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ISF WORLD CONGRESS

21st ISF Congress becomes a celebrationThe InternationalSociety for FatResearch's 21 SIWorld Congressheld Oct. 1-5,1995, in the con-vent ian center atThe Hague, The

Netherlands, turned into a celebration.First. the ISF (International Society

for Fat Research) was celebrating areincarnation as an independent orga-nization, holding its first "stand-alone" meeting in about 20 years.

Second. the meeting was a celebra-tion of the diversity of the spectrum oftopics being discussed in some 290+lecture and poster presentations,reflecting the interests among thenearly 800 participants from approxi-mately 40 nations.

Prof. Frank Ounstone. in givingthe concluding lecture on "FiftyYears in Lipids Science," noted thaiwhen he began his career at the Uni-versity of Liverpool in 1943, fat sci-ence was "regarded as dull" with lit-tle worth studying. Now, withintense international interest indietary fats' nutritional effects. a ris-ing interest in the biodegradability offats and oils in nonfood applications,and expected higher demand for edi-ble fats and oils in developing

donal fats and oils technical confer-ences is that the quality of 170 oralpresentations was high, a characteris-tic attributed to the program commit-tee's screening of potential papers.Three key European organizers for theconference were C. Okkerse, congresschairperson; J. Niewenhuis, ISF presi-dent; and W.A.M. Castenmitler, whoheaded the congress' scientific com-mittee. Secretariat services were pro-vided by the AOCS. Besides the orallectures (divided into plenary, keynoteand regular categories), there wereabout 120 poster presentations on dis-play for two days each during themeeting.

There was an exposition of threedozen organizations showcasing theirlatest developments.

The celebration included socialevents that ranged from tours of thevery old-a dinner cruise throughRotterdam harbor, one of Europe'slargest and longest-used ports-tothe very new, a reception hosted byThe Hague's municipal governmentin the community's ultra-modern cityhall that had its official openingpresided over by Queen Beatrix ofThe Netherlands only a few weeksbefore the conference. Dr. A.J.E.Haver mans. burgomaster of TheHague, attended the event to extend

>,tUne /:I N\.n'beI12 l"rI'\I"IIIo."~1995 ~"

1292 (SF 'celebrates' in TheHague

1301 (SF World CongressProceedings

1302 Constituent groups alsomeet

1304 World fats and oilsdemand to rise

1307 E.N. Frankel: lipidoxidation frontiersman

nations, there was lOIS to talk aboutat the ISF World Congress.

Gunstone, after being asked atthe end of his lecture what would bethe major fats and oils research top-ics, waived off a lengthy responsewith:

"There's enough to keep youyoung people busy for quite sometime!"

A consensus among severaJ regis-trants who have attended past intema-

INFORM. Vol. 6. no. 12 (December 1995)

1293

Person. Invol~ In palt 'SF congru ... converse before the opening of the 1995 ISFWorld Congreslln The Hague. They Ire (from left) 1988ISF President Aklra Morl. 1968ISF P .... ident J. Boldlngh, former .SF Seeretary-General Reinhard MareuH and K..r1GanOet-,who hNded the Gennan Society for Fat Science when n hosted the 1986ISFWorld Congres ••

the city's greetings to JSF partici-pants. A "partners" program forthose accompanying technical regis-trants provided a choice of tours toscenic and historic nearby locations.

The tentative registration totalsshowed 658 technical registrants, 62exhibit booth workers, 51 persons par-ticipating in the accompanying part-ners program, and about 10 personswho attended solely 10 visit the exhi-bition.

Plenary commentsAmong the statements during theweek's nine plenary lectures:

E.N. Frankel, Kaufmann MemorialLecture: 'There is evidence that dietsrich in oleic acid and antioxidantsincrease the oxidative stability of LDL(low-density lipoprotein) and mayreduce coronary disease. Therefore,the oxidative susceptibility of polyun-saturated lipids in the diet may beconsidered a risk factor."

L.H. Wesdorp, processing: "Thefuture of partial hydrogenation looksquite dim:'

E.J. Schaeffer, oils and fats inhuman health: "Everybody's lookingfor a magic oil. There is no magicoil."

