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Working Fire Training / Copyright

TRAINING

Ropes & Rigging Techniques, Pt. II Goals of Training Ropes & Hardware Requ

irements Haul !stems "ine Transfer #s.

Third$%an Picoff afet! "ine Philosoph! Patient Pacaging

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/$0 Training %aterials/$0 Training %aterials+lic an!where to #iew show in its entiret!+lic an!where to #iew show in its entiret!

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Ropes & Rigging Techniques, Pt. IIRopes & Rigging Techniques, Pt. II

Learning or refamiliarizing members with

basic rope techniques

Understanding how these techniques will workin real scenarios.

Emphasis on conducting rope rescues in asafe manner.

Goals of Training

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Always use static rope, not dynamic.

Rappelers and cliff climbers like dynamic rope becauseit has moregive; rescuers dont need that.

Static rope used is a two-person load rope; 9,000 lb.Capacity.

Static rope has a low spin tendency; important forworking with a Stokes.

Core carries 80% of the weight; the sheath carries20%.

Rope & Hardware Requirements

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Always use static rope, not dynamic (cont.).Use training rope with a safety.

Dont step on rope or smoke near it

(to avoid burning it).

Pad edges to avoid friction.

Rope & Hardware Requirements (cont.)

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Carabiners: Dos and Donts

Make sure the gate is locked; don't drop them.

Load carabiners in-line; don't let them turn

sideways.


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Rappel Rack & Figure 8

Use a Rack with aLine Transfer or Third-ManPickoff.

Add and subtract friction with more control(depending on how many bars are used).


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Gibbs & Rescue Ascenders

Used a lot in haul systems; Z-rigs, 3:1, 4:1, etc.

Shock loading the rope with these devices will damage therope because they dig in.will damage the rope because

they dig in.


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Pulleys

Used for mechanical advantage

Size of rope to use with a pulley is determined byrope diameter; specifically, four times the ropediameter.half-inch rope demands a minimum 2" diameter pulley; you

can go bigger but never smaller.

Smaller-diameter pulleys will crush the rope byoverbending it.


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HarnessesRated for one person; all other devices are rated for

two persons.Important to remember in Line Transfer or Third-ManPickoff maneuvers:Dont clip victim to your harness!Hook them to the haul system!

Class of HarnessClass II is basically just a seat harness (used in ConfinedSpaceevolutions)

Class III is a chest-and-seat harness.


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Prusik Wraps:

Single:Used around our main line or a working line; great for

unloading your own system, like a rappel system.

Wrap them carefully so they dont overlap or they wontwork.

Use it to make a foot loop for you to stand on.

Haul !stems

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Prusik Wraps:

Tandem Triple-Wrap Prusik:Use a long and a short Prusik cord

Can replace mechanical grab devices like a gibbs, rescueascenders, etc.

Use if short of hardware. Great for making a safety to a

haul system; when they stretch out, they lock off.

Haul !stems 1cont.2

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Anchors:

Must be bomb-proofKeep in-line with rescuer if possible; avoid slack and loadshock.

Steel beams and concrete abutments are excellentbecause they're anchored top and bottom. A handrailing

probably isn't.

Trees: Can be goodConsider the size and root system; a 2" sapling won't work!

Make sure it's alive.

Haul !stems 1cont.2

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Anchors:

Boulders:They must be huge and embedded in the ground.

Vehicles: ExcellentBe sure and remove the keys; chock it down in necessary.

Equipment:Useful if very heavy and immovable

Haul !stems 1cont.2

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Anchors:Picket System

Steel pickets planted in a row

System will lose efficiency as it grows:Single picket: 700 lbs.1:1 : = 1400

1:1:1 = 18003:2:1 System; different ways of rigging it

Stud work: Use in a bind, but back it up withsomething else

Haul !stems 1cont.2

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Ladder Gin:

Use when you can only rig one side in a scenario

(as opposed to an A- Frame where you have twosides)

You can use a single or straight ladder, extensionladder, etc.

High-point anchor: Remember the angle must beless than 90 degrees!

