection plans & drawings, inspection data management software, risk based

inspection and management of change. Pinnacle recently completed a MI program

assessment, and worked with Mosaic’s Potash and Phosphates business units to develop

a plan for implementation of an RBI program for stationary assets to improve

mechanical integrity. The intent of this initiative, when fully implemented, is to provide

Mosaic with a best-in-class Mechanical Integrity program. The Mosaic pilot RBI program

is currently being implemented for Potash at Esterhazy, Saskatchewan and for

Phosphates at New Wales, Florida. The next phase of the MI program implementation

is being completed for Potash at Carlsbad, New Mexico and Colonsay, Saskatchewan;

and for Phosphates at Four Corners, Bartow, Riverview and South Fort Meade in Florida

and Faustina in Louisiana. Pinnacle and Mosaic will present this paper on the

Mechanical Integrity Program development methodology.

Inspection/NDE Track:

Morning Session 1:

Summit Kick-Off and Keynote Speaker - John Bolton – Former US Ambassador to the

UN – “Threats to American Security: A Closer Look at the World’s Trouble Spots and

How They May Affect Our Energy Supply”

Infrared Inspection Program for Fired Heater Integrity Management - Tim Hill and

Rosalind Julian, Quest Integrity Group

Infrared (IR) thermometry has been used for forty years to monitor tube metal

temperatures in refining and chemical furnaces. The application of IR thermometry has

often been characterized as highly operator dependent and therefore developed a very

poor reputation in the industry from poorly applied and interpreted results. There is no

question that when absolute accuracy is unimportant, IR thermometry has proven to be

an excellent diagnostic tool for detecting tube hot spots from internal fouling and heat

distribution non-uniformity in fired heaters. However, to capture the full capability of IR

thermometry, a proven methodology is required to measure accurate temperatures in a

repeatable process. This presentation discusses the particular aspects involved in

establishing an infrared inspection program to monitor the integrity of the fired heater

tubes, as well as a wealth of diagnostic information that may be used to evaluate the

performance and reliability of major fired heater parts (e.g. tubes, tube supports,

burners, refractory and structural systems). It describes the key components of an

effective IR program by providing proven examples taken from real-world programs.

Attendees will take away best practices that may be used at their refinery.

How to Avoid Spills onto Navigable Waters with Rope Access Inspection of Wharf

Piping - Steven McGuire, Hawk Rope Access

Inaccessible piping over water is regulated by U.S. Coast Guard and State regulators.

Corrosion is a huge issue and inspections from boats, floating staging and walkways

provide only limited examination. The accessibility issue is being addressed by the use

of rope access with skilled technicians, certified in Visual and Ultrasonic Inspection.

Recently six out of 6 wharfs whose piping was inspected using rope access required

immediate remedial attention. The rope access specialists remove active rusting by

cleaning rust bloom areas to reveal significant metal wall loss. In addition, they lift the

piping at each support contact point for a thorough inspection of the entire line.

Detailed mapping of corroded areas are accomplished. It has been recorded, that as

high as 41% of the areas where corrosion was revealed required immediate attention.

This paper will explain the combination approach and detailed reporting as well as the

skill requirements for a satisfactory rope access survey. Illustrations will be provided to

provide documentary evidence of the hidden corrosion conditions.

Morning Session 2

Summit Kick-Off and Keynote Speaker - John Bolton – Former US Ambassador to the

UN – “Threats to American Security: A Closer Look at the World’s Trouble Spots and

How They May Affect Our Energy Supply”

Automated Weld Overlay Repairs of Large Damaged Equipment – Eric G. Williams with

CIMS Limited Partnership and Mahmod Samman, Houston Engineering Solutions

Weld repairs have been used for repairing damage in plant equipment for decades. The

difficulty of controlling the consistency of manual welding and its prohibitively time-

consuming process have limited its use to relatively small areas. Recent developments in

automated welding technologies have made possible the structural repairs of large

areas with high precision and efficiency. In addition, the use of temperbead weld

procedures has eliminated the need for the time-consuming and potentially damaging

post-weld heat treatment. The result is an effective weld deposition technique that can

be used to repair large areas of damage such as bulging, corrosion, and erosion. In this

presentation, the automated welding process is reviewed and the first set of results

from an ongoing comprehensive test program of weld overlay repairs is presented.

Mechanical, metallurgical, chemical, and fatigue test results of as-welded Inconel 625

are presented. The data which is mostly unavailable from public sources can be used to

design effective weld overlay repairs and provide regulatory agencies with the

information needed to approve such repairs.

What You Need to Know about ASME Section V – How It Relates to API In-Service

Inspection Standards and New Developments – Jon Batey, Dow Chemical

This presentation will discuss how ASME Codes and Standards in general and how

requirements are developed. A brief historical background on ASME Section V will be

provided. The relationship between ASME Section V and other Codes & Standards

including API will be discussed. Finally, new changes coming in the 2013 Edition as well

as developments that may appear in the 2015 Edition will be presented

Afternoon Session 1

A Near Fatal Incident Involving Small Bore Piping and the Corrective Action Inspection

Program- Anthony J. Rutkowski, Equity Engineering Group (retired COP)

This presentation will review how a rountine refinery practice caused a near fatal injury

and millions of dollars in repairs and lost production. On a 140,000 Crude Distillation

Unit a set of, kerosene to the field, heat exchanger was not performing affectively on

the shell side. The operators turned a fire monitor spray onto the shell. This is a routine

practice in most refineries. The set os exchanger next to the set being spray heated

what the operators called “wild naphtha” on its way to the debutanizer tower. It is

called that because of the high butane content. The naphtha coolers were insulated and

the back cover heads had reusable insulation blankets on them. The overspray from the

kerosene cooler’s external cooling effort was soaking the back covers head’s insulation.

A decision was made to pull and clean the naphtha preheaters on the run. As the

insulator was removing the stainless steel wires holding the blanket of the top

exchanger the blanket fell to the ground. A ¾” bleeder valve on the bottom of the bell

head broke off between the valve and the head dumping the butane rich naphtha onto

the exchanger below and flooding the area with product. The insulator ran to get an

operator but one was in the area and witnessed what transpired. The operator tried to

block in the exchangers but the liquid ignited before he could finish. The operator was

caught in flames but was able to escape and survive although severely burned. One item

to come out of the post incident investigation was “how many more like this are out

there”? That initiated a small bore inspection program involving every small bore branch

connection in a 340,000 barrel per day refinery. This presentation will describe how that

was accomplished and other efforts following the incident.

Heater Stack Integrity Assessment – Before the Next Big Windstorm- Michael Guillot,

Stress Engineering Services

Stacks exist in every plant but are often forgotten components until a hurricane enters

the Gulf of Mexico and then they become the focal point. Due to their height and

difficulty in inspecting them many times significant deterioration occurs before a

comprehensive inspection is made. This presentation provides an overview of the

problems typically found with stacks. It provides guidance on the locations where

problems are commonly found and discusses the corrosion mechanisms responsible for

many problems. Once the deterioration is documented its impact on the general failure

modes as described in ASME STS-1 is evaluated. An example of a free standing stack is

discussed to illustrate the concepts.

What is the ASNT Doing to Assist the Plant Inspection Efforts? – Danny Keck, ASNT

Level III, BP America

This presentation will include information on ASNT Publications Department topics such

as NDT Handbook development, the Programmed Instruction (PI) self-study Series and

our periodicals, the monthly Materials Evaluation magazine and the quarterly

newsletter, The NDT Technician, Mr. Keck will also discuss current certification issues

and upcoming conferences that will be of interest to the Petro-Chemical industry,

especially next June's 13th International Chemical and Petroleum Industry Inspection

Technology Conference (ICPIIT XIII).

Status, Recent Changes and Future Plans for the API Inspector Certification Program –

Tina Briskin, API ICP Manager

The past, present and future of ICP. This presentation will show how the program has

grown in the last decade, especially internationally. The API will show numerous charts

highlighting the growth of the program and existing trends. The presenter will describe

the new programs currently under development which will be available in 2013 such as

Source Inspectors. The presentation will also feature the transition of the exam

administrations from paper to computer based testing (CBT) that is likely to occur in the

near future. This will explain what is expected to be different with the change to CBT.

Afternoon Session 2

MI Inspection during Capital Projects Promotes PSM Compliance, Corrosion Rate

Accuracy, and Improved Budgeting - Travis Keener, SGS

Putting off the initial inspection (i.e. baseline) of piping and vessels in a new process unit

is both common and problematic. The tendency is to rely on the nominal thickness

because the actual original thickness was either not measured or not recorded.

Consequently, significant errors in calculated corrosion rates may result from variations

of thickness allowed by mill tolerance standards during fabrication. Not having the

original thickness can mask potentially hazardous conditions, or cause concern where

none is really warranted. Involvement of the inspection department in a capital project

can significantly improve quality, reduce cost, and ensure compliance. The objectives of

this paper are to provide: 1) justification for inspection during capital projects; 2)

effective roles for inspection departments in capital projects; 3) justification for

performing vendor surveillance in capital projects; and 4) the technical advantages from

performing pre-service baseline inspections.

Code Quality Inspection through Computerized Radiography – William Bobbitt,

PetroChem Inspection Services

Advancements in Radiography in the past decade have been great. Computerized

Radiography is no exception, although the mainstay seems to be geared more toward

profile and informational inspection. Computerized Radiography is capable of more, but

in order to do so certain steps should be taken. Several factors must be taken into

consideration when implementing Computerized Radiography for code quality weld

inspection and acceptance. Main consideration should be given to material type, size,

and thickness. Other considerations should be given to the type of energy and

phosphorus plate used. Protection against backscatter in almost all situations is key.

The use of lead screens, if needed. This paper will outline some methodologies used to

help establish technique development for code quality inspection thru Computerized

Radiography

Recent Developments in the Application of NDT for Improved Integrity Management -

Mark Stone, Sonomatic Ltd

Inspection using NDT methods is playing an increasingly important role in the integrity

management of safety and business critical equipment. There is a trend away from using

inspection simply as a means of providing assurance that the current condition is

acceptable towards making comprehensive use of the information obtained as a means

of longer term integrity management decision making. A key requirement is that the

inspection carried out provide reliable information on the true condition of equipment,

even when there may be only early stage degradation present. In order to maximise the

benefits of inspection in the integrity management process there is increased emphasis

on the reliability and accuracy of the inspection methods used. This paper considers

developments in a number of areas in which new approaches to inspection, and

subsequent analysis of the data collected, are leading to substantial improvements in

integrity management. The areas considered are Non-intrusive inspection of pressure

vessels and application of statistical analysis methods to the integrity management of

pipework. The paper covers the requirements for NDT feeding into these applications

and demonstrates the benefits of enhanced inspection and analysis approaches.

Improved Vendor Surveillance – Two Case Studies Based on Equipment Failures In-

Service - Mr. Mohammad Al- Shaiji, Kuwait Oil Company

Ensuring quality while manufacturing equipments for oil and gas facilities is of

paramount importance as the consequence of a failure of any equipment can jeopardize

the plant and facilities which may be catastrophic in nature. Static & Rotating

equipments like Pressure vessels, Heat exchangers, Valves, Piping, Pumps, Compressors

etc. are being procured through various projects based on the project Specifications,

Company and International Codes & Standards. This presentation comprised of the

experiences based on case studies of failures conducted for two equipments which are

operating in sour hydrocarbon service. First case study is pertaining to failure of valves

of Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS) castings which were procured through an EPC contractor.

Second case study refers to detection of cracks on a SS 321 cladded plate of a pressure

vessel which was inadvertently placed instead of specified SS 316L cladded plate. Gate

valves supplied by a particular vendor started leaking from the body and bonnet after

certain period of service. Investigations were carried out on failed DSS valves & found

that the failure occurred due to the formation of intermetallic phases during casting.

Hence, it is essential to maintain quality for any casting, especially exotic alloys during

manufacturing. To avoid material mix up of Corrosion Resistant Alloys,

vendor/manufacturer should ensure proper tagging of components & carry out 100%

Positive Material Identification during the manufacturing stage. The presentation deals

with the requirements of effective vendor surveillance to ensure that all the

requirements of the project specifications are met. Prior to manufacturing and assembly

of equipment, vendor shall define QA/QC activities in their Quality plan for the

procurement of critical components from their sub vendors. This shall be in addition to

vendor’s detailed Inspection & Test plans (ITP) of the complete assembly. It is necessary

for the Company to conduct Pre- Inspection Meetings (PIM) with the vendor to ensure

that the equipment procured shall meet the project specifications & monitor vendor

performance during all the stages of manufacturing & testing. This will enable to

procure quality products and achieve safe, reliable and un-interrupted production which

is vital for any Oil & Gas industry.

Materials/Corrosion Track:

Morning Session:

Summit Kick-Off and John Bolton – Former US Ambassador to the UN – Keynote

Speaker “Threats to American Security: A Closer Look at the World’s Trouble Spots and

How They May Affect Our Energy Supply”

PTA SCC Leaks on Incoloy 800 REAC Header Boxes – Art Jensen, Delaware City Refining

(PBF Energy) and Avoiding PTA SCC Leaks in Refining Equipment – Gerrit Buchheim,

Consultant, Marc McConnell, PinnacleAIS

During the restart of a high-pressure hydrocracker at the Delaware City Refinery there

was a small weep-type leak detected at a flange weld on an Incoloy-800 reactor effluent

air cooler (REAC) header box. X-ray examination indicated crack-like damage

characteristic of polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking (PTA SCC). The unit was shut

down and the flange and weld were cut out for examination, which verified the PTA SCC

damage mechanism. More than 30 other similar weld locations were examined on the

REAC system, but no additional cracking was detected. While hydrotesting the

equipment following the repairs another weep-like indication was noticed on one of the

REAC header boxes, which was also determined to be a crack-like defect consistent with

PTA SCC. Further investigation identified the source of this damage and established the

remaining useful life of the equipment. This example will emphasize the importance of

understanding equipment design, metallurgy, process environment and damage

mechanisms, and also the importance of knowing the full equipment history toward

understanding causes of current problems.