Paul Hbvelmarm. detergents/cos-metics: "In 1994, the world used 6.5million metric tons of detergentsincorporating 1.1 million metric tonsof surfactants."

John Oh1rogge, biotechnology:"There is no fundamental biologicalbarrier to transfer" a genetic charac-teristic from one plant to another.

J.v.P. van Duyvenbode, raw mate-rials: "China will continue as a netbuyer (of edible oils) and India willreturn to the marketplace as soon aslocal crops do not meet demand."

Kurt Berger, environmental influ-ences: "Biodiesel does reduce emis-sions. But in Europe, you'd have aI % replacement (of petroleumdiesel) if all available (vegetable) oil

were used, which would not affectair pollution much unless you targeturban areas."

Frank Gunstone, analytical:"There's enough (fats and oilsresearch topics) to keep you youngpeople busy for the quite some time:'

Jean-Paul Helme, cleochemicals:"Castor oil is a model for oleo-chemists-it is so very versatile."

The full plenary lectures will beincluded in a conference proceedingsbeing produced by a private publisher(see separate article), but what followsare some brief summaries and high-lights from those talks:

Dietary fatsE.J. Schaeffer, from the U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture's Center onAging, Lipid Metabolism Laboratoryat Tufts University, covered a range ofissues in his plenary lecture on therole of oils and fats in the human diet.

Among his comments:Dietary requirements for the

essential fatty acids-linoleic acidand j-tlnolenlc acid-are not welldefined, but probably around 1-2%of calories, but perhaps should behigher for diets high in saturatedfatty acids. Docosahexaenotc acid's(DHA's) key role in brain, centralnervous system and retina tissue isknown, and it is available in human

Three key organizers for the 2111 ISF World CongrflllJllen during the clollngplenary _Ion. The orpnlzerl Ire (Irom lelt) W.A.M. Caltenmillef, secretaryof the 5Cientffie committee; J. Nlewenhull, 1995ISF prelIQeriI; and C. Okk_,21st ISF World Congress chaIrperson. AI far right I. Frank Gun.tone, Who pvethe concluding plenary lecture at the cong,.... •.

INFORM, \til. 6, no. 12 (December 1995)

1294

ISF WORLD CONGRESS

breast milk: perhaps infant formulashould be supplemented with DHAto ensure sufficient supply.

Fish oil decreases immuneresponse, lengthens bleeding time,Jowers triglyceride levels and coro-nary heart disease, so dietary fish oilis not unreasonable in moderation-preferably from cold-water fish. Thereis no clear indication for using fish oilsupplements in capsules to aid inhealth. Athersc1erosis is also aninflammation disease.

Lauric. myristic and palmitic fattyacids increase LDL-cholesterol,whereas stearic does not, but stearicmay be prorhrornbotlc.

Hydrogenated (rails funy acidsbehave somewhat as saturated fats.and in the U.S. diet the major portionof dietary trans originates from hydro-genated fats in fried and baked foods.rather than trailS fatty acids that natu-rally form part of meat and dairy fats.Softer margarines are healthier thanstick margarines as substitutes for but-ter.

Diets should contain no more than15-30% of calories from fats. with3-7% as polyunsaturated fatty calo-ries. In such a diet, unless there is asignificant bias for one source of oil,saturated and monosaturated fatsprobably also will be about 5-6%each. A good ratio of n-6 to n-3 fattyacids is 4: 1. There is no consensuson antioxidant intake.

ISF President J. Niewenhuisaddresses opening Hllion oforgenlUltJon', 21st WorldCongresa.

Processing"The future of partial hydrogenationlooks quite dim." L.H. Wesdorp. divi-sion manager of oil processing atUnilevers research complex inVlaardingen, The Netherlands. tolddelegates in his plenary talk.

Wesdorp, whose topic was newtrends in oil processing. noted thatwhile scientific evidence may notprove any harmful effects of transfatty acids. public perception and mar-keting efforts eventually may provemore decisive than thorough research.