Haul !stems 1cont.2

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Ladder Gin:Use it to rig a:

2:1 system for liftinga static line for rapellinga dynamic line with an offset mechanical system to haul aStokes, etc.

Don't pull off-axis when using a Ladder Gin; it's not

an A-frame; it relies on a straight-down load to keepit steady.

Add a third line for stability if you have the room andsecure the bottom of the ladder.

Haul !stems 1cont.2

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A-Frame:

Useful for trench rescue

Laterally sturdy as well as vertically sturdy when yourig the guy lines

Takes a high-point anchor for a mechanicaladvantage system

Use the A-Frame when two sides are available forrigging; otherwise, use the Ladder Gin.

Haul !stems 1cont.2

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Mechanical Advantage (MA)3:1 and 4:1 are most useful; easy to rig

Increase MA if more lift is needed or you're short onmanpower.

There are disadvantages to using exceedingly largeMAs, such as 12:1 or 15:1:

You use an awful lot of ropeYou lose sensitivity and can't feel what's happening to therope: snagging, etc.

You can exceed the rope weighting and overloadsuch a system

Haul !stems 1cont.2

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Line Transfer

moving a dead weight(ex: unconscious person) from another haul systemto the haul system of the rescuer systemUse no less than six bars on your rack!

Third-Man Pickoff

rigging a harness on a trapped person and movingperson to haul system of rescuer

Line Transfer vs. Third-Man Pickoff

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It's becoming evident that safety lines are notessentially necessary on rescues. If we use

rated equipment that's in good shape and usegood technique, we can skip the safety.

However, if there's time and manpower to rigone, go ahead and do it. But if response speedis critical, go without it. Follow the S.O.G. inyour department regarding the use of safetylines.

Safety Line Philosophy

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Don't drive or walk on ropes.Rig tag lines on all personnel working near cliffedges.

Proper PPE: gloves and helmet, weatherpermitting

Make your assignments and go with it;

examine the capabilities of your people anduse them accordingly.

Good communications, coordination andteamwork

cene 3perations

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Stokes, SKED, LSP, Half-Back, HasteyHarness (see examples in Volume 04-4)

Patient Pacaging

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General Advice & Precautions:Set haul assignments: give assignments based on

personnel strengths and preferences.

Decide on rigging to use: mechanical advantage,hardware, etc.

Select anchor points.

Select lift conveyance: Stokes, SKED, etc.Is rescuer being lowered or rapelling down?

If lowering rescuer, be sure and load system beforedescent begins.

Evolutions

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General Advice & Precautions (cont.)

Position system so rope falls just beyond the edge ofcliff or structure; this way, the rescuer is within reach ofrescue team and doesn't have to swing out too far.

If it's too close, then our patient gets bumped upagainst the side of the cliff or structure below the

rescue point.

On Line Transfers or Third-Man Pickoffs, neverconnect the patient to rescuer's harness; only to thehaul system.

Evolutions (cont.)

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Ladder Gin: Lowering/Lifting

Anchor points add stability to system when they arefairly wide; but don't set them too far back becauselong tag lines tend to pull on the system.

Watch twists when using 3:1, 4:1 systems. Avoid nylonrubbing on nylon. Use a swivel if necessary.

Set system length so there is sufficient height beneaththe system hardware to haul Stokes over the edgewithout a lot of manual lifting

Evolutions (cont.)

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Ladder Gin: Lowering/Lifting (cont.)

Consider using a redirect pulley system to move thehaul team away from the edge, reducing congestion atthe point of rescue.

A redirect also works well with a Ladder Gin because itkeeps the pull force centered and in line with the

ladder, avoiding movement side-to-side.

Evolutions (cont.)

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Stairwell Carry

Use the line to hold the weight of a Stokes or loweringdevice while rescuers escort the it down the stairwell.The dimensions of the stairwell will determine exactlyhow you handle the stretcher.

Two carabiners connected by a swivel are the heart of

the haul system

Evolutions (cont.)

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Stairwell Carry (cont.)

