1AC Demo Debate

8/9/2019 1AC Demo Debate

1/20

Energy

Advantage 1 is Energy

Despite increased domestic production the US is still heavily oil dependentDlouhy 13 - covers energy policy, politics and other issues for The Houston Chronicle andother Hearst Newspapers from Washington, D.C. (ennifer, !"eport# $% oil growth havinglimited e&ect on energy security', uel i), *+-*-*,http#fuel/).com0log1+**+*report-americans-hunger-for-oil-ma2es-us-vulnera0le345W6%H7N5T8N 9 The $nited %tates may soon claim the throne as the world:s top crude and gas

producer, 0ut America’s dependence on oil leaves the nation at risk , according to a

glo0al energy security assessment issued ;onday. 6ccording to the analysis 0y "ou0ini5lo0al


2/20

Algae biofuel can solve the world’s energy demandsUSU 1 F $tah %tate $niversity (!$%$ researchers# 6lgae 0iofuel can help meet energydemand', @iomass ;agaAine, G-?-*, http#0iomassmagaAine.comarticles*+*usu-researchers-algae-0iofuel-can-help-meet-energy-demand345;icroalgae-0ased 0iofuel not only has the potential to uench a siAa0le chun2 of the world:s

energy demands, say $tah %tate $niversity researchers, it’s a potential game!changer .

!That:s 0ecause microalgae produces much higher yields of fuel-producing 0iomass than othersources of alternative fuels and it doesn:t compete with food crops ,' says e& ;oody, whocompleted a master:s degree in mechanical engineering from $%$ in ;ay. With $%$ facultymentors Chris ;c5inty and ason Iuinn, ;oody pu0lished /ndings from an unprecedented worldwidemicroalgae productivity assessment in the ;ay 1G, online


3/20

(13 petro-aggression, where0y oil insulates aggressive leaders such as %addam Hussein or 6yatollah"uhollah 4homeini from domestic opposition, and therefore ma2es them more willing to engagein ris2y foreign policy adventurism M (3 the e)ternaliAation of civil wars in oil-producing states(petrostates3M (3 /nancing for insurgencies9for instance, 7ran funneling oil money to HeA0ollah M(?3 con>icts triggered 0y the prospect of oil-mar2et domination, such as the $nited %tatesQwar with 7ra over 4uwait in **M (G3 clashes over control of oil transit routes, such as

shipping lanes and pipelines M (O3 oil-related grievances, where0y the presence of foreignwor2ers in petrostates helps e)tremist groups such as al-Iaida recruit localsM and (L3 oil-related o0stacles to multilateral cooperation, such as when an importerQs attempt to curry

favor with a petrostate prevents multilateral cooperation on security issues. ,hese

mechanisms can contribute to con*ict individually or in combination' The lin2ages

0etween oil and international con>ict are growing increasingly important in light of threetransitions under way in glo0al energy mar2ets. The /rst is the shift in patterns of glo0al oilproduction away from traditional suppliers in the ;iddle ict lin2ages . Third, the relative decline of $.%. hegemony may reduce theprovision of pu0lic goods such as security of shipping lanes and pipelines. 6lthough these transitions alter some ofthe ways in which the oil industry contri0utes to international con>ict, none eliminates lin2ages 0etween the two orallows the $nited %tates to disengage from glo0al mar2ets. TH< "8B< 8 "6C47N5 $nderstanding the eightmechanisms lin2ing oil to international security can help policyma2ers thin2 0eyond the much-discussed goal ofenergy security, de/ned as relia0le access to a&orda0le fuel supplies. 6chieving such an understanding is important

in light of recent changes in the $nited %tates. 6s hydraulic fracturing9frac2ing9of shale oil and gasaccelerates, energy imports are proJected to decline, and North 6merica could even achieve

energy independence, in the sense of low or Aero net overall energy imports, in the ne)t decade. -et the

United States will continue to import large volumes of oil" and the world price of

oil will continue to a.ect it . ;oreover, so long as the rest of the world remains

dependent on global oil markets " the fracking revolution will do little to reduce

many oil!related threats to international security . The emergence of aggressive,

revolutionary leaders in petrostates would li2ely continue to pose threats to regionalsecurity. etrostates will continue to 0e wea2ly institutionaliAed and thus su0Ject to civilwars, creating the 2ind of security pro0lems that demand responses 0y the internationalcommunity, as occurred in Bi0ya in 1+**. etro-/nanced insurgent groups such as HeA0ollah will persist, as willthreats to the shipping lanes and oil transit routes that supply important $.%. allies, such as apan. 7n sum, energyautar2y is not the answer. %elf-su=ciency will 0ring economic 0ene/ts to the $nited %tates, 0ut few gains fornational security. %o long as the oil mar2et remains glo0ally integrated, national oil imports matter far less than

total consumption. "ather than viewing energy self-su=ciency as a panacea, the $ nited % tates shouldcontri0ute to international security 0y ma2ing long-term investments in research anddevelopment to reduce oil consumption and provide alternative fuel sources in thetransportation sector. 7n addition to the economic and environmental 0ene/ts of reducing oilconsumption, su0stantial evidence e)ists that military and security 0ene/ts will accrue fromsuch investments.