Efforts to reduce costs and to mini-mize harmful environmental effectsare leading to changes in oil process-ing such as increasing use of physicalrefining. in part to reduce effluent lev-els that come from the neutralizationstep in traditional caustic refining; useof enhanced degumming techniques,use of full hydrogenation (which elim-inates all trails isomers) and inter-esterification/rearrangement to pro-vide hardened base stocks. and use ofenzymes for degumming.

Wesdorp briefly discussed thetrailS controversy. which in Europe.he said. has led to full-page newspa-per advertisements virtually compar-ing hydrogenation reactors to hydro-gen/nuclear armaments. Legislationpending in Denmark at the lime of theISF meeting would limit trailS contentto no more than 5% of total fats infood products. he said.

Nutritional effects of trans may besimilar to those of saturated fattyacids, but dietary saturated fatty acids.at 15% of fat intake, exceed dietarytrails content. which he estimated atabout 2-4%.

Used of packed-column deodoriz-ers can keep trailS content round 2%,he said, but striving for a trailS contentof less than I% may push processingconditions beyond their capabilities.

The optimal processing conditionsdepend on the equipment available in aspecific plant and the type of oil beingprocessed. he said. but physical refiningshould be possible even with tight trailsfatty acid content specifications.

Wesdorp reviewed potential use ofprecious metal catalysts. noting thattheir higher activity would permit useof lower temperatures in hydrogena-tion. but their cost is a major factor.lnteresterification. using alkaline cata-lysts, or use of lipases, is anotherroute to creating fats with desiredfunctional properties or texture.Enzyme processing looks promisingbecause it is conducted under relative-ly mild conditions, can be quite spe-cific. with limited side reactions, andcan produce tailored products. On theother hand, enzymes are expensiveand relatively unstable. Thus far theyhave found economic use in produc-tion only of high-value products, suchas pharmaceuticals. he said.

Kaufmann lectureE.N. Frankel was selected to presentthe H.J. Kaufmann Memorial Lecture,named for the German scientist gen-erally regarded as the founder of ISF.Frankel, a specialist in lipid oxidationresearch. is the first U.S. researcherselected as the Kaufmann MemorialLecturer.

In his acceptance lecture. which ledoff the conference scientific program,Frankel covered the chemistry of oxi-dation. biological oxidation (peroxide-tion), and cxidarion of low-densitylipoproteins before describing nutri-tional consequences of oxidation andhis personal recommendations foroptimum dietary patterns, based on hiswork on oxidation.

Frankel basically urged a Western[continued on fJlIge 1296)

INFORM. Vol. 6. no. 12 (December 1995)

1296

ISF WORLD CONGRESS

saturates (at a ratio of 3: I or 4: I n-6 ton-S), he said.

In his conclusions, Frankel com-mented that while polyunsaturatedfatty acids lower plasma and LDL-cholesterol, they also lost high-densitylipoprotein cholesterol, whereasrnonounsaturates also lower plasmaand LDL-cholesterol with no effect onhigh-density lipoprotein levels.

He urged further work to clearlydefine the role of lipid oxidation inatherosclerosis and autoimmune dis-eases, and consideration of PUFAintake as a risk factor.

Detergents/cosmeticsP. Hove+mann of Henkel KGaAstressed that rising populations andper capita incomes will mean increas-ing demand for surfactant productsduring coming decades.

The world's present population ofabout 5.7 billion people will haverisen to 7.7-7.8 billion by the year2015 and possibly to 12.5 billion by

(continued/rom page 1294)

diet higher in rnonounsaturates andcontaining less polyunsaturatesbased on a perceived reduced risk oflipid oxidation. He cautioned againstexcessive intake of n-S fatty acidsbecause of their oxidation potential.

In a healthy body, the balancebetween antioxidants and prooxidantfactors is acceptable, but oxidativestress leads to tissue injury otherwise,Frankel said, noting that some antioxi-dants can, at high levels, act as proox-idants.