As usual, pick a sturdy anchor point. In a stairwell:this could be a railing base or support.

or you could rig a high anchor point using a ladder at the topof the stairwell if there's room.

The routine is to lower, then manipulate the stretcher

around the stairwell, then lower.

Evolutions (cont.)

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Line Transfer

Rescuer may go to five bars on the rescue rack whenlowering; when adding the patient to the system, neveruse less than six bars for added safety in descent.

Upon reaching the patient either by rapelling or bybeing lowered, invert and work upside down as you

hook the patient to the haul system. DO NOT hook thepatient to your harness!

Weight the system with the patient before you removehim from the ledge.

Evolutions (cont.)

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Stokes Rescue

Diamond lash the patient into the Stokes, also makingadjustments for horizontal or vertical rescue.

Size of patient will demand adjustment of lashing.

Rescuer below maintains control of tag lines on theStokes as it is hauled up.

Evolutions (cont.)

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(epartment (iscussion(epartment (iscussion

The department involved in this months

training pose some discussion questions

that you can use as discussion-starters in

your own departments training sessions.How will your department handle these

scenarios?

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What constitutes a correct rescue technique?Is there such a thing as a bad rescue?

How does your department handle ropes? Doesit keep them pre-rigged in a bag?

Heres aquestion for the company officer: howdo you assign duties on the rescue scene? Is itby ability? Seniority? What criteria do you use?

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What is your departments policy on safety linesduring actual rescues?

Do you think its a good idea to be able toexecute rescues using equipment that yourdepartment doesnt own? Why might this beuseful?

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Is there any advantage to executing a rescue bya different method if the one you usually use hasalways worked?

-Deputy Chief Steve RhinehartMaryland Heights Fire Protection District,

St. Charles County, Missouri

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Ropes & Rigging Techniques4 )ui*Ropes & Rigging Techniques4 )ui*

Date__________________ Fireighter________________

!hie"T.#.______________ $ducation !redits

_________elect the 5est answer4

6. True or -alse4

Keeping a downward weight on a Ladder Gin wont help itsstability.

7. True or -alse4

Because rapelling is an accepted technique, you should also usedynamic rope for rescues as you would with rapelling.

8. True or -alse4

Dont let carabiners turn sideways.

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elect the 5est answer4

/. %ultiple +hoice4

Which of the following would you NOT use to grab in a safetysystem?

a. Rescue ascender

b. Prusik wrap

c. Gibbs ascender

d. Butterfly knot

e. None of the above

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elect the 5est answer4

0. %ultiple +hoice4

When considering mechanical advantage, which of thefollowing are important?

a. Possible loss of sensitivity through the rope

b. Possible overloading of the rope weighting

c. Amount of rope that will be used

d. Less than optimal manpower

e. All of the above

(Answers on Slide 40)

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+ontinuing 'ducation+ontinuing 'ducation

9ramer #s. 9ramer4 Rope & Rigging Techniques, Pt. II+omplete written responses to the following three essa! questions:

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a county-wide taskforce for specialized rescue?

2. Describe how specialized rescue is conducted in your county oryour area and list any changes you would recommend.

3. As a rule, do you feel that a county-wide task force for a specialtyfunction is effective? Why or why not?

CONT.

If !ou:re enrolled in the 3pen "earning -ire er#ice Program at the

;ni#ersit! of +incinnati, here:s !our opportunit! this month to earn

one college credit hour for watching Working Fire Training.

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+ontinuing 'ducation+ontinuing 'ducation

'NR3""%'NT IN-3R%ATI3N4

For more inormation on enrolling in the #pen %earning

program to gain college credit& callFireat '((-*+-,,or a /rochure or& to register directly& call the 0niversity o

!incinnati at *,-+-+',. 1ssociates and 2achelorsprograms are availa/le. !all to have your transcripts

evaluated.

end !our responses to4

%r.

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TRAINING

Thans so much for #iewingoring -ire Training@

ee !ou net month B sta! safe@

Answers to quiz on Slides 4!44"

#. False . False $. True 4. d. %. e.

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