Algae biofuel foster US independence from oilSaleh 11 F 5eorgetown $niversity (%ameh, !6lgae @iodiesel# 6 %hift to 5reen 8ilR', TTH0log,**-*O-**, http#tripleheli)0log.com1+****algae-0iodiesel-a-shift-to-green-oil345

Energy is one of the few commodities that can single!handedly cause economies

to crumble" instigate resource wars" and cripple the fragile balance of the

world’s ecosystem all at once . The sym0iotic relationship 0etween consumers and current energyresources can only 0e sustained as a function of mutual 0ene/t. When the consumer depletes the availa0le


4/20

resources without regards for sustaina0ility, diminution of resources gradually intensi/es to what is now 2nown as

the energy crisis. or years, sustaina0ility e)perts and energy engineers have 0een warning thegeneral pu0lic of the !energy crisis,' 0ut only recently have heads started to turn. Now, thetopic of energy is at the forefront of the national agenda and a glo0al point of contention andreform. or simplicity, it is helpful to put the crisis in a more tangi0le chec2list of causes and indicators. ossilfuels lead to alarming economic, social, and environmental pro0lems. Whether one supportsthe science 0ehind glo0al warming or not, the implications of limited fossil fuel resources forour environment are undenia0le. 7n 1++O The %cience Daily pointed out that the last ** years were ** ofthe * hottest years in recorded history worldwide*. N6%6 noted earlier this year that the /rst half of1+*+ has 0een the warmest in the ** years that N6%6 has 0een ta2ing such statistics1. oodproduction has mar2edly declined in the southern hemisphere, the polar ice caps are melting, the sea levels are

rising, high-intensity storms freuencies have increased, and the coral reefs are 0eing 0leached. @ut 0eyond thecontroversy of glo0al warming, lies the visi0le pro0lem of pollution and physical erosion ofthe environment. or e)ample, the 0urning of coal, which produces environmentally to)icacid rain, and the transportation of oil ris2s spills threaten human health and the

environment. /ailing to take collective action against the widespread use of fossil

fuels has hurts America’s soft power to in*uence global changes . %uch lac2 of

development of soft power can 0e traced to the economic and geopolitical 0asis of theenergy crisis. 6s of 1+*+, the $nited %tates still depend on foreign countries for a0out +S of its fossil fuels.

This oil dependence has made the $. %. vulnera0le to supply cut-o&s at any time F similar tothe oil em0argo of *O. "eliance on foreign oil also widens the growing $.%. trade de/cit ,which accounts for the low /nancial value of e)ports versus imports that threatens the $.%.economic infrastructure. These two deterrents in a world of competition are resulting in a dramatic shift ofwealth from Western countries to the developing world. erhaps, "o0ert


5/20

impressive strides to overcome the o0stacles that face the implementation of algae 0iodiesel. The Defense6dvanced "esearch roJects 6gency has already e)tracted oil from algal ponds at a cost of E1 per gallon and is nowon trac2 to 0egin large-scale re/ning of the fuel for a cost of less than E a gallon. Currently, the top eight /rms inthe $.%. that are wor2ing with algae have attracted over E?+ million in capital over the past three years, and all of

them have aggressive commercialiAation dates for their technologies within the ne)t three yearsL. The strides in/naliAing algae 0iofuel so far have 0een promising, 0ut relatively gradual. Thus,

maimi0ation of algae fuel’s potential depends on incentives from the federal

government and ultimately on support from its constituents.