As to what might be considered anoptimal dietary lipids intake, Frankelfirst noted that current diets includeabout 40% of calories from lipids,which are derived from (approximate-ly) 15% saturated fatly acids, 18%monounsaturates and 8% polyunsatu-rates (with a 7: 1 ratio of n-6 10 n-3).Recommended diets suggest no morethan 30% of calories from fats, withabout 6-8% of saturates, 12-14% ofmonounsaturates and 6-8% polyun-

INFORM, VOl. 6, no. 12 (December 1995)

InterIor atrIum (left) of The Hague'. new Town Hall towe" above~rtlclpanta In a mixer ho.ted by munlcl~1 authorltlea.

Dr. A.J.E. Haverman. (below left). burgomaster of The Hague,talk. with ISF Pre.lelent J. Nlewenhul. during mIxer Ileld In The

Hague'a new Town Hall that had been dedicated only .hartlybefore tile ISF'. 21at World Congre •• w .. l'Ield.

the year 2050, he said. During the past40 years, he noted, world usage of fatsand oils has risen faster than the rateof population increase.

Environmental considerations willbe increasingly important in surfactantusage, Hbvelmann said, affectingchoice of raw materials, their environ-mental fate, and the disposition of by-products. The environmental emphasismay lead to increased market share foroleochemical-derived surfuctantscompared to those from petrochemi-cals, he said.

Surfactant combinations maybecome more common in future prod-ucts, and he especially noted thepotential use of alkylpolyglucosides insurfactant blends because of its solu-bility properties.

Nonfood usesJ.-P. Helme from the lnstirut de CorpsGras (lTERG) in Pessac. France. sawenvironmental consciousness as also

(continued on page 1298)

1298

ISF WORLD CONGRESS

Sunlight floods eonidor outside plenary leeture hall's ISF poster presentation lrea. Mor.than 130 po,tlK" JH'8sentalionl formed part of the congress held Ocl 1-5, 1995, In TheHague.

(continued/rom page 1296)

favoring oleochemical usage in gener-al. Biotechnology is providing waysto produce fatty acids for specific uses

BiotechnologyJohn Ohlrogge of Michigan StateUniversity in East Lansing. Michi-gan, described progress in discover-ing how plants manipulate produc-lion and positioning of fatty acids inplant tissue.

One possibility discussed byOhlrogge was genetic modifcation ofsoybean oil to yield petroselinicacid. an oleic acid isomer with thedouble bond al the .1.-6, rather thanthe 6-9. position. Petroselinic acid issolid at room temperature with amelting point of 33°C compared to16°C for oleic. Petroselinic acidwould be a cis unsaturated oil thatwould not need partial hydrogena-tion for use in margarines or othersolid fats. Ontrogge noted.

His research group determinedthat formation of petroselinic acidapparently involves introduction of adouble bond while the acyl chain isattached to acyl carrier protein.

requiring less industrial processing.Oleochemical processing also isbecoming more efficient. Helme said.

New extraction methodspeeds fat & food analysis

INFORM. VbI. 6. no. 12 (Decembef 1995)

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Eventually a eDNA was isolatedfrom coriander that codes for anacyl-AC> desaturated involved inpetroselinic acid biosynthesis. Thiswas successfully introduced intotobacco. Further research has shownat least three enzymes are involvedin production of perrosefinic acid,Ohlrogge said.

He was optimistic thai furtherresearch will identify enzymes thatcan be developed by site-directedmutagenesis that will allow syntheticof structures "tailor-made for specificchemical applications."

EnvironmentKurt Berger, a fats and oils consultantfrom London, England, noted that thebasic effect of environment on fats

ISF Proceedings planned for 1996The proceedings of the lectures presented during the 21st ISF World Congress will be published as a three-volumeset by PJ, Barnes & Associates, 15 Hedley Road, Flackwell Heath, High Wycombe HPIO 9AY, England (fax: 44-1628-850035; phone: 44-1628-520312).