Welding Metallurgy for the Plant Inspector – Jeff Major, Western Refractory

It is well understood that the metallurgy of materials plays a key role in the success or

failure within all industrial sectors. Significant research has been conducted to

understand the influence of the environment(s) (e.g. temperature, media, flow rates,

etc.) on failure or prevention of failure. Through this research, a better understanding

into the key mechanisms and adversely the key elements/microstructures that prevent

or enhance failure is becoming better understood. Unfortunately, even with enhanced

materials they are only as “strong” as their weakest link. In many cases, the weakest

links are weld joints. This presentation will focus on the key fundamentals of welding

and welding metallurgy. Among inspectors, engineers, or quality control personnel it is

well understood that construction within all industrial sectors cannot be completed

without material joining. The most popular joining process is fusion welding. To help

ensure quality welds, the use of welding procedures that have undergone proof testing

is the leading recipe to success. But what exactly do welding procedures relay and how

are they developed to ensure sound welds. The first topic of discussion is welding

procedures and why they are important. The second topic focus is on welding process

fundamentals and their characteristics (e.g. flux decomposition and chemistry, shielding

gas and arc physics). The third topic of discussion will be general guidelines for filler

metal selection for both similar and dissimilar welding. Finally, a brief discussion on how

the previous topics influence the final metallurgy and properties of a weld joint.

Afternoon Session:

In-Situ Weld Repair Techniques and Technology - Darren Barborak, Aquilex Corporate

Technology Center

There are many material failure modes such as Fatigue, Fracture, Wear or Erosion, and

Corrosion which can be addressed economically in-situ with an Engineered Welded

Repair versus disassembling the component for shop repair or replacement. An

engineered approached will be discussed, which evaluates many aspects of the repair

such as the failure mechanism, repair scenarios, repair access, expected repair life,

service requirements, code requirements, welding & NDE requirements, and welder

safety. Welding techniques such as temper bead welding, and weld

buildup/inlay/onlay/overlay are discussed as well as advanced welding technologies

such as remote welding and low heat input modified short circuit gas metal arc welding.

Several examples of remote repair are provided including remote inspection, repair, and

NDE of buried pipe.

Dealing with Carbonate SCC in Modernized FCCU’s – Steve Bolinger, BP Texas City-

This presentation discusses an incident in which severe Carbonate cracking occurred in

an FCCU gas plant. The carbonate cracking stress corrosion cracking phenomenon

occurs in high pH sour waters in the presence of CO2. During this incident many cracks

were found and a large amount of piping and equipment was replaced. Additionally, all

new equipment required PWHT and higher than normal temperatures in order to

prevent cracking from occurring in the future.

Case Studies on the HIC Damage Mechanism – Jim McVay, Tersoro

Historically with many refiners Hydrogen Induces Cracking (HIC) was thought a relatively

benign damage mechanism affecting carbon steel in sour water services and very

simplistic and basic criteria was often used to assess to serviceability of HIC damaged

equipment. With the advent of modern analytical tools to assess detected HIC damage,

however, many of these same defects accepted historically may fail industry standard

Fitness for Service (FFS) assessments for continued operation at current mechanical

ratings. This presentation will: Discuss service and material conditions promoting the

occurrence of HIC damage, Discuss current common NDE methods and effective

application of those methods to detect and characterize HIC damage, Discuss possible

RBI-based inspection strategies to detect and monitor HIC damage. Discuss the use of

the analytical tools in API 579 to perform FFS assessments of HIC damage. Recent case

studies of equipment with HIC damage will be reviewed to support the discussion

outlined above.

The Need for PWHT and Out-Gassing After Welding Repairs on Equipment Operating

in Potential Environmental Cracking Services – Gerrit Buchheim, Consultant and Mike

Urzendowski, Valero

One of the most common issues that refiners face during a shutdown is whether PWHT

is needed subsequent to minor or major weld repairs on equipment and piping. There

are some API 510/NBIC Code issues, but in many cases it the service environment that

determines the need for PWHT. Another issue that often arises is whether equipment

in wet H2S service needs hydrogen outgassing before making repairs. The panelists will

prepare a few discussion points on PWHT and outgassing issues and the rest of the time

period will be spent fielding questions from the audience on their experiences and the

panelist will try to provide suggestions.

Wednesday, January 9, 2013

Upstream / Midstream

Challenges to Inspect Pipelines Track:

Challenges & Technology Solutions in Integrity Management of Pipelines & Subsea

Systems - Dave Wang, Shell

This presentation will provide an overview of major challenges and technology solutions

for integrity management of onshore and subsea systems. The discussion will focus on

three major challenges: 1) inspection of onshore and subsea pipelines that cannot be

examined by conventional inspection pigs, 2) monitoring of pipelines for corrosion wall

loss, third party intrusions, and geohazards, and 3) rapid response leak detection

systems. Examples will be given on technologies that can help overcome the challenges.

Such examples include free swimming pigs, electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT)

Lamb wave scanning, digital radiography, large standoff magnetometry, riser weld

inspection pig, guided wave tomography, pressure wave and real-time transient

modelling (RTTM), and fiber optics. The objective of the presentation is to encourage

development and implementation of technologies that can close the major integrity

management gaps currently existing in our industry.

Alternatives for Challenging to Inspect Pipelines - Bob Burns, Applus

Depending on the pipeline design, its operational characteristics, the extent of any

damage (third party) to the line and economic factors that may or may not justify line

changes, a pipeline may be designated as unpiggable. Unpiggable means these lines are

not currently being inspected using In-Line-Inspection technologies. Unpiggable

pipelines are therefore a population of pipelines that have a broad range of

characteristics and operators will often apply criteria to prioritize these, for integrity

assessment. In this presentation we will provide an inventory of alternative inspection

approaches commonly used to secure data for integrity assessment purposes. In

addition, one novel approach that could be applied to short sections of pipe with limited

access will be described. Long Range Ultrasonic System (LORUS) was developed and has

been used primarily for the inspection of annular plates in a storage tanks for almost

two decades. Applus RTD has been working to adapt the technology for use in pipelines

by developing a unique comparative evaluation model.

Non-Intrusive Corrosion Monitoring - Geir Instanes, ClampOn AS

The paper discusses the latest technology development for Non-Intrusive Corrosion

Erosion Monitoring for subsea installations.

Subsea production templates, flow jumpers, manifolds and flow lines can today only be

inspected by pre-installation of corrosion/erosion sensors or by use of ROC-operated

sensors. Current pre-installed sensor systems for monitoring pipeline integrity have

proven to be of limited value to the operators and ROV-operated sensors only provide

indicative and unreliable readings. A major challenge is that “hot-spots”, i.e. areas

particularly susceptible to erosion/corrosion, are often detected after the template has

been in operation for a while. Accordingly, the ability to retrofit a corrosion-erosion

monitor (CEM) on identified hot spots subsea is crucial. Monitoring of pipe integrity is

increasingly important as installations grow older.

Robotics for Challenging to Inspect Pipelines- Robert Pechacek GE Energy Management

This presentation overviews a new line of buried pipe inspection systems (Surveyor)

recently introduced by the General Electric Company. These tools are targeted to

address the needs of the Oil & Gas and other Industries to perform comprehensive

inspections of their unpiggable buried piping systems to determine the integrity of the

piping. Most unpiggable piping is not accessible from the OD and requires a

comprehensive ID inspection solution. There have been few options for addressing

these critical needs in the past. These devices use tethered, self-propelled robots to

perform high resolution ultrasonic or electromagnetic inspections from the pipe ID to

detect and map both ID and OD corrosion of the pipe wall. The Surveyor systems are

capable of operating in liquid-filled, partially filled or empty piping systems. I will outline

the capabilities, strengths and limitations of the Surveyor systems and the range of pipe

diameters and conditions where it can be utilized. Additionally, I will overview recent

3rd party qualification testing of the technology and field deployment case study results.

This presentation is targeted for all unpiggable piping asset owners and managers and

will be delivered at a target intermediate level. Typical applications include storage

terminal pipe, transmission piping, road crossings, facility piping and all critical, low

access piping systems.

Challenging to Inspect Pipeline Pipelines Solutions - Rolf Spoerkel and Steven Trevino,

Oceaneering

In Line Inspection of Seam Welds – Adrian Belanger, TD Williamson

In the seam weld of a pipeline has long been susceptible to corrosion and anomalies due

to the welding process, and because of its axial orientation, failures can be catastrophic.

In the past it has been difficult to evaluate seam welds using traditional magnetic flux

leakage (MFL) techniques, but with the development of new technologies, long seam

assessment has become a staple of inline inspection. Each technology has its strengths

and weaknesses, and this presentation will examine the use of magnetic flux leakage,

ultrasonic inspection and electro-magnetic acoustic transmission (EMAT), describing

their pros and cons so that pipeline operators can make informed decisions in choosing

the best technology for their pipeline integrity programs. Line Inspection of Seam

Welds.

NDE Track:

Advanced subsea Inspection - Paul Cooper, Oceaneering

The rapidly growing number of subsea pipeline and riser systems has challenged the oil

and gas industry to develop new automated inspection solutions for sophisticated

materials and geometries. The new creative design solutions for deep water field

development, combined with a growing requirement for subsea field life extension

demands non-intrusive inspection techniques that provide detailed information for

engineering evaluation. Operators are facing the commercial challenges to justify

continued operation of existing subsea infrastructure where loss of hydro carbon

containment is an ongoing risk that needs to be mitigated. With these operational and

commercial challenges, comes an opportunity for innovation. Oceaneering is a market

leader in developing and applying advanced subsea inspection technologies, and is in a

unique position to combine in-house inspection technology, NDT expertise, and subsea

engineering to provide the industry with NDT and condition monitoring solutions to

meet the ever increasing subsea asset integrity requirements. Case studies will be

presented, with focus on project specific challenges, solutions and results.

Upstream Digital RT - Case Studies - John Iman, GE

Inspection of Pipelines Using High Resolution MWM - Todd Dunford, JENTEK Sensors

This presentation focuses on upstream and midstream applications of MWM-Array eddy

current sensors. MWM-Arrays offer a leap in capability for applications including pipe

wall thickness measurement through coatings, SCC mapping, and the characterization of

pitting. Solutions for in-line inspection (ILI), underwater inspections (shallow water and

deepsea) for pipe wall thickness, and permanently mounted sensors for continuous

monitoring are also being developed. This presentation provides a status review on

solutions for each of these applications. The specific advantages of the MWM-Array

technology are: (1) the use of simple drive windings and sensor array constructs that can

be accurately modeled using layered media models; (2) parallel architecture, high

integrity impedance instruments; (3) multi-variate inverse methods that use

Hyperlattices™ (pre-computed solution space databases) to convert wide bandwidth

sensor data into real material properties (such as pipe wall thickness); and (4)

GridStation decision support software that enables reliable inspections and data

visualization. The progress over the last few years has been funded by the U.S. DOT with

specific applications funded by PRCI and oil majors. Specific advancements include the

development of an impedance instrument that can provide accurate measurements at

very low frequencies (less than 5Hz) and high data rates at higher drive frequencies

(10,000 samples/second for frequencies above 10kHz). This instrumentation allows the

MWM-Arrays to perform inspections that are not typical for eddy current sensors, such

as pipe wall thickness measurement and internal corrosion using in-line inspection (ILI).

A series of case studies will be presented that demonstrate how eddy current sensors

such as MWM-Arrays and very low frequency MR-MWM-Arrays can be applied to

upstream and midstream applications. Permanently Installed Wireless Monitoring

Sensors - Gene Silverman, Berkeley Springs Instruments

Permanently Installed Wireless Monitoring Sensors - Gene Silverman, Berkeley Springs

Instruments

Acoustic Emission of Well Site Tanks - John Nyholt, BP America

Advanced Ultrasonic (cave man) Flaw sizing techniques - Mark Davis, Davis NDE

Reliability / Integrity Management Track:

Terminal Facility Piping Inspection Programs - Scott Lebsack, Mistras Group

In 2011, API Issued RP 2611 Terminal Piping Inspection—Inspection of In-Service

Terminal Piping Systems. This document addressed the need to assure operational

integrity without having to use API 570 as the basis for terminal integrity inspections.

While API 570 can be applied to any process piping system, it is not a good fit for the

different operating conditions found in a terminal versus those in a refinery. Terminal

operators have recognized the need for periodic monitoring to ensure, public safety,

operational integrity, and reduce environmental risk. Conditions in and around terminal

facilities dictate that a variety of assessment methods are needed to initiate an effective

piping integrity program in terminals. This presentation examines the inspection

challenges that are found in terminal operations as well as presenting the approach

used in carrying out assessment programs following API RP 2611. Requests for diverse

inspection programs to assess specific circumstances in terminals have increased over

the last three years. Terminal operators are addressing an ever increasing public

awareness of risks posed by these facilities along with an increasing regulatory and

environmental awareness from local and national agencies. Case histories are used to

illustrate how a comprehensive terminal inspection program is developed and how

unique situations are addressed using a variety of inspection techniques to get the data

needed to establish the condition of the pipe.

The Essential Elements of an Integrity Management System - Nick Marx, IRML

This is a presentation for an entire integrity management system not only an integrity

assessment. Elements are: Elements. System scope; clearly define what is included and

what is excluded. Organization & responsibility effective organizational structure:

senior management, line management (QA/QC), integrity assessment, maintenance,

operations, engineering, construction and purchasing. Concept, design, engineering

must be clearly defined (DBM along with numerous HAZOP’s) engineering contractor is

suitable. Fabrication, construction, erection ensure companies have the jurisdictional

approvals and sufficient competence Commissioning. Handover from projects to

operations; Operating parameters and procedures need for the revision of existing

procedures or the addition of new ones. Threats analysis, mitigation & monitoring;

Operations ensure the equipment is operated within the parameters notices of any

such excursion. Repairs & Alterations must include the steps necessary to effect both.