$il price shocks destroy the economy2ope 13 - former e)ecutive director of the %ierra Clu0, now senior adviser to %ecuring6mericaQs


6/20

Economic decline causes war ) studies prove7oyal 819(edediah, Director of Cooperative Threat "eduction at the $.%. Department of Defense,1+*+,


7/20

http#0iofriendly.com0logemissionsJet-engine-0iofuel-passes-test-with->ying-colors3458n 6pril 1?th, 1+*, N6%6 researchers found that a commercial Jet could safely >y with Jet fuel that also contained plant oil. 7n fact, it was reported that a 0iofuel mi) created fromcamelina plant oil did not a&ect a DC-L aircraft:s engine performance as high as ,+++feet. 6dditionally, it was reported that the 0iofuel mi) produced +S fewer emissions

than traditional aviation fuel under certain circumstances, which is e)cellent newsfor the environment. The Test lights The test >ights (that too2 place near ight. While the emission reductions were shown to0e +S, it is 0elieved that the reduction would 0e even greater if Jets could runentirely on 0iofuel. However, in order to move away from the ?+-?+ 0lend, a Jet would have to 0e altered.What 7s Camelina 8ilR Camelina is an oilseed crop native to northeastern ight tests on other 0iofuels, such as algae.

=ASA is interested in using algae to create aviation biofuels in particular

because of the fact that it does not need fresh water to grow ' $nfortunately,

researchers are limited 0ecause of continuous development of commercial applications and technologies. Withthe uncertainty of oil prices, renewa0le 0iofuels will decrease the dependency onforeign oils. 6t the same time, 0iofuels will reduce car0on emissions and have a 0etter

impact on the environment. =ot only do researchers hope to fuel &ets" but the

=avy is hoping to have green aircraft and ships as early as :91; . 7t should also0e noted that while there were small di&erences in emissions during >ight, other research has shown that

0iofuels can have an even greater environment impact while Jets are grounded.

%ince idling airplanes at 0usy airports greatly a&ect the air uality, using 0iofuelscan reduce the damage done to the environment. However, more information a0out the researchwill li2ely 0e made availa0le to the pu0lic, aviation industry, and - X5eneral of $.%. ;arine Corps and Commandant of the;arine Corps, XX6dmiral of $.%. Navy and Chief of Naval 8perations, XXX6dmiral of $.%. Coast 5uard and Commandant of the Coast5uard (Xames Conway, XX5ary "oughead, XXXThad 6llen, 6 Cooperative %trategy for 1*st Century %eapower, Department of theNavy, $nited %tates ;arine Corps, $nited %tates Coast 5uard, http#www.navy.milmaritime;aritime%trategy.pdf3

This strategy rea=rms the use of seapower to in>uence actions and activities at sea and ashore. The e)peditionarycharacter and versatility of maritime forces provide the $.%. the asymmetric advantage of enlarging or contractingits military footprint in areas where access is denied or limited. ermanent or prolonged 0asing of our military forces

overseas often has unintended economic, social or political repercussions. The sea is a vast maneuverspace, where the presence of maritime forces can 0e adJusted as conditions dictateto ena0le >e)i0le approaches to escalation, de-escalation and deterrence ofcon>icts. The speed, >e)i0ility, agility and scala0ility of maritime forces provideGO?? Joint or com0ined force commanders a range of options for responding tocrises. 6dditionally, integrated maritime operations, either within formal all iance structures(such as the North 6tlantic Treaty 8rganiAation3 or more informal arrangements (such as the 5lo0al ;aritime


8/20

artnership initiative3, send powerful messages to would-0e aggressors that we will actwith others to ensure collective security and prosperity. $nited %tates seapower will0e glo0ally postured to secure our homeland and citiAens from direct attac2 and toadvance our interests around the world. 6s our security and prosperity areine)trica0ly lin2ed with those of others, $.%. maritime forces will 0e deployed toprotect and sustain the peaceful glo0al system comprised of interdependent

networ2s of trade, /nance, information, law, people and governance. We will employ theglo0al reach, persistent presence, and operational >e)i0ility inherent in $.%. seapower to accomplish si) 2ey tas2s,

or strategic imperatives. Where tensions are high or where we wish to demonstrate to ourfriends and allies our commitment to security and sta0ility, $.%. maritime forces will0e characteriAed 0y regionally concentrated, forward-deployed tas2 forces with thecom0at power to limit regional con>ict, deter maJor power war , and shoulddeterrence fail, win our Nation:s wars as part of a Joint or com0ined campaign. 7naddition, persistent, mission-tailored maritime forces will 0e glo0ally distri0uted in order tocontri0ute to homeland defense-in-depth, foster and sustain cooperativerelationships with an e)panding set of international partners, and prevent ormitigate disruptions and crises. Credi0le com0at power will 0e continuouslypostured in the Western aci/c and the 6ra0ian 5ulf7ndian 8cean to protect our