The set may be purchased until Dec. 31, 1995, for $256 (£148) plus $27 (£15) for surface postage or $50 (£30)for airmail postage. Individual volumes may be ordered until Dec. 31,1995, for $95 (£55) each plus $9 (£5) forsurface postage or $17 (£10) for airmail postage for each volume. Volume I will include papers from the sessionson raw materials. biotechnology, processing, minor components/contaminants. Volume 2 will include papers fromthe sessions on lipid chemistry, physical chemistry, oxidation and antioxidants, and analytical topics. Volume 3will include papers from the sessions on detergents and cosmetics, oleochemicals, food applications, nutritionalconsequences of oil processing and modification, role of oils and fats in the human diet, quality control, and envi-ronmental sessions. As of Jan. I, 1996, the price for the full proceedings will be $110 (£65) per volume plus ship-ping and handling charges. The three-volume set may be ordered for $297 (£149), plus shipping and handlingcharges.

Order forms are available from PJ. Barnes & Associates. Payment must be in British pounds drawn on aBritish bank, by Eurocheque in British pounds, or in U.S. dollars drawn on a U.S. bank.

The proceedings is expected to be available during the first half of 19%.

Presidency of the ISFbeing transferred atthe end of the 21atcongress from J.Nlewenhuls (left) toA.S.H. Ong, who willhead the committeeorganizing the 1997conference to be heldIn Kuala Lumpur,Malaysle.

and oils involves where various typeoil-bearing materials can be producedefficiently.

Annual environmental changes-rainfall in particular-are a majorinfluence in nations such as Indiawhich may be able, with cooperativeweather, to be self-sufficient in edibleoil, but which may have to importlarge quantities when crops are dimin-ished by adverse weather conditions,Berger noted.

subsequent recognition of dietary fats'nutritional significance has rekindledand expanded interest in the topic (seeINFORM 6:1165). Gunstone reviewedadvances in quantitative and qualita-tive analysis of lipids, as well as theuse of enzymes as catalysts to modifyfatty acid content of oils.

He also discussed use of tailor-made fats and oils using enzymes ofincreasing specificity for modifyingfatty acid composition of triglyc-erides.

At the closing ceremonies follow-ing Gunstone's talk, ISF President J.Niewenhuis noted that "in 1991, ISFwas in a crisis," but the 1995 meetingin The Hague with 780 participantsfrom 40 nations hearing 288 lectureand poster presentations means "ISFis back on the map."

As the congress ended. Niewenhuistransferred the ISF Presidency toAugustine S.H. Ong of Malaysia, whois heading the organizing committeefor the 22nd ISF World Congress to beheld during September 1997 in KualaLumpur, Malaysia. Malaysia's ambas-sador to The Netherlands, SallehuddinAbdullah, attended a meeting in TheHague of the Malaysia Oil Scientistsand Technologists' Association(MOSTA) to promote the 1997 event.The ambassador also participated in adinner hosted by MOSTA.

Lipid chemistryFrank Gunstone from the Universityof SI. Andrews, Scotland, noted in hisdiscussion that whereas lipid chem-istry was considered a dull topic whenhe entered the field 50 years ago, the

INFORM. Vol. 6. no. 12 (December 1995)

1300

ISF WORLD CONGRESS

Early arrivals for the Japan Oil Chemists'Society meeting during the [SF Congress pose for a

group photo. Sealed (left to right) are A. Mori,T. Yamane and T. Itoh; standing (left 10 right) are

S. Matsumura, Y. Miura and M. Masada.

JOCS, MOSTA hold meetings during ISF conferenceSeveral (SF con-stituent memberslook advantage ofthe event 10 holdmeetings of theirmembers whowere In TheHague. The Japan

Oil Chemists' Society (JOCS) and meMalaysian Oil Scientists and Technol-ogists Association (MOSTA) met. TheMOSTA event was primarily a promo-tional event for the 22nd ISF World

and The Sudan mel 10 discuss forma-lion of a new African Oil Chemists'Society.

For many years, the ISF has heldits session in conjunction with theannual meetings of other fats andoils groups, such as its 1988 meetingwith the JOCS in Tokyo and its 1992meeting with AOCS in Toronto. Per-sons who attended any ISF meetingwere added to the ISF membershipmailing list. There was a one-personsecretariat, whose primary functionwas to maintain the member recordsand to provide guidance to organiz-ers of each new meeting. But in1991. the ISF had to cancel a meet-ing planned for The Hague becauseof complications arising from thePersian Gulf War. After that cancel-lation, the ISF reorganized into acoalition of fats and oils professionalsocieties. The 1995 technical pro-gram was organized by the commit-tee that began work on the 1991meeting, while the AOCS providedsecretariat services under terms of anagreement reached among ISF mem-bers.