Competency - some form matrix of tasks to identify the required certification, skills and

knowledge. Inspection – integrity assessment Inspection at every stage of a program;

competence of each inspector what and how criteria are to be established to determine

inspections. Change management identify what items, processes and procedures need

to be controlled. Purchasing, material control, contracting & approved vendors.

Internal auditing. The IMS needs to be evergreen; must address changes to regulations,

procedures and industry best practices. Corrective & preventive measures identify what

types of issues root cause can be identified and eliminated or mitigated. A properly

developed IMS will result in fewer incidents, unexpected outages, This better

understanding of the resulting risk involved will also deliver a higher assurance of safety.

Real Time Application of Rarefaction Wave in Pipeline Leak Detection - Andy Hoffman,

Atmos International

Acoustic (negative pressure) pipeline leak detection technology has been around for

more than thirty years. However its application to operational pipelines has been

limited, largely due to the large number of false alarms generated. This presentation

addresses the development of a new rarefaction wave pipeline leak detection system,

based on high performance pressure sensors, modern communication systems and

advanced signal processing algorithms. Compared with the traditional acoustic systems,

this new leak detection system has the following advantages: It works on all pipe

materials: Lead, PVC, HDPE, MDPE, Cast Iron, Steel, Cement. It can cover any distance

between 100 metres and 250 kilometres between two consecutive pressure sensors. It

has a detection time of less than 3 minutes for leaks down to 1% of nominal flow. Leak

location typically within ± 100 metres. Leak detection under all operating conditions

including shut in and hydrostatic tests. A low false alarm rate once tuned to pipeline

operations.After a description of the system, its application to a few operational

pipelines will be discussed. The real life performance of the system will be presented

with over 100 leak test results and the implementation details. The main challenges

faced by the pipeline industry will be discussed together with realistic performance

expectations.

Enhancement of Pipeline Integrity Management Plans with Advanced Leak Detection

Technology - Maurino DeFebbo and Jeff Robbins, Asel-Tech

Commercial use of internal leak detection monitoring technology on transportation

pipelines has been common practice of pipeline operators for many years. The

overwhelming majority of existing internal leak detection monitoring technology

currently deployed is commonly referred to as “Mass Balance”. With ever increasing

pressure from the public, the media, government regulatory agencies and pipeline

operator management to mitigate pipeline failure risks and cost, there is a very keen

demand for alternative and improved technology to be utilized across the integrity

management board. The notion (and some techniques & vendors) of Acoustic leak

detection have been around since the late 1970’s. Acoustics never really caught on

because consistent performance was always an issue. Since that time, the quantum

advances made in sensor/transducer technology and signal processing techniques and

technologies (computers) has significantly enabled development of acoustic leak

detection monitoring technology that works substantially better than its predecessors,

and in most cases better than other CPM/Mass Balance type methods. Some advanced

systems even allow for integration of the acoustic technology with mass balance type

systems. The result being, a very versatile/broad spectrum system with built in

redundancy.

Leak Detection by Distributed Acoustic Fiber Sensing - Collin Stegeman, BT

A solution for a solid Fiber Acoustic Sensing leak detection capability will be discussed.

One of the most valuable applications is Leak Detection on pipelines, both for liquids

and gas. Provided that the Fiber optic cable is close to or attached to the pipeline, a leak

detection accuracy of 3 liters per minute is achievable in a low pressure liquid pipe. The

entire described Fiber Sense system consists of only two parts: a standard fiber optic

cable and a Helios interrogator on one end. The interrogator detects minute changes to

the reflected light in the fiber caused by small vibrations anywhere along its length. Any

noise or vibration disturbance to the fiber at any point can be detected at the end of the

fiber. This means that anything – machinery, refineries, pipelines, even boreholes – can

be closely monitored for changes that could signal trouble. The captured vibrations are

analyzed and categorized against known parameters to determine if they can be ignored

or passed on for further analysis. The solution can be fully integrated with existing CCTV,

GPS and GIS technologies to pinpoint events. Intelligent location detection and tracking

(LDAT) platforms manage alerts and minimize false positives.

Remote Sensing for Early Detection of Oil On water & Clean Up Support - Nina Soleng,

Kongsberg Satellite Services

Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensor from satellites has proven to be an

excellent tool for detection of oil slicks, vessels and installations at sea. This advanced

sensor can detect oil slicks due to the change in behavior of the sea surface (the slick´s

dampening effect on the capillary waves). These radar satellites are able to observe

features and objects on the surface independent of day light and works in cloudy and

foggy conditions.

SAR has been used operationally for early detection of oil spills in Scandinavia since

early 1990’s for national authorities and the oil industry. This service concept was

developed in Norway, and has been improved and refined through years of participation

in national and multinational R&D projects. The analysis results from the experienced

operators are overlaid with maps /positions of rigs, drilling ships, pipelines and subsea

installations for detecting the most likely origin of the slick. Identification of vessels (AIS)

is also integrated with the analysis. The oil spill detection service today has a tailored

production chain for rapid alerts. So what started in Scandinavia 20 years ago today

comprises of 26 European coastal states through European Maritime Safety Agency

(EMSA) and is currently provided world-wide, assisting national authorities in detecting

oil discharges, and alerting oil companies of any early indications of oil leaks. In Norway

this monitoring by remote sensing is maintained by two entities; The National Coastal

Administration is responsible for monitoring of the shipping lanes, monitoring for

accidental and illegal discharges from vessels. NOFO (Norwegian Clean Seas Association

for Operating Companies) is the responsible entity handling satellite monitoring of the

offshore activity on behalf of their members (all operating oil companies on the

continental shelf). Oil spill detection using local radar (OSD) is being used in addition to

SAR from satellite, but at this time there is no operational use of this type of sensor -for

early detection purposes- in Norway. There are however ongoing projects initiated by

the industry and preliminary results from the Norwegian shelf can be presented.

Norway is one of the few countries that have the privilege to benefit from full scale off-

shore oil-on-water exercises NOFO organizes every year. The focus on integration of

sensors to a comprehensible operating picture is of current interest (satellite, ship radar,

AIS and infrared). Examples of use of remotely sensed data and integration of sensors

from the national Oil on Water exercise summer 2012 will be presented.

Industry Panel: New Solutions for Pipelines that are “Challenging to Inspect”.

Panelists: John O’Brien, Chevron, Rick McNealy, PRCI, David Wang, Shell Global

Downstream

Engineering/Analysis Track:

Morning Session:

Coke Drum Life Extension Issues and Solutions for Inlet Nozzle Problems – Richard Boswell, Stress Engineering Services Modern coke drum operations are used to process a heated mixture of hot liquid and vapor inside a vessel where the residuums produce more valuable liquids and gases while leaving large amounts of solid or semi-solid carbon. The batch process is a cycle of filling, cooling and removing the solid content. Coke drums suffer fatigue damage from several causes which can be accelerated if not managed properly and these can lead to premature and repetitive cracking. Traditional Analysis methods assume a uniform average flow of water upwards to remove heat from coke bed and shell at the same time, or flows up thru central primary flow channel. The coke bed formation determines path of least resistance for water flow. Temperature measurements suggest fast quench with flow near wall is common with the use of side inlet feed configured drums making shot coke. This creates greater stress in shell/cone-cladding bond and at skirt weld. Coke drums suffer fatigue damage from several causes which can be accelerated if not managed properly and these can lead to premature and repetitive cracking. Solutions focused on a single cause may overlook the other contributors today or in future operating conditions. Inspections that discover the extent of damage can be supplemented with active measurement of strain and temperature during the cycle to establish statistically relevant causes for low cycle fatigue failure. The drum geometry evolves from a cylindrical like object into a highly corrugated vessel which amplifies wall stress and accelerates local damage. Geometric degradation and crack growth are increasingly nonlinear in time and inspection programs must be designed to anticipate this to avoid unplanned outages for repairs. Drum bulge severity can be evaluated with finite element model analysis to determine the amplification potential, and to plan when and where areas should be inspected closely. Thermal distributions during quench show large differentials between sides and elevations when cooling water quenches the steel and not the coke. This is influenced by orientation of the inlet nozzle. Traditional bottom center feed creates the least trouble compared to single or dual side inlets, but is not trouble free because of the way shot coke forms and moves inside the drum. These configurations are discussed in comparison to new technology which restores vertically aligned flow streams when slide valve un-headers are used for safe removal of the coke solids. This technology can extend the economic life of old and new drums. Failure Modes and Inspection Needs of Coke Drums - M. Samman

Coke drums are large vertical refinery vessels that operate in cyclic batch process under

severe mechanical and thermal loads. Many drums start to experience failures within

three to five years of service. Typical failures include shell bulging and cracking, skirt

attachment cracks, anchor bolt failures, tilting, and vibration failures. Some of these

mechanisms can lead to unscheduled shutdowns, loss of containment and fires. This

presentation is an overview of these failure modes, their causes, consequences, and the

inspection methods that can be used to detect and characterize them. In addition, the

presentation will discuss the industry’s experience and lessons learned from these

failures and the advantages and disadvantages of various inspection techniques.

Case Study – Planning and Implementing a Successful RBI Program – M. Harmody,

Equity Engineering and R. Corn, Marathon Petroleum

As refiners continue to operate aging infrastructure, safe operation and equipment

availability continue to be key components of profitability. When considering optimizing

inspection projects, more and more refiners are making Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) an

integral part of their plan processes. When applied properly, RBI can refocus inspection

efforts using risk as a basis for prioritizing and managing an in-service inspection

program. A Joint Industry Project for Risk-Based Inspection (RBI JIP) was initiated and

managed by API within the refining and petrochemical industry in 1994. The work of this

JIP resulted in two publications, API 580 Risk-based Inspection and API 581 Risk-Based

Inspection Base Resource Document. The concept behind these publications was for API

580 to present the principles and general guidelines for RBI while API 581 provides the

quantitative RBI methodology. The key concept in RBI methodology is the systematic

determination of the probability and resulting consequence of an undesirable event.

Over the course of 3 years, the principles of API 580 and the technology of API 581 have

been successfully applied to majority of the process units at the Illinois Refining Division

of Marathon Petroleum Company. Through planning, training and plenty of hard work,

the RBI program at the Robinson Refinery has been very successful. This paper provides

an overview of the concepts in API 580 and API 581, a discussion on the steps taken to

lay the groundwork for the RBI program to be successful, examples of where the

program has been successful, and plans for the future.

Case Study – Handling Issues That Arise in a Plant Wide RBI Implementation – S.

Bolinger, BP Texas City

The BP Texas City refinery has performed an RBI analysis on all Tanks, Pressure

Equipment and Piping at the site. This paper will present the findings and risk ranking

for all the equipment in a risk matrix format. The risk ranking of piping is not common

in industry and some of the findings are discussed such as high risk circuits due to

cracking. The paper discusses further several issues that naturally arise when the

program is fully implemented. Such as how and when inspections should be performed

on piping, when does a site switch from rule based to RBI based intervals for pressure

equipment and how deferrals should be executed when the inspections required extend

past the RBI due dates. Additional discussion regarding extending tank intervals past

RBI and rule based due dates. Currently, there is little industry guidance on how these

types of decisions should be made in an RBI based inspection program.

Afternoon Session:

Case Study - PRV RBI Analysis Without Using Commercial Software – L. Ward, Siemens

The purpose of this presentation will be to demonstrate a method for using Risk Based

Inspection (RBI) in the analysis of a Pressure Relief Valve (PRV), including the theory of

API 581, based on an actual completed project (company to remain anonymous). The

presentation will focus on how the PRV RBI methodology evolved, was developed, and

then implemented.

The presentation will also include how equipment and piping RBI analyses were utilized

and the extra challenges to develop the risk matrix for that effort, and how it was

difference from the risk matrix that was used for the PRV RBI analysis, and also how

adjustments were necessary regarding the difference risk matrices.

Details of Consequence of Failure (COF) and Probability of Failure (POF) regarding PRV’s

will also be presented. Consequence of Failure was analyzed by looking at the types of

overpressure scenarios; the discharge location of the relief valves(s), and if there were

multiple relief valves in parallel. Probability of Failure was analyzed by looking at the

number of overpressure scenarios, fluid service severity, relief valve type, if a rupture

disk existed upstream of the relief valve, and inspection history. The resulting risk,

recommended inspection interval, and next inspection date will also be presented.

Five Key Factors to Consider Before Setting Up an RBI System – A. Hilmi, GL Noble

Denton

If used correctly, RBI can be an excellent tool in managing the integrity of assets.

Experience has shown that having the right risk based integrity management strategy

will significantly improve process safety. An RBI output will enable operators to

prioritise inspection and corrosion monitoring effort on higher risk assets. Conversely,

there have been instances where the operators have found out that their current RBI

system has not performed as planned. In this paper, five key factors that operators

should be aware of before setting up an RBI system will be presented. For operators

who are intending to introduce RBI to the organisation, this discussion will assist them

to make a more informed decision before investing in a particular RBI system. For

operators who already have a sound RBI in place, this paper may provide some ideas for

improvement.

Case Study – Effective Integration of RBI & FFS from Equipment Cradle to Grave – A.

Seijas, Phillips66

Managing the life-cycle of fixed equipment in petrochemical plants is a tough business.