vital interests, assure our friends and allies of our continuing commitment toregional security, and deter and dissuade potential adversaries and peercompetitors. This com0at power can 0e selectively and rapidly repositioned to meet contingencies that mayarise elsewhere. These forces will 0e siAed and postured to ful/ll the following strategic imperatives# Bimitregional con>ict with forward deployed, decisive maritime power. Today regional con>icthas rami/cations far 0eyond the area of con>ict. Humanitarian crises, violence spreading across0orders, pandemics, and the interruption of vital resources are all possi0le whenregional crises erupt. While this strategy advocates a wide dispersal of networ2edmaritime forces, we cannot 0e everywhere, and we cannot act to mitigate allregional con>ict. Where con>ict threatens the glo0al system and our nationalinterests, maritime forces will 0e ready to respond alongside other elements ofnational and multi-national power, to give political leaders a range of options for

deterrence, escalation and de-escalation. ;aritime forces that are persistentlypresent and com0at-ready provide the Nation:s primary forci0le entry option in an era of declining access,even as they provide the means for this Nation to respond uic2ly to other crises.Whether over the horiAon or powerfully arrayed in plain sight, maritime forces candeter the am0itions of regional aggressors, assure friends and allies, gain andmaintain access, and protect our citiAens while wor2 ing to sustain the glo0al order.Critical to this notion is the maintenance of a powerful >eet9ships, aircraft, ;arine forces, and shore-0ased >eetactivities9capa0le of selectively controlling the seas, proJecting power ashore, and protecting friendly forces and

civilian populations from attac2.Deter maJor power war. No other disruption is as potentiallydisastrous to glo0al sta0ility as war among maJor powers. ;aintenance ande)tension of this Nation:s comparative seapower advantage is a 2ey component ofdeterring maJor power war . While war with another great power stri2es many as

impro0a0le, the near-certainty of its ruinous e&ects demands that it 0e activelydeterred using all elements of national power. The e)peditionary character ofmaritime forces9our lethality, glo0al reach, speed, endurance, a0ility to overcome0arriers to access, and operational agility9provide the Joint commander with arange of deterrent options. We will pursue an approach to deterrence that includes acredi0le and scala0le a0ility to retaliate against aggressors conventionally,unconventionally, and with nuclear forces.


9/20

US primacy prevents global con*ict ) diminishing powercreates a vacuum that causes transition wars in multipleplaces4rooks et al 13 Y%tephen 5. @roo2s is 6ssociate rofessor of 5overnment atDartmouth College.5. ohn 72en0erry is the 6l0ert 5. ;il0an2 rofessor of olitics

and 7nternational 6&airs at rinceton $niversity in the Department of olitics andthe Woodrow Wilson %chool of u0lic and 7nternational 6&airs. He is also a 5lo0al


10/20

thatthe withdrawal of the 6merican paci/er willyield either a competitive regional multipolarity complete with associated insecurity,a rms racing, crisis insta0ility, nuclear proliferation, and the li2e, or 0ids for regional hegemony, whichmay 0e 0eyond the capacity of local great powers to contain (and which in any case would generate intenselycompetitive 0ehavior, possi0ly including regional great power war3.


11/20

?arming

Advantage : is ?arming

?arming is real" anthropogenic" and caused by fossil fuels?altham ;@:5, Dr. David Waltham is a teacher and researcher in ection data, at 4ingsCollege Bondon. (!Three reasons why climate change is real, and humans are causing italeoclimatology can answer the uestion of anthropogenic climate change 0y using fossilsto show lin2s 0etween glo0al temperatures and C81 levels',http#www.theguardian.comcommentisfree1+*Jun1?three-reasons-climate-change-real-and-humans-cause-it, G1?1+*3 4erwinDire warnings of imminent human-induced climate disaster are constantly in the news 0utpredictions of the end of the world have 0een made throughout history and have never yet come

true.


12/20

increased car0on dio)ide levels change our climateR The ConversationThe fact that political andtechnical pro0lems are massively more comple) than anything in climatology is not a reason to stic2 our heads inthe sand. Widespread agreement that man-made glo0al warming is highly li2ely would 0e progress.