Persons interested in receivinginformation about the 22nd ISF WorldCongress to be held in Malaysiashould send their names, addresses,telephone and fax numbers to: ISF,P.O. Box 3489, Champaign, IL 61826-3459 (fax: 217-351-8091). Those per-sons should also indicate if theywould be interested in presenting apaper at that meeting, or if their finnis interested in exhibiting.

Congress to be held during September1997 in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia'sambassador to The Netherlands. Salle-huddin Abdullah, attended and partici-pated in a dinner hosted by MOSTA.The AOCS European Section held anevening meeting to discuss how tofunction now that the section was offi-cially organized. No specific planswere made, but the group will con-vene again during the 1997 AOCSmeeting in Indianapolis.

Five persons from Nigeria, Egypt

Mllly.i.'. amb ... sdor to TheNethertands, Dato Ssllehuddin

Abdullsh (right). talks withAugusUne S.H. Ong about the22nd tSF World Congress and

Exhibition to be held duringseptember 1997 in Kuala

Lumpur, Malay.ia. Or. Onglaheading the organizing commit-

tee for Ih. meeting Ind wiltserve la ISF Pre.ident through

lhe cono;:lualon of Ih.1 event.The .mb •••• dor attended Ihe

meeting in The Hague toencourage participatIon in the

1997 event,

INFORM. Vol. 6. no. 12 (Decembef 1995)

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ISF WORLD CONGRESS

New century means rising demand for fatsThe 21s1 (SFWorld Congresscovered virtuallyall aspects of fatsand oils scienceand technology,but saved until theconference's last

day its discussion of the startingpoints for all that science and technol-ogy-raw materials.

The irony of saving the raw materi-als discussions for the final confer-ence day was not lost on L.H. Princen,retired director of the U.S. Depart-men! of Agncunures utilizationresearch laboratory in Peoria, Illinois,who mentioned the juxtaposition inhis introductory remarks for both theplenary and breakout sessions on rawmaterials.

The plenary speaker on raw materi-als was J.D.P. van Duyvenbode, headof Cargill's edible oil refining opera-tions in Europe, who noted that worldproduction of some major edible ani-mal and vegetable fats and oils isexpected 10 reach 85 million metrictons (MMT) by the year 2000, upfrom present production of about 69MMT. That 85 MMT will includeabout 21 MMT of palm oil, 20 MMTof soybean oil, and 12 MMT of rape-seed oil, he forecast.

The additional fats and oils produc-tion will be needed because consump-tion has been rising at a rate of 4% ayear during the past 15 years, vanDuyvenbode said. With world popula-tion rising about 1.6% a year from thepresent 5.7 billion and global econom-ic growth of 0.75% spurring increasedper capita consumption, edible oil pro-duction must rise, he said. Per capitaincome gains in developing nationsspur rapid increases in fat consump-tion, van Duyvenbode noted.

China, India and Pakistan will con-tinue to be major importers of fats andoils. he forecast. Although China'svegetable oil imports this coming yearmay match the 3.4-3.5 MMT of thepast season. China will be hard-pressed to meet demand with domes-tic production in the future. he said.India's rising population also will

require oil imports of at least I MMTthis year and similar amounts in futureyears when optimum growing condi-tions are nor present, he predicted.

Major soybean-producing ex-porters will continue to be the UnitedStates, Brazil, Argentina andParaguay. China will increase itssoybean production, but will con-sume virtually all of it domestically.

Major rapeseed/canola producerswill be Europe, Canada. China andIndia, with Europe and Canada pro-viding exports. Sunflower productionwill increase in Eastern Europe. vanDuyvenbode said. Argentina and theformer Soviet Union are major pro-ducers, with Argentina supplyingabout half of world exports.

Malaysia and Indonesia will be thedominant palm oil suppliers.