Fortunately, Fitness-For-Service (FFS) and Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) are two widely

accepted stand alone methodologies that can work together perfectly facilitating the

management of asset during its lifespan. The API/ASME Standard on FFS provides

quantitative engineering evaluations to demonstrate if an in-service asset (asset or

component) containing a flaw or damage is safe and reliable to operate under specific

conditions during a defined period time; evaluation techniques also consider the

assessment of asset operating under conditions where there is risk of failure. API

published two recommended practices to quantify the risk of operation for process

equipment, providing owner-users to define inspection strategies and programs to

manage the risk of their assets. This paper will describe the most relevant advantages of

integrating RBI programs and FFS applications as part of the overall asset management

program, covering different stages of the life cycle, including construction and

commissioning, operation, inspection, engineering assessment, alteration/repairs, and

decommissioning. A comparison between the non-integrated /reactive and the full

integrated RBI-FFS/proactive approaches will be discussed. A case study is presented to

explain the benefits of implementing an integrated RBI-FFS approach. Finally the paper

will summarized the challenges to implement integrated RBI-FFS/proactive programs,

specifically those face by practitioners (inspectors/chief inspectors/engineers), reliability

teams, and management. This paper is intended for unit inspectors, chief inspectors,

and maintenance and reliability engineers.

Demonstrating Value from the RBI Process - Understanding and Managing Uncertainty

– Greg Alvarado, Equity Engineering Group

Consistency and adherence to inspection effectiveness confidence level rules are

important in the RBI process and for managing uncertainty. This presentation will cover

the impact of uncertainty in the Risk Management process and practices for creating

and interpreting inspection effectiveness tables that comply with API RP 580 and API RP

581. As Bayesian logic is used in the 581 RBI technology and process, a thorough

explanation of the sensitivities and importance of realistic and consistent application of

rating inspection effectiveness is critical to accomplish a credible, effective and

sustainable RBI program. All RBI practices in the process industries are based on relative

risk. As a result, if we lose consistency and credibility the risk rankings are of little

practical good. The focus of this presentation is demonstrating value in the RBI process

via effective management of uncertainties, how to achieve this credibly and consistently

and the role of inspection in understanding, measuring and managing the impact of

uncertainties.

Inspection/NDE Track:

Morning Session 1:

Pipe Hangers/Supports Inspection: What is Involved and What to Look For - Lange

Kimball and Britt Bettell, Stress Engineering Services

The API and ASME Piping Codes have long recognized the need to perform regular

monitoring of pipe supports and restraints at refineries and power plants. This is true

not only of existing plants but also of new plants. The condition of pipe supports and

restraints is an external barometer of hidden problems with the piping and attached

equipment. Recognizing pipe support and restraint distress can help prioritize pipe

inspections and equipment maintenance. The first part of such a surveillance program

is setting up the program. This should include: a.) defining the piping systems that will

be monitored, b.) collecting survey documents, c.) setting up a schedule to perform the

work, d.) training plant personnel who will be performing such a program and e.)

obtaining a commitment by the plant/owners to maintain the program through the life

of the plant. This paper discusses experiences and lessons learned setting up such

programs. Topics will include: 1.) what is a pipe support and restraint, 2.) types of pipe

supports and restraints, 3.) purpose of inspections, 4.) API 570/574 considerations, 5.)

what we look for and 6.) how results are reported.

A New Technique for Quantification of Corrosion at Structural Supports - Gary Kroner,

Carbon Steel Inspection, Inc.

Process, transfer lines or structural piping that requires physical supports usually creates

a potential corrosion site. These metal to metal or metal to insulation contact areas

could be considered as pads and sometimes require a significant amount of resources to

remove and inspect. A new technique developed by CSI called Guided Current Testing

(GCT) uses electrical current to push through the conductive material of interest. Based

on the material conductivity and thickness, current can be applied at varying

frequencies and with sensors placed at various distances to measure basic physical

material properties and test parameters. These properties and parameters are directly

related to the thickness of the test specimen. As wall loss or remaining wall thickness is

the critical variable in the test specimens’ integrity it is estimated via distance amplitude

curves. The amplitude can be any component of the material property or electrical test

parameter. The amplitude change in the material property is primarily caused by a

dimensional change in the test specimen; therefore a baseline reading is required to

determine the nominal reading. Once a benchmark reading is obtained then the

calibration or reference standards are helpful to improve accuracy for any given test but

are not necessary as the wall loss depth estimation curves can be extrapolated from

other distance amplitude curves or known values. The technique is extremely

repeatable and consistent enabling it to be used as a trending inspection for corrosion

rates and life assessments This new NDE inspection technique is targeted to the

Reliability Engineer and Inspection departments to provide a tool to obtain information

in areas that previously are difficult or unobtainable. The equipment and test

measurements are relatively inexpensive and fast as compared to other testing

equipment on the market. Additionally, technician training and implementation is

more conventional than advanced techniques such as Shear Wave, Phased Array and

Guided Wave. All techniques including GCT have advantages and disadvantages which

will be presented in the paper along with some of the variables effecting the

measurements.

Inspection of Raised Face HF Alky Flanges with Phased Array - John Sellers, PetroChem

Inspection Services

Corrosion at petrochemical and refining facilities will always be a major concern for

piping integrity. HF Alkylation units face an unusual type of corrosion that attacks the

raised gasket seating surface of the flanges. Safety conditions associated with the

product as well as access to the area of interest effect the ability to inspect these areas

reliably. Identifying appropriate inspection methods and tools is essential in

establishing a good inspection program of these flanges. Several factors must be taken

into consideration when implementing the inspection of the HF Alkylation units, first

and foremost is safety. Others are access, timeframe, tracking and cost. There are only

a few ways to inspect these flanges to determine if they are fit for continued service. A

commonly used method in the industry today is to visually check each flange set during

an outage by using a straight edge on the surface and measuring the damage to see if it

is in the gasket seating area. This puts the inspector at greater risk of exposure to the

product and forces the Owner of the equipment to wait until outage for cost of

replacement. Phased Array technology can be utilized to screen many of the flanges in

service, thus reducing exposure risks and providing estimated replacement projections

in time to budget for outages. This paper will outline some methodologies used to

inspect these flanges and what the benefits are for doing so. The employment of pre

assessment, indirect/direct inspections and post assessment can prove to be valuable

instruments in obtaining an effective inspection.

A Best in Class Approach to Fixed Equipment Turnaround Management - Nathaniel

Ince and Brad Wells, Pinnacle AIS

The goal of this presentation is to communicate best in class mechanical integrity in

regards to turnaround management. While mechanical integrity programs are now

being implemented and supported from an integrated perspective (integrating

operations, process, maintenance, lab information, IT, etc.), turnaround management

needs to be handled in the same way. Several mechanical integrity responsibilities must

be incorporated to successfully execute a turnaround, including inspection planning,

inspection staffing, inspection execution, corrosion specialist support, engineering

support, and inspection documentation. Traditionally these responsibilities have been

handled through a segmented effort, resulting in poor interfacing and slow decision

making. To ensure a turnaround is both streamlined and valuable, each of these

somewhat independent responsibilities must be viewed from a holistic perspective.

Usually, this process would be laborious, time intensive, and costly. Best in Class

Turnaround Management utilizes a process that provides for effective and quick

decision making, resulting in reduced risk, optimized asset life, and maximized uptime,

and increased personnel efficiency. In this presentation, we will discuss: The type of

team it requires to provide for best in class turnaround management; The type of

systems and interfaces required to ensure effective communication between the team

members; The timeline expectations for different activities, including inspection

planning, inspection reporting, fitness for service assessments, corrosion specialist

feedback, repair/replaced recommendations; The level of turnaround planning involved,

in addition to the training of the turnaround inspectors. Also, during the presentation,

an example will be provided to illustrate the point. In short, one piece of equipment will

be taken through the management process, and inspection plans, inspection feedback,

engineering decisions, and implementation actions will be demonstrated.

Morning Session 2:

Field Applications of Long Range Ultrasonic Testing: Benefits and Limitations - Scott

Taylor, ConocoPhillips

Long range ultrasonic testing (LRUT) is a guided wave screening technique for damage

to pipelines. As part of an integrity program, LRUT can provide inspection information

about hard to reach areas such as offshore deck penetrations or road crossings. The

Alaskan North Slope uses LRUT to screen drill pad, road, and caribou crossings as the

only other inspection recourse is to dig the crossing, cut open the casing, and examine

the pipe directly. Similarly, in offshore situations, LRUT can assess pipe integrity at deck

penetrations and pipe supports where a direct examination is expensive. However, LRUT

as with other NDT approaches has its limitations. This presentation will introduce the

LRUT and discuss data obtained under different scenarios: pipe supports (both welded

and fiber reinforced plastic), foamed-in-place anchors, road crossing, buried pipe,

offshore deck penetrations and pipes with different coatings. As these examples are

presented, the advantages and disadvantages of the technique will be discussed.

EMAT Solutions for In-Service Inspections - Borja Lopez, Innerspec Technologies

Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) is a non-contact, couplant-free ultrasonic

technique that generates sound in the part inspected. This method of ultrasonic

nondestructive testing has recently become very popular for corrosion detection on

pipelines and high-temperature measurements. In this paper we present a complete

overview of existing and new applications for EMAT including: Normal beam (0º)

inspections at very high (650ºC) and very low (-50ºC) temperatures; Corrosion

monitoring with permanent sensors; Austenitic weld inspection using Shear Horizontal

sensors; High-temperature weld inspection; Thin weld (<6mm) inspections using guided

waves; Detection of corrosion under supports and on air-to-soil interfaces; Surface wave

inspections; Measurement of material properties (stress, anisotropy, bolt-load); In-Line-

Inspections (ILI). This paper will present the techniques and equipment used on these

applications as well as future trends for EMAT technology and its applications in

Midstream and Downstream.

Practical Applications of Guided Wave Inspection: A Technician's Perspective - Mike

Sens, PetroChem Inspection Services

Guided Wave Pipe testing is a specialty Ultrasonic method that can inspect various

lengths of piping from a single location for a variety of damage types or situations.

Guided Wave testing can be applied in numerous applications; piping in pipe racks for

CUI, piping in pipe racks for corrosion damage at supports, sleeved piping such as road

way and rail crossings, dock piping for external damage from environment, elevated

inaccessible piping on structures or equipment, buried piping for general condition,

piping through tank dike walls, piping through concrete walls, piping with internal

erosion potential from product flow, etc…Although Guided Wave testing has gained

some notoriety as an inspection method it has also fell into disrepute with some for

inappropriate use or impractical expectations. This presentation will cover actual

capabilities and what to expect for results on the above listed types of applications

based on technician field experience with validated findings. False expectations such as

type of results to expect and exaggerated capabilities will be addressed. Actual benefits

and how to effectively utilize the technology will be addressed. Reported results and

general Guided Wave inspection reports will be analyzed. What level and type of

training / certification / experience should the technicians have and what end user

should look for in a quality guided wave inspector.

Non-Intrusive Inspection of Above Ground Storage Tanks – Sam Ternowchek, Mistras

Group

Internal inspections of above ground storage tanks is a very costly inspection. In order to

optimize inspection dollars there is a growing need to acquire as much data about the

internal condition of the tank as possible prior to opening the tank. There are also cases

where opening tanks may cause additional damage such as the introduction of oxygen

in a refrigerated ammonia storage tank or the removal of pacified surface coatings

during sand blasting. At the same time, accurate inspection data is extremely important

in today’s Equipment Integrity Programs. The demand for more complete and accurate

inspection data is driven by, among other things, the increase usage of Risk Analysis and

Fitness for Service methodologies. These techniques allow users to maintain their

equipment at a high level of integrity when the data used for the analysis is

representative of the equipment’s condition. Acquiring accurate, sufficient data is

paramount to successful implementation. An added benefit is to be able to acquire the

data while the equipment is on line and in service so as to eliminate down time. This

presentation describes the use of traditional as well as advance inspection techniques

that provide important information for Integrity Programs for storage tanks. Included

are Acoustic Emission for tank bottom assessment and automated ultrasonic corrosion

mapping. They can be used to detect, locate and size corrosion problems in the floors

and shells of AST’s . Acoustic emission allows for the detection and location of active

corrosion in storage tank floors. Large scale, automated ultrasonic thickness mapping

provides a complete map of corrosion and wall thinning problems in tanks shells,

especially at the liquid to air interface, and annular areas. As non-intrusive inspection

techniques, AE offers the ability to provide global screening of AST floors and annular

areas and AUT provides detailed size and orientation of corroded shell and annular

areas. This presentation will include example of these and how the end user can best

benefit from their use. Limitations of the techniques will also be described.

Afternoon Session 1:

Using Risk-Based Approaches to Define and Adjust CMLs, Inspection Techniques and

Inspection Intervals - Lynne Kaley, Trinity Bridge and Virginia Edley, SBK Consulting

Do you struggle with how to change your routine inspection program to better define

condition monitoring locations based on risk? Is your fixed interval inspection program

optimized to inspect more where needed and less where not needed? Today with

Inspectors having to do more with less, it is even more important to optimize where to

inspect and how to inspect. The presentation will propose a process for using risk-based

criteria to define methods, extent and frequency of inspection for equipment and

piping. This method can be used to optimize the condition monitoring locations,

coverage and maximum inspection intervals, considering the type of damage, the rate of

damage and the consequence of failure. The inspection prioritization method can be

applied without a risk-based inspection approach as well as to any risk- based

methodology. Case study examples will be presented.

The Impact of NDE on RBI Inspection Effectiveness - Anthony J. Rutkowski, Equity

Engineering Group

This presentation will cover a historical perspective of RBI, RBI initiatives, various factors

of the challenge, inspection strategy decisions, impact of inspection type and

inspector/NDE operators, effectiveness and why we inspect.

