1973 In aftermath of war with Israel, Arabmembers of Organization of PetroleumExporting Countries (OPEC) raise oilprices

Nov-Dec 1979 Saudis put down uprising inGrand Mosque in Mecca

Promotion of Wahhabi Islam at homeand abroad

Dec 1979 Soviets invade Afghanistan. Opposedby mujahidin

1977 Military coup brings political IslamistZia ul-Haq to power in Pakistan. BeginsIslamisation programme

Hanafi (Sunni) legal code

(Nominally) Deobandi madrasas

Support from Saudi for madrasas

Anwar al-Sadat (r. 1970-81)

Sep 1978 Camp David Accords. Peace betweenEgypt and Israel, with agreementsconcerning Palestinians

Oct 1981 Sadat assassinated by jihadis

Menachem Begin (d. 1992), Jimmy Carterand Anwar al-Sadat (d. 1981)

1986 Ayman al-Zawahiri, after time inEgyptian jail, moves to Afghan border

1989 Soviets leave Afghanistan. Al-Zawahirimoves to Sudan, directs attacks againstEgyptian interests

1982 Israelis invade southern Lebanon.Formation of Hizb Allah (“Party of God”,Twelver Shi‘ite) with Iranian support

Mappilas

2000 Israelis withdraw from S. Lebanon

2005 Hizb Allah enters Lebanese government

1987 Intifada in Gaza Strip and West Bank.Formation of Hamas (“zeal”, Harakatal-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, Sunni)

1993 Oslo Accords, rejected by Hamas

2006 Hamas wins Palestinian Authorityelections

1989 Soviets evacuate Afghanistan. Civil warfollows

1994 Taliban (“students”) respond to calls forrestoration of order in Afghanistan

1996 Taliban establish Islamic state inAfghanistan

1979 ‘Abd Allah ‘Azzam (1941-89) movesto Pakistan, sets up centre for supportingmujahidin

Globalising jihad

Insistence on universal participation inmilitary jihad

Glorifying martyrdom

Usama ibn Ladin (Osama bin Laden,1957-2011)

Born in Riyadh into very wealthy family

Influenced by ‘Azzam at university

1980 OBL joins ‘Azzam in Pakistan

1986 OBL meets al-Zawahiri

c. 1988 OBL founds al-Qa‘ida (al-Qaeda,“the Base”)

1990 Saddam Husayn of Iraq (r. 1979-2003)invades Kuwait. King Fahd of Saudi(r. 1982-2005) rebuffs OBL in favour ofAmerican aid. OBL is eventually exiled

1992-96 OBL spends time in Sudan

1996 OBL moves to Afghanistan

1998 OBL persuades al-Zawahiri to joinal-Qa‘ida

Bombing of American embassies inTanzania and Kenya

2000 Bombing of USS Cole

9/11 as culmination of attacks on “far enemy”

“Martyrdom operation”

May 2011 OBL killed by US Special Forces.Al-Zawahiri takes over al-Qa‘ida