?arming is on a temporary slowdown but it’s still inevitable and catastrophic inthe status #uo ) sharp mitigation is key to solve,he Economist @@:91" BC?ho pressed the pause button("

http#www.economist.comnewsscience-and-technology1*?LG*+-slowdown-rising-temperatures-over-past-*?-years-goes-0eing F " @@hss!7GH@


13/20

from Chinese coal-/red power plants, in particular, has 0een rising. Kolcanoes do the samething , so increased volcanic activity tends to reduce temperatures. 5avin %chmidt and twocolleagues at N6%6:s 5oddard 7nstitute uantify the e&ects of these trends in Nature

5eoscience . They argue that climate models underplay the delayed and su0dued solar

cycle. They thin2 the models do not fully account for the e.ects of pollution

(speci/cally, nitrate pollution and indirect e&ects li2e interactions 0etween aerosols andclouds3. 6nd they claim that the impact of volcanic activity since 1+++ has 0een greater thanpreviously thought. 6dJusting for all this, they /nd that the di&erence 0etween actual

temperature readings and computer-generated ones largely disappears. The implication is

that the solar cycle and aerosols e)plain much of the pause. @lowing hot and cold There is,

however, another type of e)planation. Iuch of the incoming heat is absorbed by

oceans , especially the largest, the aci/c. %everal new studies lin2 the pause with changes

in the aci/c and in the trade winds that in>uence the circulation of water within it. Tradewinds 0low east-west at tropical latitudes. 7n so doing they push warm surface water towards6sia and draw cooler, deep water to the surface in the central and eastern aci/c, which

chills the atmosphere . Water movement at the surface also speeds up a giant churn in the

ocean. This pulls some warm water downwards, seuestering heat at greater depth. 7n a

study pu0lished in Nature in 1+*, \u 4osa2a and %hang-ing Vie of the %cripps 7nstitution

of 8ceanography, in %an Diego, argued that much of the di&erence 0etween climate

models and actual temperatures could 0e accounted for 0y cooling in the eastern aci/c.


14/20

the face of it, if some heat is 0eing suc2ed into the deep ocean, the process could simply

carry on# the ocean has a huge capacity to a0sor0 heat as long as the pump sending it to

the 0ottom remains in wor2ing order. @ut that is not all there is to it. 5ravity wants the

western-aci/c water wall to slosh 0ac2M it is held in place only 0y e)ceptionally strong trade

winds. Jf those winds slacken" temperatures will start to rise again' ,he solar

cycle is already turning' And aerosol cooling is likely to be reined in by +hina’s

anti!pollution laws' Iost of the circumstances that have put the planet’s

temperature rise on Cpause( look temporary ' Kike the ,erminator" global

warming will be back'

,ransition to algae mitigates warming ) reduces fossil fuel consumption and feedson carbon dioide$wens 1 F degree in chemical engineering with an environmental focus from $niversity of%outhern California (;elissa, !The ower of ond %cum# 6lgae @iofuels', 7llumin, O-**-*,http#illumin.usc.eduprinter1the-power-of-pond-scum-algae-0iofuels345Why 5oo is 5reat - 6lgae as an 6ttractive 6lternative 80viously, algae fuel competes with many otherrenewa0le 0iofuel energy sources such as ethanol fuel and 0iomass. %o what distinguishesalgae fuel as a superior optionR Bi2e other 0iofuel options, a reliance on algae fuel will reduce the$nited %tatesQ dependence on foreign oil. 6n inconsistent supply of oil could lead to wild price>uctuations, soaring especially in the summer months. 6lternative fuels, such as algae , produceddomestically are more secure and su0Ject to fewer transportation costs, allow ing the price to0e more sta0le . 6lgae have a few other uniue features that can give it an advantage over other 0iofuels. ;ostnota0le are the alga:s siAe and its a0ility to proliferate. ;arine algae are the most e=cient organisms onearth for a0sor0ing light energy, yielding ? to *+ times more 0ioenergy molecules per area per time than any other

plant source Y?Z. 5enerally, up to half of an alga:s 0ody weight is oil , meaning algae have veryhigh yields. Theoretically, algae would produce *+,+++ gallons of oil per acre per year, whilesoy, canola, and palm oils produce ?+, *?+, and G?+ gallons per acre per year, respectively Y*Z. 6lso, algae:s reproductive capa0ilities are unparalleledM algae can dou0le in weight several times per day,

according to the $% Department of


15/20


16/20

harms assets that facilitate adaptation, including infrastructure, institutions, naturalresources, social capital, and livelihood opportunities.*G


17/20

Solvency

,he United States federal government should substantially increase its $.shoreIembrane Enclosures for


18/20

6ctivities such as water supply, water treatment, waste disposal and other activities can signi/cantly increase thearea reuired for cultivation and reduce the e&ective production rates.

Jnvestments in the $.shore Iembrane Enclosures for


19/20

applied ' Technologies li2e 8;


20/20

Documents

1AC Demo Debate