Robotic Crack Detection for Delayed Coke Drums using ACFM - Jacqueline Cameron,

CIA Inspection Inc

Since 1993, CIA Inspection (CIAI) has been operating a laser profiling service that locates

and measures distortion areas in coke drums. To date, CIAI has performed nearly 1000

inspections on operating coke drums throughout the world. During these inspections,

many crack type indications have been identified with the visual inspection system but

the existing technology was unable to validate or quantify the nature of these

indications. As part of its ongoing in-house research efforts, CIAI embarked on a

program to design, build and test a robotically deployed sensor which could identify,

validate and quantify crack type indications in live coke drums without shutting down

the process using a customized ACFM probe and crawler. This presentation will describe

the concept and provides an update on the current state of the program, focusing on

the results of recent field trials at several refineries in North America. They will discuss

ongoing efforts at their respective sites to further the development and implementation

of this unique tool.

High Temperature Hydrogen Attack Life Assessment Methods – Brian Olson, Stress

Engineering Services, Gerrit Buchheim, Consultant, Tim Munsterman, Lloyd’s Registry

Afternoon Session 2:

The Evolution of the API UT Examiner Qualification into Four Phases –

QUTE/QUSE/QUTB/QUPA- John Nyholt, BP

After a decade of API UT Examiner Qualification testing, the exams are being updated to

reflect performance trends against industry expectations as well as expanding

into additional ultrasonic test methods. This presentation will review past

exam performance measures, pass / fail rates and evolving UT technology and industry

needs. The API QUTE Exam has expanded from a fundamental UT weld flaw detection

and characterization test to UT crack sizing (QUSE), tank bottom thickness measurement

(QUTB) and UT phased array weld flaw detection and characterization (QUPA). This

presentation will discuss exam results to date including performance measures,

common reasons for exam failure, and recommendations on how to prepare for future

API UT examiner exams.

New-Generation Portable Phased Array Systems - Patrick Tremblay, Larry Mullins,

Laurent Enenkel, Zetec

Moore’s law states that computer power doubles every eighteen months. This

exponential improvement has dramatically enhanced the impact of digital electronics in

nearly every segment of the world economy. It also applies to the non-destructive

testing industry. The first generation of portable phased array UT systems has hit the

market in the early 2000’s. The massive adoption of these devices has been a game-

changer for ultrasonic inspections of critical components in oil & gas, aerospace, heavy

industry and power generation plants. Being given their relatively low computing power,

operators have learned to deal with the intrinsic limitations of the older portable PA

systems to a point where it has became normal to limit the number of focal laws, the

data quality and/or the data file size. This paper will show how enhanced computing

power of new-generation portable phased array UT systems allows breaking the barriers

to truly efficient data acquisition. In particular, we will explain through representative

user cases how more focal laws, more amplitude resolution and larger data file size

allows more efficient inspections.

Inspection Alternatives for Touch Point Corrosion at Pipe Supports- Mike Wechsler,

Mistras Group

Due to recent failures, and the aging infrastructure, piping circuits and supports are

becoming more of a focal point for inspections. However, most are unaware of

technologies currently being utilized to aide in these types of inspections. We will

discuss an ultrasonic technique to aide in determining if corrosion exists at the support

locations and approximately how deep the affected areas are.

Leveraging the Use of Permanently-Mounted High Temperature Wireless UT Sensors -

Hamed Bazaz, BP

Controlling corrosion is one the biggest challenges in the oil and gas industry, with vast

expanses of pipelines and metal exposed to harsh temperatures and processing

environments. Oil reserves being discovered today are heavier, more sour, and contain

different contaminants than the light sweet crudes of the past. New technologies

developed by BP and partners are leveraging a unique combination of science and

electronics to keep the threat of corrosion at bay. In collaboration with Imperial College

London, BP has developed a new ultrasonic spot sensor which can be permanently

attached to the plant (e.g. piping, vessels, tanks, etc.) at temperatures up to 600º

Celsius. This revolutionary device is wireless-enabled and has a resolution capable of

detecting small changes (±0.1mm) in wall thickness due to corrosion. Once installed,

repeated measurements can be taken without access, except to change the battery

every 5 years. The sensor is particularly well-suited for areas of the plant that are

difficult to access by inspection personnel. The technology has been commercialized

and available through Permasense, a spin-off of Imperial College. Today, the

Permasense sensors have been installed in all BP-operated oil refineries globally.

Continuous wall thickness monitors are helping to alert corrosion engineers on a real-

time basis, preventing leaks and changing the way BP approaches corrosion

management. The implemented technology is being leveraged to enhance safety,

monitor equipment health, optimize process control, inform maintenance schedules,

and quantify the performance of barrier systems.

Materials/Corrosion Track:

Morning Session:

Understanding and Inspecting for Naphthenic Acid Corrosion – Joyce Mancini, BP Texas

City

As stated in API-581, “While various papers have been presented on naphthenic acid

corrosion, no widely accepted correlations have yet been developed between corrosion

rate and the various factors influencing it.” As a result, there are a lot of misperceptions

for both prediction and prevention of this specific corrosion mechanism.

Increasing demand on the oil market has raided interest in oils with high naphthenic

acid concentration. These so called “opportunity crudes” are also referred to as “lower

quality” corrosive crudes due to their high naphthenic acid content. As a result, refinery

Inspectors have to adopt special strategy for monitoring the mitigating efforts of acidic

crude oil corrosivity and monitoring where the effects are going to cause corrosion. This

presentation will address the known facts for naphthenic acid. It will cover the effect of

naphthenic acid concentration, the combined effects with sulfur, temperature,

metallurgy and more.

How to handle the Corrosion Aspects of Opportunity Crudes– Hearl Mead, Shell Global

Solutions

Over the past few years increased feedstock flexibility has become an increasing reality for refineries to be a viable and profitable business. Gone are the days when as a corrosion engineer can set the operating limits to run sweet, non-corrosive crudes, and reject all other crudes. A profitable refinery requires processing of more difficult crudes, increased volumes of spot cargoes, and rapid response to crude acceptance requests. Reliability and process safety events have occurred from changes in crude supplies or varying crude blends and quality. These events can eliminate all profits gained from opportunity crudes. A robust end-to-end process is required to proactively manage these threats. This presentation will focus on the involvement of corrosion and inspection engineers in Crude Flexibility Reliability Management – management of change, inspection strategies, monitoring, CCDs, RBI, equipment integrity, corrosion models, downstream units…

Case Study of an Unusual Lower Temperature Naphthenic Acid Corrosion Failure –

Mike Urzendowski, Valero

It has been stated in many technical publications, that Naphthenic acid corrosion (NAC)

occurs at temperatures greater than 450°F (232°C). Because of these statements and

beliefs, many organizations do not inspect specifically for the localized corrosion that is

associated with NAC, nor do they inject Naphthenic acid inhibitors to prevent against

such attack. Recently, there has been mention of failures in streams having operating

temperatures less than 450°F that have been attributed to NAC, either in whole or in

part. Valero recently experienced one such failure, believed to be caused by NAC, at

their Port Arthur refinery, in a LVGO stream which operates with an average process

temperature of 400°F. This presentation describes this failure and what are believed to

be the contributing factors which helped to promote this attack at seemingly cool

temperatures, well below what is considered the “norm” for this mechanism

Solving Overhead Corrosion Problems – Successful Case Studies – George Duggan,

Baker Hughes Corp

Corrosion in refineries results in substantial costs, approaching $2/barrel of crude

processed. Managing refinery corrosion starts with an investigation into the underlying

causes. Mitigating corrosion is, in some cases, focused on metallurgy and corrosion

inhibitors. However, in the case of overhead system corrosion, a wide variety of options

exist to address the corrosion impact, including contaminant control, operating targets,

equipment re-design, chemical treatments and metallurgy. A successful mitigation

strategy should consist of those steps that provide the lowest cost of operation for the

refiner. This presentation describes the techniques used to diagnose overhead system

corrosion and select an appropriate mitigation strategy. Examples of successful

outcomes are included.

Afternoon Session:

Highlights of API 939C – Avoiding Sulfidation Failures - Gerrit Buchheim, Consultant –

Included in Sulfidation Panel Discussion

Sulfidation of Low Silicon Components - Case Study – Clay White, Phillips66 - Included

in Sulfidation Panel Discussion

Phillips 66 has recently encountered several cases of higher than expected corrosion rates and one significant failure of low silicon carbon steel (A-53 Grade B) piping. Although the potential for this problem was recognized, recent events prompting a revision to an internal required standard to ensure all potentially low silicon piping components operating in a high temperature sulfidation environment be identified and inspected. This presentation will highlight some of the general industry experience and details of several of Phillips 66 own cases with this corrosion problem.

Sulfidation Leak on Crude Unit Piping – A Significant Near Miss– Art Jensen, Delaware

City Refining (PBF Energy)- Included in Sulfidation Panel Discussion

Sulfidation Panelist – Jessica Stankiewicz, Chevron Richmond Refinery

Corrosion Control Documents- the Indispensable Guides to Inspecting for Plant

Damage Mechanisms-Hearl Mead, Shell Global Solutions

This presentation will show how valuable CCDs are (or can be) to the corrosion and inspection engineer to be pro-active in enhancing process safety and equipment reliability at their site. The presentation will cover a brief description of how reactive life as a corrosion engineer was without CCDs, the content of a strong CCD, who should be involved, and how it should be maintained. A CCD that is written by a team of experts and set on the shelf as “job completed” is pretty much useless, or not useful beyond the memory of the team that developed it. The CCD has to become a tool for the corrosion, inspection, and process engineers, as well as unit operators.

Thursday, January 10, 2013

Upstream / Midstream

Pipeline Inspection Track:

Remote Measurement of Stress in Carbon Steel Pipelines - Paul Jarram, Speir Hunter

Monitoring the integrity of buried ageing ferromagnetic pipelines is a significant

problem for infrastructure operators. Typically inspection relies on pig surveys, DCVG,

CIPS and contact NDT methods that often require pipes to be uncovered and often at

great expense. This presentation outlines recent developments in a novel remote

sensing technique to detect corrosion, metal defects and the effects of ground

movement by mapping variations in the earth’s magnetic field around pipelines.

Magnetostriction is the process by which internal domains inside the structure of

ferroelectric materials, such as carbon steel alloys, create magnetic fields when

subjected to mechanical stress. Corrosion, metallurgical defects and ground movements

result in areas of increased stress in pressurised pipelines. Measurement of the remote

magnetic field around a pipeline due to magnetostriction allows the measurement of

stress and determines the location of defects in the pipe wall. The presentation first

explores magnetostriction in ferromagnetic materials and then how measurements of

remote magnetic field can be applied to define the location of defects in operational

pipelines along with the benefits of using this technique which includes considerable

cost savings since no modification to the line is required, no input of energy and no

change to its operational parameters is needed. Examples of modeled predictions

correlating both with actual scanned data collected from the field and ILI defined

defects will be presented. This presentation will be of particular interest to all pipeline

integrity and inspection management and engineers and specifically offers a solution for

those involved with the inspection of unpiggable lines.

Magnetic Tomography Method a Remote NDE Technology for Buried & Subsea

Pipelines - I Kolesnikov, Transkor Group

Magnetic Tomography Method (MTM) Technology is a non-contact approach for

assessing safety and integrity of pressurized pipelines of any purpose made of

ferromagnetic materials. Quality of assessment is not influenced by transported product

(gas-, oil-, water- , or other). MTM is based on the inverse magnetostrictive effect

(Villary effect) - the change of the magnetic susceptibility of a ferrous material when

subjected to a mechanical stress. Method uses ""natural"" magnetization of the ferrous

pipes by magnetic field of the Earth. MTM equipment remotely registers magnetic field

from the pipe while moving along its axis. MTM does not measure the dimensions of

geometric defects alone but instead it measures the stress caused by these defects and

identifies their type, location and orientation in accordance with the location and

orientation of the area of stress. MTM determines the comparative degree of danger of

defects by a direct quantitative assessment of the stress-deformed state of the metal.

This technology ensures probability of detection (POD) of anomalies of stress-deformed

state greater than 80% at SMYS from 30% to 85%. POD is never less than 60% for any

SMYS value. MTM inspection covers 100% length of pipeline and has following features:

measurements could be performed remotely from within 15 diameters off the pipeline

axis for both buried and sub-sea pipelines , without interference with the pipeline mode

of operation Outcome of the application of MTM technology is the information on

potentially faulty sections causing elevated concentration of mechanical stress. The

latter includes: location (longitudinal, angular, GPS coordinates) evaluation of degree of

danger (absolute value of local stress in the pipe material is computed, safe operation

term is evaluated, maximum safe operating pressure of each pipeline anomaly section is

calculated)As a part of adapting technology for the inspection of offshore pipelines, a

series of tests was carried out during the last 2 years on the quantitative assessment of

factors of pipeline serviceability with defects, provided the changes of hoop stresses.

The outcome of comparing the results with the international codes ASME B31.G, API

RP579, DNV RP F101-A & B demonstrate the convergence rate of more than 92%.

Rapid EMAT Lamb Wave Scanning of Onshore & Subsea Pipelines - Mark Adams,

Spectrum

Inspecting pipelines using a couplant free ultrasonic guided wave system called EMATs

(electromagnetic acoustic transducers) are simply a coil of wire in a magnetic field. By

pulsing an electrical current through the coil, an eddy current is induced in the surface

of the nearby conductive material; the magnetic field interacts with this eddy current to

produce a mechanical force on the surface to excite ultrasonic vibrations. The same

configuration of coil and magnet also detects mechanical motion of the surface because

the motion of a conductor in a magnetic field produces currents that are detected and

measured by the near-by coil. One of the most useful properties of EMAT technology as

an inspection technique is its ability to generate the guided waves without having to

worry about coupling, due to the non-contact and couplant-free nature of EMAT

transducers. This ability enables EMAT technology to generate ultrasonic guided waves

and scan the transducers over the inspection area at the same time. Our company has

recently started to utilize our EMAT technology and developed a subsea pipeline

inspection system called Magna Subsea Inspection System™. This EMAT technology is

applied to the subsea pipelines for non-piggable pipelines, jumpers, risers and flow lines

on the ocean floor. We have inspected two of the world’s largest Pipelines using our

EMAT technology.

Gamma Transmission Detection for Deposition Studies - Jim Bramlet, Tracero

This paper will describe the use of on-line diagnostic technologies for pipeline inspection

that can be used to accurately measure the amount, location, and profile of any type of

deposits within pipelines using gamma transmission. This technique uses a small sealed

radioactive source and sensitive radiation detector positioned at adjacent sides of the

pipe. The measured signal intensity can be directly related to the amount of deposit in

the pipeline. Unsealed radioisotope tracing techniques are also used on a regular basis

to measure fluid velocity, flow rate, phase distribution, and deposit inventory. By

measuring the time interval between detector responses and knowledge of spacing the

mean linear velocity can be calculated. If full bore turbulent flow can be assumed then

the velocity can be converted to volumetric flow knowing the pipe internal diameter.

For this paper the focus will be on sealed source gamma transmission technology. The

application of gamma transmission for deposition studies can be summarized as follows:

Identify, locate and quantify pipeline materials such as waxes, scales, sand, sludge, and

hydrates, Assess total pipeline deposits as part of a cleaning program, Monitor pipeline

wax build-up over long time periods. This paper will illustrate how employing these

techniques in a remediation project will increase productivity, lower operational costs

and allow the optimization of downtime.

“Ultrasound Data Processing for Detection of Laminar Imperfections in Welded Pipes"

- Christophe Imbert, Olympus NDT

Oil & Gas well Drilling Tool Inspection - Mark Carte, Olympus NDT

This presentation includes the intricate details of inspection, dollar volume of this

inspection business, safety concerns and the cost associated with Drilling Tool failures.

The purpose of the presentation is to inform those who are concerned with the safety

and efficiency of Oil & Gas Well Drilling. Also it is intended for those who are interest in

expanding their inspection services in the Up Stream Petroleum Business Sector. It is the

presenters intention to provide valuable information for a full spectrum of attendees

including Owner Operators of Drilling Rigs, Oil & Gas Companies and Inspection Service

Providers. Included within the presentation is an all-encompassing information package

detailing the Drilling Tool Inspection Business.

Mechanical Integrity & Damage

Use of Facility RBI versus Direct Assessment- Justin Monroe, Chevron

Both risk-based inspection and direct assessment have been used throughout the oil

and gas industry for over a decade. Direct assessment was developed to identify areas

on a pipeline where there is greatest potential for either external (potential damage to

pipeline coating) or internal (probable areas where electrolyte can collect) corrosion by

the following 4-step process: Preassessment; Direct Assessment region identification;

Identification of locations for excavation and direct reexamination; Post assessment

evaluation and monitoring. Risk-based inspection (API documents RP 580 and RP 581) is

a process used predominately in upstream and downstream that evaluates both the

probability of failure along with the consequence of failure in order to identify the

following: Damage mechanisms; Inspection techniques; Corrosion monitoring location.

Both of these methods provide risk mitigation/minimization strategies based upon

decisions from non-destructive examination data at corrosion monitoring locations.

However, an issue has emerged over which methodology would be more appropriate to

identify areas to inspect at pipeline facilities. This presentation will identify similarities

and differences between these two processes in order to provide guidance for the

appropriate use of both processes for midstream operations.

MI Inspection During Capital Projects Promotes PSM Compliance, Corrosion rate

Accuracy & Improved Budgeting - Travis Keener

Putting off the initial inspection (i.e. baseline) of piping and vessels in a new process unit

is both common and problematic. The tendency is to rely on the nominal thickness

because the actual original thickness was either not measured or not recorded.

Consequently, significant errors in calculated corrosion rates may result from variations

of thickness allowed by mill tolerance standards during fabrication. Not having the

original thickness can mask potentially hazardous conditions, or cause concern where

none is really warranted. Involvement of the inspection department in a capital project

can significantly improve quality, reduce cost, and ensure compliance. The objectives of

this paper are to provide: 1) justification for inspection during capital projects; 2)

effective roles for inspection departments in capital projects; 3) justification for

performing vendor surveillance in capital projects; and 4) the technical advantages from

performing pre-service baseline inspections.

RBI for Decision Making & Infrastructure Assessment - Mike Manning, Kleinfelder

This abstract presents a risk based assessment program for infrastructure, and a

quantitative method of prioritizing resources required to inspect, document, analyze,

and plan asset repair. This topic is relevant because limited funds, workforce, and

management, demand sound quantitative methods of efficient and consistent data

collection, automated data analysis, automated risk prioritization, and automated RFP’s

to be used in forecasting, budgeting, and implementation. The objective of this abstract

and presentation is to illustrate a method of efficient information gathering and

automated decision making tools to: Assess Assets; Manage Risks; Reduce Costs, and

Schedules; Prioritize Resources; Reduce Contractors and Staff; Provide Consistent Data

Collection, Documented Quantifiable Decision Tools, Tools For Budgeting and Planning,

Easy To Use At-A-Glance Reports 56. Facilities are outliving their intended life. We all

face a difficult challenge of determining how to allocate funds and staff to manage risk.

Facilities are under heightened scrutiny to maintain integrity for safety, productivity,

and environment. Much of the infrastructure we rely on falls outside of mandatory

inspection and reporting but is critical to safe productivity. Electronic data capture via

tablets provides efficient and consistent data. Tablets programmed with well thought

out inspection inquiries leads to precise quantitative data collection no matter the

experience of the inspector. Predetermined risk parameters provide automated ranking

of priorities based on owner’s risk weighting. These automated rankings can be sorted

by risk, material, cost to repair, method of attachment, condition category, or

deficiency.(see attached samples for clarity) Easy to read rankings are highlighted in red,

orange, yellow, and green representing high risk to low risk. These user friendly reports

allow for quick and easy at-a-glance assessment and eliminate stalled forward progress.

The sample report is posted separately on sharepoint.

Asset Integrity Within Chevron - Phillip Delpero, Chevron

Over the past five years, Chevron Upstream has been working to develop the asset

integrity requirements and procedures that are part of the Surface Equipment Reliability

and Integrity Process (SERIP). The initial effort was on developing the overall Asset

Integrity Program and required management systems. Equipment specific requirements

were then developed covering the range of equipment types encountered in

Upstream. The last phase of the development effort is in progress and is focused on

development of some standardized methods to assure more consistent performance

across a diverse upstream workforce. Implementation of these requirements is now in

progress across upstream. Initial implementation is focused on establishing an overall

Asset Integrity Program and supporting management systems and implementation on

the primary layers of protection of fixed equipment and structures. This talk will discuss

the overall principles of the Chevron Upstream SERIP Asset Integrity requirements. The

talk will first focus on the programmatic aspects of the SERIP Asset Integrity

requirements, will expand to cover SERIP asset integrity requirements at the equipment

specific level, and then will wrap up some field learnings experience as Business Units

implement their asset integrity programs.

Speeding Up Your Inspections with Eddy Current Arrays - Dana Ives and Bobby

Kennedy, Mistras Group

Over the years, probe technology and data processing have advanced to the point

where Eddy Current Testing is recognized as being fast, simple, and accurate. The

technology is now widely used in the petrochemical, aerospace, automotive, and

power generation industries for the detection of surface or near-surface defects in

materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, copper, titanium, brass, Inconel®, and even

carbon steel (surface defects only). With the advancements in probe design and

multiplexing, Array Eddy Current drastically reduces inspection time and covers large

areas with a single pass. It also provides real-time cartography of the inspection area

which asset greatly in the data interpretation and improves reliability and probability of

detection (POD). A brief discussion will be presented regarding application array eddy

current for stress corrosion cracking (SCC), Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), and

permeability variations in duplex piping.

Reliability / Integrity Management Track:

Synergy Damage Behavior in Pipeline Steels - Prof. C Huai –Xiang

Type L390 steel is widely used in buried natural gas pipelines. During the installation and

operation of natural gas pipeline, peeling, cracking, broken, pinholes and other damages

often appear in the coating. In the case of mechanical damages of pipe or coating

failure, it will suffer high stress and corrosion of soil, and should lead to accidents of

leakage or explosion. In this paper, corrosion experiments of L390 samples at various

stress levels in NS4 solution were conducted. Furthermore, the corrosion behavior and

law of L390 samples at various stress levels were studied by means of corrosion

morphologies, weight losses and electrochemical techniques. The results showed that,

synergy damage of stress and corrosion was not only a sum of stress injury and

corrosion damage, but also an accelerated corrosion, that the synergy of the total

damage was greater than the amount of two kinds of damage. Finally, it was pointed

out that the results were useful for the prediction of initiation life of stress corrosion

cracking (SCC) of pipelines.

Coiled Tubing Assessment Tools for Manufacturing & In Service Inspection - Roderic

Stanley, itRobotics

Advances in 3D Measurement In RVI - Edward Hubben, GE Measurement and Control

Facility Inspection beyond DOT Regulations - Justin Monroe, Chevron

Downstream

Engineering/Analysis Track:

Morning Session:

Optimizing the Minimum Pressurization Temperature for Hydroprocessing Reactors–

R. Brown, Equity Engineering

Heavy wall low-alloy hydroprocessing reactors are designed to operate at high

temperature and high hydrogen partial pressures. This operating environment results in

two main factors that affect the specification of minimum pressurization temperature

(MPT); long-term temper embrittlement and embrittlement caused by the hydrogen

charging within the reactor pressure boundary. During startup and shutdown

conditions is when the vessels are most vulnerable to potential brittle fracture and

hence the need for controlled pressurization/de-pressurization and heating/cooling

rates. Along with establishing the minimum safe operating limits, the optimization of

start-up and shut-down of heavy-walled reactors (MPT envelope definition) has the

potential to save significant time and related cost per unit shut-down cycle, while

maintaining acceptable risk tolerance. Many companies are seeking to optimize their

procedures by using faster heating/cooling rates, allowing pressurization at lower

temperatures, and/or cooling with hydrogen instead of liquid nitrogen. Provided in this

paper is an overview of the objectives of MPT optimization and the critical factors

related to structural integrity that affect startup and shutdown duration. A

methodology to establish the MPT envelope will be provided and reviewed in

comparison to the current draft API 934-F recommended procedure. Considerations for

both aged reactors and modern 2-1/4Cr-1Mo and vanadium enhanced materials will be

reviewed.

Highlights of Recent Revisions/New Articles of ASME Std PCC-2, Repair of Pressure

Equipment and Piping – S. Roberts, Shell Global Solutions

The third edition of ASME PCC-2, the 2011 edition, has been issued and contains 28

articles describing a wide variety of techniques used to repair pressure equipment and

piping. The intent of the document is to provide recognized and generally accepted

good engineering practice in repairs. While it is not a code, the intention is that it be

referenced by post construction inspection codes, such as those issued by API and NBIC.

It includes repairs using welding, those using mechanical devices such as clamps, repairs

using non-metals such as composite wraps, and guidance on examination and testing.

This presentation provides an overview of the current edition of ASME PCC-2, as well as

potential future repair articles that are under development.

Case Studies – Cost Effective Improvements for the Reliability & Integrity of Fired

Heaters – Tim Hill and James Widrig, Quest Integrity

Fired heater reliability has been a critical economic determinate to today’s refinery

integrity management programs. Unreliable operation due to radiant or convection

tube failures of these non-spared assets can quickly lead to millions of dollars in lost

profits. These tubes are only one part of a complex furnace system and the

performance of other associated components can result in integrity issues as well. This

presentation outlines approaches to operate and maintain all fired furnaces within a

refinery using best practices that minimize risk, minimize the amount of maintenance

and inspection shutdown work and maximize performance. It describes how to monitor

performance and reliability of a fired heater and use this data to evaluate operating risk,

fitness-for-service and remaining life of critical components. Case study examples will

illustrate the integrity management process for real world fired heaters. Attendees will

take away best practices that may be used to manage the integrity of all critical assets at

their refinery.

Challenges in Remaining Life Assessment of Furnace Tubes - Antonio Seijas, Phillips66

Afternoon Session:

How to Conduct the Right Inspections for Effective FFS Analysis – M. Jafari & Steve

Wickerson, Mistras Group

Since 2001, API 579-1/ASME FFS-1, “Fitness For Service” (FFS) document has been

utilized by many professionals in the chemical and petroleum industry to mitigate the

risk of operating process equipment with possible anomalies. A FFS assessment is an

engineering analysis of equipment to determine whether it is fit for continued service.

The equipment may contain flaws, may not meet current design standards, or may be

subject to more severe operating conditions than the design conditions. The product of

an FFS assessment is a decision to safely operate the equipment as is, or to alter, repair,

monitor, or replace the equipment. The data required for a for a FFS assessment depend

on the flaw type or damage mechanism being evaluated. Data requirements may

include: original equipment design data, information pertaining to maintenance and

operational history, expected future service, and data specific to the FFS assessment

such as flaw size, state of stress in the component at the location of the flaw, and

material properties. Data requirements specific to a damage mechanism or flaw type

are covered in the Part containing the corresponding assessment procedures. However,

in compiling these data often inspectors do not pay enough attention to the detail of

what is required. Often the FFS engineer have to ask for more information which may

lead to re-inspection of the same equipment and create delay and more cost for the

evaluation. This paper presents the requirements for inspection as outlined by the API

579-1/ASME FFS-1 for various damage mechanisms and educates inspectors on

gathering the appropriate data for engineering assessments. This will help the FFS

engineer to perform the evaluations on a timely manner which ultimately reduces the

costs for owner/user organizations.

Case Study - Using Laser Scan Technology to Speed Up & Improve Inspection

Effectiveness for FFS Analysis– S. Bouse, Stress Engineering Services.

Recent advances have enabled the performance of FFS assessments of bulges,

distortions, corroded regions, and crack-like flaws in a much shorter time frame than

could previously have been achieved. These advances now permit preliminary Level 3

assessments of distortions to be performed within 3-4 days of initial request, and within

4-6 days for crack-like flaws. These times compare favorably against historically longer

time required for complex distortion and crack-like flaw analysis with prior

methods. Much of the improved analysis speed has been derived through the use of

laser scan technology and close coordination with service contractors (CIA, Meridian,

etc.). Coordinating our efforts with a laser scan contractor allows us to focus more

quickly on the assessment, and spend less time in data manipulation. The system and

procedures we use were developed to work with a wide variety of input data formats,

mitigating dependence on any one survey contractor to deliver these rapid results. This

presentation will discuss the timeline and methods of a recent case study, from start to

finish, culminating with the results. In our demonstration case, the workflow outlined in

this presentation began on a Tuesday afternoon, with internal laser scanning performed

Wednesday mid-day and preliminary results available to the client by Thursday

afternoon. The accelerated results achieved through this process enabled the operator

to avoid unnecessary repairs (and the delays that accompany such work).

Evaluation of Laminations and Flaws in Equipment in H2S Service – Brian Mecejko and

Ryan Jones, Equity Engineering?

Part 13 of API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 Fitness-For-Service (API-579) details the inspection

requirements and evaluation techniques for Assessment of Laminations. It is very

common for carbon steel manufactured prior to the 1950’s, 1960’s, and 1970’s to have

laminations and inclusions. Without destructive testing or a baseline ultrasonic

examination (UT) inspection, it is nearly impossible to decipher whether laminar

indications in plate material have been present since original construction or whether

they have been caused by hydrogen diffusion during operation. API-579 therefore

requires that multiple levels of relatively closely spaced laminations in a hydrogen

charging environment must be treated as Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) and

therefore evaluated using Part 7 Assessment of Hydrogen Blisters and Hydrogen

Damage Associated with HIC and SOHIC. The Part 7 procedures consider the potential

for failure due to loss of material strength as well as brittle fracture. Even if the damage

is concluded to be completely laminar without evidence of through-thickness directional

cracking or linkage between laminations, there is no guidance provided in the API-579

document to justify reduction of the conservative assumptions on material strength and

fracture toughness that are typically used to evaluate HIC (and SOHIC) damage.

Subsequently, many assets fail the Fitness-For-Service evaluation procedures. A recent

case history involving evaluation of laminated plate removed from a hydrogen charging

environment will be presented. The presentation will include results from field and

laboratory non-destructive examination (NDE) techniques as well as destructive material

testing.

New ASME Program for Training and Qualification of Bolted Flange Joint Assemblers –

C. Rodery, BP

A revised Appendix A of ASME PCC-1 has recently been approved and will be published

in the near future. This Appendix was developed in response to a need expressed by

some in the bolting services industry. It provides guidelines for establishing uniform

criteria for training and qualifying bolted joint assembly personnel. It also provides

guidelines for quality control of the program. This presentation will provide an overview

of the key highlights of the Appendix, including the various qualifications that are

available, the related experience requirements, the fundamental training areas

associated with each qualification, an examination overview, maintenance of

qualifications, and ongoing quality assurance of the program.

Inspection/NDE Track:

Morning Session 1:

In-Service Inspection of Stainless Steel Heat Exchanger Tube with Eddy Current Array

Probe- M. Grenier and J.R. Konerza, Eddify and J.R. Konerza, Sentinel Integrity

Eddy Current Testing (ECT) is a commonly used technique to inspect non ferromagnetic

heat exchanger and condenser tubing. The typical bobbin probe configuration has

proven to be efficient to detecting volumetric flaws such as pitting, fretting, erosion

and general corrosion. To some extent, it is even possible to perform sizing with this

probe / coil configuration as long as the calibration standard represents the damage

mechanism found in the tubes to be inspected. However, this probe design faces two

major limitations, the first limitation is when the defect mechanism is related to

cracking, especially along the circumferential axis of the tube, the second limitation is

the ability to determine circumferential extent for larger volume flaws. Motorized

Rotating Pancake Coil (MRPC) probes have been developed to overcome the limitation

of the circumferential cracking and to provide a high resolution mapping of the tube,

sensitive to all type of flaws in any orientation. However, this inspection technique

remains very slow and not appropriate to inspect the entire tube length. Eddy Current

Array (ECA) probes have been introduced with some success for Steam Generator

inspections, but these probes are very specialized and cost prohibitive outside the

scope of SG applications. Other specialized bobbin probes also labeled as array probes

integrate a dedicated coil assembly to detect the circumferential cracking are available,

but the sensitivity is generally not uniform around the circumference and the sizing

capability remains very limited. Another alternative to MRPC, SG Probes, and

specialized bobbin probe is to use Eddy Current Array (ECA) probes that utilizes channel

multiplexing. The ECA probe integrates several individual surface sensor coils into the

probe which are channel multiplexed to improve the resolution, the detection

capability and the sizing of defects while maintaining high speed inspection of the

entire length of the tube. This paper provides an overview of the operating principles

and the capabilities of a new configuration of ECA probe that combine a high resolution

array sensitive to circumferential defect and a regular bobbin probe. Laboratory and

field results are presented and compared to normal and specialized bobbin probe

response. The effect of the tube sheet and tube support plate on the signal quality and

defect detectability is also discussed.

Near Field Testing: New Developments and a Case Study - Tim Rush, Mistras Group

This paper addresses Near Field Testing (NFT), which was introduced in the Oil and Gas

industry approximately 10 years ago for the inspection of air cooler tubes (Fin Fans).

This technology has proven to be a cost saving alternative over other inspection

methods, such as IRIS and MFL (Magnetic Flux leakage). By illustrating examples of field

cases, data graphics, etc., the presentation will show the advancements of the

technology and how it has become a preferred tubing application for the detection of

internal corrosion, pitting, and inlet erosion.

Inspection of Insulated Components by Pulsed Eddy Current for CUI & High

Temperature Damage- Tom Burnett, Intertek/Apteck

Industry experience with the catastrophic failure of piping, feedwater heater shells,

high pressure feedwater lines, auxiliary steam systems and other miscellaneous piping

systems fortify the mandate to locate, inspect, and classify the degree of corrosion

under insulation, flow accelerated corrosion and other wall loss damage common to

these systems. Most inspections are typically a balance between intrusive offline and

non-intrusive, on-stream methodologies. Numerous current state-of-the-art inspection

methodologies are being applied in plants to measure wall thickness such as: ultrasonic

testing (UTTH), radiography (RT) and Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) for this purpose. Non-

intrusive, on-stream inspection of equipment in high temperature service because of

the presence of insulation is particularly challenging. Significant improvements have

been made to the PEC technologies for this purpose, as well as for additional

applications in industry. This presentation is meant to provide information on the

improvements and application of current technology for high temperature wall loss as

well as common problems and restrictions associated with methodologies.

Eddy Current Arrays as a Replacement of Traditional NDT Methods for Detection of

Surface Breaking Cracks - Tommy Bourgelas, Olympus NDT

Multiple Eddy Current Sensors placed in close proximity to form an "Array" provides

large surface area inspection rapidly. This technology provides a "C Scan Image" of the

area inspected therefore recording and documenting the inspection. Eddy Current

Arrays rely on magnetic field coupling, which provides fast inspection through coatings

such as paint. Rapid coverage, high sensitivity and probability of detection excels over

traditional NDT methods such as Penetrant and Magnetic Particle. This presentation

will detail the fundamentals of Eddy Current Testing, the latest Technology in Eddy

Current Array and exemplify applications through illustrations and photographs

Morning Session 2:

Active Corrosion Monitoring with AET – Successful Case Studies - Miguel A. González

Núñez, Jean-Claude Lenain, Alain Proust, Valery Godinez, Mistras Group

Short periodic in-service monitoring with a specialized Acoustic Emission (AE) system

started with CORPAC™ and now Pocket CORPAC™ and proprietary software, provides

early detection of “ACTIVE” corrosion in such industrial structures as process

equipment, vessels, tanks and piping, all whether carbon or stainless steel. The general

CORPAC™ technology has been developed in Europe over the past fifteen plus years

with MISTRAS Group (Euro-Physical Acoustics, French subsidiary) Rodhia, Solvay and

INSA Lyon starting with a European Seed Grant. For the past 20 years MISTRAS Group

has reported the successful in-service corrosion monitoring of above ground tanks

utilizing its proprietary TankPAC™ acoustic emission expert system technology package.

More than 10,000 tanks have been tested repeatedly worldwide and especially in

Europe. In practice the AE detection used for above ground storage tank inspection are

rarely suitable for in-service monitoring of active corrosion and frequencies 5 times

higher need to be used in process environments in order to avoid strong background

noises created by the processes. In-turn, one consequence of the use of higher

frequencies for active corrosion monitoring is that the distance at which AE sources can

be detected is limited to typically one meter distance from the sensor. The ability to

identify when corrosion is active is very useful and in many ways. For example,

CORPAC™ technology can be used to help corrosion control inhibitors to be added

when corrosion is detected to be active. Specifically, for a recent application where de

AE activity rate of 100,000 emissions per hour was reduced to less than 200 emissions

per hour when the customer added to the vessel inhibitors. The CORPAC™ “expert”

system checks background noise, runs the test for one hour duration, and advices the

operator if localized active corrosion (pitting or stress corrosion cracking) is present or

not. Where it is desired to monitor a larger area or many areas at the same time, multi-

channel AE systems are used to acquire the data and then the CORPAC™ “expert”

system is applied for analysis. Detection of corrosion by acoustic emission is not a new

phenomenon, the first papers being published in the early 80’s. However, years of

experience and continuing development have helped to make the use of the method

practical and in some cases even quantitative. Recognizing and eliminating noise is still

the main challenge due to the small size of the signals in the presence of potential

process noise. Modern instrumentation, pattern recognition and neural networks have

helped to develop the new “Pocket CORPAC™” system with enhanced capabilities and

easy to use by non-expert operators. Our presentation will include 5 – 6 field case

studies where we will show the technology’s effectiveness while pointing out any

pitfalls. Additionally, we will present successful statistics of its use for the past 15 years

or so.

Utilizing AE Monitoring for Damage Mechanisms in FCC Fractionator Tower to

Provide for On-going FFS Confirmation – Steven Garcia and Claudio Allevato, Stress

Engineering

This presentation will be about an FCC Fractionator tower, which was found to contain

several cracks on the ID, about 9 years ago. Most of them were removed by gringing

and weld overlay applied. At the bottom of the tower, several cracks were left due to

different reasons such as access, coatings, time constraints, etc. Management decided

to use AET to “monitor” the bottom two cans of the tower using a series of in-service

pressurizations to 110% of the tower’s previous pressure within last 12 months. This is

according to ASME Sec V, Article 12.This series of AET monitorings revealed mild

progression of previously known flaws, and allowed them to bring the tower to the

present T/A

A Review of Acoustic Emission Testing for Leak Detection in Aboveground Storage

Tanks - Ronnie K. Miller, Mistras Group

Acoustic Emission (AE) is commonly used to assess the condition of aboveground

storage tank (AST) bottoms without removing the tanks from service. This is attractive

to owners and operators as they are not required to empty or decontaminate the tank

in order to perform the AE test. The results of the test are used to prioritize tanks for

internal inspection based on the amount of active corrosion detected. This

presentation will focus on those situations where the AE data from active corrosion

does not warrant internal inspection but the presence, or suspected presence, of a leak

does.

AET Surveillance of a Nozzle Flaw in a Process Column - Glenn A. Aucoin, Stress

Engineering

This presentation will explain the application of AE as a method which provided an

operator the feedback required to safely continue operation of a vessel with a through

wall flaw. AE when used as a surveillance method can provide equipment owners

valuable feedback to make decisions on continuing operation of damaged equipment.

A vessel operator witnessed product leaking through the weep hole of a nozzle repad.

This vessel was operating at 750F in a continuous process and the next shut down

opportunity was not scheduled for another two years. The proximity of the flaw and

the surface temperature of the vessel precluded the application of conventional NDE

methods for characterizing the flaw. The owner required a method to ensure that this

flaw was not detrimental to the integrity of the vessel in its current state, and that the

severity of the flaw did not become significant during daily operations over a 2 year

period. Continuous monitoring of the nozzle using AE and an internet interface allowed

for continuous and immediate feedback when activity alarm conditions were met. The

location algorithm of the AE software established the source locations as well as

screening of external signals. User defined ratios of the AE hit features allowed

characterization of the source signals and allowed for concluding that the majority of

the AE activity was generated from mechanical signals as opposed to crack-like signals.

The intended audience of this presentation includes owners/operators/inspectors of

equipment which could experience cracking as a damage mechanism and who may

desire to continue operation of any equipment in a damaged condition.

Afternoon Session 1:

What You Should Know Before You Replace or Upgrade Your Inspection Information

Management System – Mark Bell, Shell Global Solutions (retired)

The foundation of any quality equipment integrity management system is the

inspection information management tool. To be effective, these tools must be

comprehensive, user-friendly and provide transparency of information. Not only must

these tools provide the functionality to store data, they must also: Accommodate

multiple forms of information analysis, interface with associated management systems,

such a maintenance management systems and operation unit process data systems,

RBI systems, etc. and provide clear reporting to all stakeholders with an interest in

integrity Management. This discussion will outline the necessary and desirable

components of an effective inspection information management system. It will

emphasize the need to keep the functionality of such tools effective and

uncomplicated.

The Importance of Quality Data in a Modern Day Inspection Department – Mark

Vining, Intertek AIM

The presentation will speak to the changes that are often faced by an inspection

department when dealing with internal/external auditors and regulatory bodies. The

document will attempt to explain the transition these departments are experiencing as

a result of traditional inspection methods not always proving capable of providing asset

integrity related data in an accurate, timely and organized manner. In addition, the

presentation will speak to the value of using properly designed, implemented,

populated and managed Inspection Data Management Systems (IDMS) to become

more proactive specific to damage prediction and mitigation. The presentation will

address the speaker’s proposed roles and responsibilities of IDMS caretakers ranging

from data clerks to department managers in the hope that the listeners will remain

engaged no matter what their current levels of involvement. Previous talks and

presentations regarding this subject have demonstrated that the proposed topic has

generated strong opinions and discussions related to how varying organizations

manage said data and their IDMS implementation techniques.

Implementation of a Corporate-Wide Mechanical Integrity Inspection Data Program

at Flint Hills Resources – Scott White, FHR and Vinay Nihalani, Meridium

Flint Hills Resources (FHR) embarked on a project to implement an Enterprise System

for its corporate Mechanical Integrity (MI) Program several years ago. After evaluating

different options, FHR selected an Asset Performance Management (APM) system

based on the following major considerations.

• The new system must support multiple sites and existing MI work process and help ensure statutory compliance for many types of federal, state, and local regulations.

• The new system must support tracking and closure of many different types of data elements for Inspection Tasks and Field Events, Inspection Recommendation, etc.

• The new system must integrate with an: – Existing plant CMMS providing integration of Maintenance and Inspection

Work Processes. – Existing API RBI Calculator software providing a direct connection between

Inspection Planning and Risk Calculation.

• The new enterprise system must eliminate “islands of information” that existed

among the FHR sites. • The new system must provide ease of use for end-users while providing the

necessary complexities for querying, reporting, alerting, and auditing required for extensive data management.

This presentation outlines the strategic approach adopted by FHR for our MI project

which extended well beyond just positioning the project as an IT Implementation.

Throughout the project, FHR has focused on all three elements needed for ensuring

success – Process, People, and Technology.

Process: MI processes and procedures have been standardized and Metrics as well as

other monitoring tools have been put in place to ensure that these processes and

procedures are followed consistently across all FHR sites.

People: In addition to training for our workforce, FHR has developed the tools,

monitoring controls and stewardship programs to promote the right culture needed to

keep the program sustainable.

Technology: Last but not the least, software tools are being implemented at FHR’s

sites to enable the MI Processes and empower users with the right tools, so they can

make the right decisions at the right time.

Corrosion Measurement Data - Getting the Most out of Your CMLs - Dave McFarland,

Shell Oil Company

Dave McFarland will explore rules of thumb to apply for collecting corrosion

measurement data. He will also address how to manage the data especially

measurement “outliers” and “growths.” Managing this data more effectively leads to

better quality data and subsequently technical decisions for the assets you manage.

Afternoon Session 2:

Three Dimensional Laser Scanning of Aboveground Storage Tanks - Idamarie Carden,

Petrochem Inspection Services

The application of Three Dimensional Laser Scanning of Tanks provides

Owner/Operators a great deal more information regarding their Tanks. This

presentation will discuss the information that can be obtained by deploying this

technology. This technology can provide detailed assessment of the shell of the tank

with regard for deformations. The information collected can provide an “as is” detailed

digital representation of any deformations present. The same assessment of the shell

can be applied to the bottom allowing a thorough assessment of Tank Shell and Bottom

Settlement allowing for the worst area of deflection to be identified based on the vast

number of elevations collected from the bottom. With the inspection map created of

the bottom, the entire affected area can be identified for the area and the profile of

the bottom to allow for a more accurate Finite Element Analysis of the area. Tank

Calibration is another area where the technology can be utilized. Utilizing this

technology for Tank Calibrations can ensure that volumes are derived utilizing the full

surface of the Tank Shell and Bottom to include all deformations are included in the

computations.

Advanced On-stream Inspection Topics for Atmospheric Storage Tank Bottoms - Joe

Krynicki, Exxonmobil

This presentation will address various aspects of tank bottom reliability and inspection

including: corrosion concerns, Risk Based Inspection considerations, and, on-stream

inspection technologies and challenges. Much of this presentation will focus on tank

bottom and critical zone corrosion concerns and the status of relevant on-stream

inspection technologies.

Small Tank Inspections per STI SP001 5th Edition- Dana Schmidt, Steel Tank Institute

The standard SP001, first issued in 2001, addresses tanks and containers not covered

by other industry standards for inspection. The 5th Edition of this Standard was issued

in September 2011. The standard includes requirements for tanks and containers from

55 gallons to 265,000 gallons and inspection guidelines for portable containers, single

and double wall tanks, horizontal, vertical and rectangular tanks. The audience will gain

a better understanding of the risk-based inspection criteria of SP001. Included in the

presentation will be a comparison of the 5th Edition of the Standard to previous

editions. Although I spoke on this subject at the last API Inspector Summit, this revised

edition was issued after the Summit and thus contains new information. The

presentation is intended for tank owners, tank inspectors and tank regulators.

Numerous photos help to express the applicability of the standard to many varied tank

installations.

Risk Based Inspection of Storage Tanks- Jesus Esquivel, CUASMEX Services

The presentation will discuss the elements in probability, consequence of failure and

Risk, as well as real applications describing the inspection planning and benefits for

quantitative RBI Storage Tanks. Also, provide a guide to use code requirements,

methods of analysis and best practices. Topic relevant to the industry. There are over

700,000 aboveground storage tanks in the U.S. with capacities ranging from 500 barrels

to over 500,000 barrels. Many of these tanks leaks requiring repair. Risk based

Inspection is the most important methodology to established damage mechanisms,

probability and consequence of failure and control the actual and future risk.

Materials/Corrosion Track:

Morning Session:

Minimizing CUI with Thermal Sprayed Aluminum Coatings - Howard Mitschke, Coatings

Consultant (previously w/Shell Global Solutions).

Although thermal spray aluminum (TSA) technology has been around for decades, its

use began to expand in the last 15 years. One of its primary uses is as a corrosion

protective coating under thermal insulation (CUI). In this presentation, a brief history of

its use and application methods are reviewed. What are the reasons for owners

specifying it more and more? What are the advantages and limitations of TSA? What

are some of the difficulties experienced in the field with applications? Finally, what

does the coating inspector look for to ensure optimum applications?

Maximizing the Service Life of Refractory Linings with the Right QA/QC – Chris Fowler,

ExxonMobil

In November of 2008, The American Petroleum Institute adopted API Standard 936 –

Refractory Installation Quality Control – Inspection and Testing Monolithic Refractory

Linings and Materials. This standard represents an industry consensus of the minimum

requirements for Quality Control and Quality Assurance for the installation of monolithic

refractory products, and provides guidance to establish quality control elements to

achieve defined requirements. The role of the API-936 practitioner in insuring

compliance with this standard is discussed. Future plans for API 936 include:

Continued expansion of program and certification to include multiple languages.

Incorporate content from API 560 and any other new standards which include refractory technology.

Development of an on-line recertification test to keep practitioners current with changing technology.

Defining experience expectations for entry, mid-career and senior refractory inspectors.

The Key to Getting the Maximum Service Life from Your Plant Coatings - Monica

Chauviere, Monicorr, Inc.

The oil and gas industry has been plagued for some 30 years with corrosion damage

caused by Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI). Most corrosion professionals understand

the phenomena. Water ingress into insulation systems is held for long periods against

the warm or hot steel by the relatively thick, water-absorbent insulation, causing

corrosion of unprotected carbon steel, or upon steel that was never coated with a

proper immersion-grade coating. Over the years since Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

became an “industry-famous” acronym, there have been many studies, articles and

research efforts directed at the improvement of coatings technology to help combat

that chronic and very expensive issue. There has been substantial progress made with

industrial coatings technology in the past 2 decades. The industry has gleaned much

benefit from field experience and laboratory R&D. There is still, however, one factor

that must be recognized as applicable to the real world. . . .and that is that there is no

such thing as a perfect shop- or field-applied industrial coating. In spite of state of the

art technology, providing excellent performance in the protection of steel in hot, wet

conditions, it must be recognized that there is no such thing as a “silver bullet” which

provides complete protection of all surfaces on all equipment. Coating application

conditions are not perfect and people are not perfect; yet it is people who are employed

to select and install CUI coatings in real world conditions. Thus, there is need to

recognize other factors that impact the risk of CUI. This presentation addresses

parameters and characteristics related to industrial insulation which are influential on

both the risk of CUI and the thermal functionality of the insulation. Both of these

factors have significant bearing on the cost to own and operate a facility.

Reliable Corrosion Rate Measuring Techniques – Sam Lordo, Nalco Energy Services

Division

Corrosion monitoring takes many forms in Industry, varying from absolute

measurements to inferred measurements. In addition new methods are being

developed to try and move closer to real time corrosion monitoring. This presentation

will look at some of the more commonly used methods used in Refinery settings by

chemical suppliers. Also discussed will be some of the newer methods that have been

developed and that begin to move corrosion monitoring to near real time. Data

collected by chemical suppliers has traditionally been used and evaluated by the

Process/Operations groups. However, this corrosion data accumulated by chemical

suppliers can be a vital part to quantifying and monitoring equipment condition

Afternoon Session:

Improving Your Failure Analysis Process to Prevent Future Failures - Steve Burkle,

Lloyd’s Registry

Failure analysis is an essential tool for mitigating repetitive mechanical, metallurgical,

and corrosion-related failures in process equipment in all segments of the Oil & Gas and

Petrochemical Industry. When the results of a failure analysis are combined with

inspection methods such as nondestructive examination, damage already present in

equipment can be proactively pinpointed and detected before breech of containment

occurs. Failures in welds, wrought products, and castings can be eliminated by

understanding the cause of failure and by applying effective methods of repair or by

changing the material composition. A failure analysis can only be effective if adequate

and accurate failure data is available, and if the physical sample of the failure is

removed, labeled, sectioned and processed correctly. This paper describes the failure

analysis process, including the specific types of design, process, and inspection data

needed to assess a failure, various methods used for failure analysis, and proper

specimen selection and sampling. Actual case studies will be presented.

Leaks in Duplex SS Tubes from Aggressive MIC – Art Jensen, Delaware City Refining

(PBF Energy)

The Delaware City Refinery has experienced severe Microbiologically Induced Corrosion

(MIC) in brackish river water cooling exchangers. The problem has resulted in through-

wall tube leaks, severe crevice corrosion to the tube sheets (gasket surfaces and tube

roll areas), and corrosion in the floating head (gasket surface through-wall leaks). The

affected metallurgy has been Duplex 2205 and 2507, which the refinery has been using

for this service since approximately 2006. This presentation will discuss what has been

learned through the investigation which has taken many paths. Factors to be discussed

include: MIC-resistant metallurgy (including the importance of PREN calculations for

varying alloy content in Duplex); river-water chemistry and composition changes over

years and seasons; water biocide treatment options and limitations; inspection methods

being used to detect pitting on the ID of the tubes; and repair methods that have been

tried to mitigate the corrosion and extend bundle life.

NASA Insulation Technology for Improving CUI Resistance – Monica Chauviere,

Monicorr, Inc. (previously ExxonMobil)

The oil and gas industry has been plagued for some 30 years with corrosion damage

caused by Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI). Most corrosion professionals understand

the phenomena. Water ingress into insulation systems is held for long periods against

the warm or hot steel by the relatively thick, water-absorbent insulation, causing

corrosion of unprotected carbon steel, or upon steel that was never coated with a

proper immersion-grade coating. Over the years since Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

became an “industry-famous” acronym, there have been many studies, articles and

research efforts directed at the improvement of coatings technology to help combat

that chronic and very expensive issue. There has been substantial progress made with

industrial coatings technology in the past 2 decades. The industry has gleaned much

benefit from field experience and laboratory R&D. There is still, however, one factor

that must be recognized as applicable to the real world. . . .and that is that there is no

such thing as a perfect shop- or field-applied industrial coating. In spite of state of the

art technology, providing excellent performance in the protection of steel in hot, wet

conditions, it must be recognized that there is no such thing as a “silver bullet” which

provides complete protection of all surfaces on all equipment. Coating application

conditions are not perfect and people are not perfect; yet it is people who are employed

to select and install CUI coatings in real world conditions. Thus, there is need to

recognize other factors that impact the risk of CUI. This presentation addresses

parameters and characteristics related to industrial insulation which are influential on

both the risk of CUI and the thermal functionality of the insulation. Both of these

factors have significant bearing on the cost to own and operate a facility.

Inspection of Injection Point Internal Hardware: quills, spargers, spray nozzles, etc. –

Kimberly Comeaux, Coffyville Resources (CVR) and Sam Lordo, Nalco

Injection systems are designed to modify a process stream, or to control

chemical/physical interactions of specific process streams. Typically we rely on

corrosion related injections for quenching, scrubbing, neutralizing/corrosion inhibition.

Since the flow rate of the injected fluid is just a small fraction of the mixed stream, we

typically overlook the injection hardware itself, and focus on the adjacent

piping. However, the designed mixing system must be functioning at its optimum in

order for it to do its job and provide the intended corrosion related duties. Therefore,

inspection of the injection hardware is essential to the proper performance. Common

configurations include simple tees, quills, spray nozzles and spargers to disperse the

injecting stream.

This presentation will focus on the inspection requirements of the injection hardware

including corrosion, erosion and fouling effects.

Industry Panel: HTHA (High Temperature Hydrogen Attack) – Moderator: Tim

Munsterman, Lloyd’s Registry. Panelist: Gerritt Buchheim, Consultant, Mike

Urzendowski, Valero, Brian Jack, Phillips66, David Wang, Shell, Jorge Hall, Shell Global

Solutions.