Discussions of "tropical" (lauric)fats and oils, marine oils and animalfats were part of the breakout sessionon raw materials. U.S. Department orAgriculture data show that as or May1994, vegetable oils contributed about72 MMT and animal rats about 14MMT to world fats and oils produc-tion. Tallow and grease accounted forabout 7 MMT; butter. 5.3 MMT (ratbasis); and marine oils, 1.1 MMT.

In his report on economics of com-mercial tropical oils. E. CharlesLeonard of The Hume Co. in Mem-phis, Tennessee, covered high-lauricrapeseed, babassu, tung, palm.coconut and palm kernel oils.

High-lauric rapeseed, while grownin temperate climates, competes withthe others for markets, Leonard said inexplaining why he included it in hisreview. Initial harvests of high-lauriccontent rapeseed were in early 1995 inthe southeast United States from2.000-3,000 acres planted to rapeseedyielding a 40% lauric oil content.Future varieties will be even higher inlauric content, Leonard noted.

Babassu and tung are relativelyminor oils in terms of internationaltrade volume. Babassu. a Brazilianwild palm, yields about 1,000 tons oroil a year, virtually all of which isused locally. With a relatively low oilyield, it is Dot important in interna-

tiona! commodity markets. Tung oil.a nonedible drying oil with conjugat-ed double bonds, is produced inChina and South America (primarilyBrazil). Leonard said. U.S. usage,which was about 6.000 MT in 1978.had fallen to about 3,000 MT adecade later. Domestic U.S. produc-tion is expected to resume in 1996from a tung oil facility being in thestate of Mississippi. he said. Ameri-can Tung Oil Corporation. a sub-sidiary Industrial Oil Products orWoodbury, New York, was to buytung nuts during November for pro-cessing at its Tung Ridge Ranch millnear Poplarville, Mississippi.

Palm. palm kernel and coconut oilsare the dominant tropical oils in inter-national commerce. Palm oil is pri-marily an edible oil in Japan andEurope: Europe, China, India andPakistan are the major importers ofpalm oil for food use. Palm oil exportsinclude palm olein (for food use) andpalm stearin (for oleochemical use).

In China and India, about hair thepopulation is under 30 years or age,Leonard said. which means during thecoming decade that about one billionpersons under 30 will be establishingfamilies. becoming more urbanized.eating more fats and oils, and usingmore detergents.

Leonard noted that Malaysia'scleochemical processing capacity hasincreased steadily since 1984 whenindustry processing capacity wasabout 150.000 MT annually to thepresent 500.000+ MT annually inrecent years and may reach I MMTannually in 1996 when Acidchemincreases its fauy acid capacity. Acid-chem's fauy acid capacity by the endof 1996 may be about 600,000 MT ata complex that also will be producingalcohol. fatty esters. food oils andother materials. Oleochemical capaci-ty in Malaysia and Indonesia willovertake that of the United States orEurope, he said.

On the negative side for palm oil.there are still some trade tariff andquotas that impede exports. Leonardsaid. adding that he expects higherprices for palm oil in world markets

tNfORM.Vol. 6. no. 12 (December 1995)

demand, he said. Coconut oil has ahigher percentage of C8 and C I° fattyacids than palm kernel oil, he said. butquality consistency in palm kernel oilmay be better.

Marine oils' origins have changedduring the past decade, S.M. Barlowof the International Fishmeal and OilManufacturers Association in 51.Albans. United Kingdom. During the1980s, global fish oil production wasrelatively stable at approximately 1.5MMT annually. he said. But between1989 and 1992, Japanese productionfell to 148,000 MT from 440,000 MT.In the meantime, however. productionfrom Chile, Peru and Scandinavia hasincreased.

Barlow attacked perceived con-cerns with trailS fany acids. Such con-cerns have been more vociferous andnoticed in Europe than in the UnitedStates. Denmark was considering leg-islation limiting trGlIS fatty acid con-tent to 5% of fat in a food product,

1303

.SF boardmembers gather-ing lor a businessluncheon in TheCongress Centrein The Hague, TheNetherlands

during the coming decade.Palm kernel and coconut oils. the

major sources of C12 and CI4 fattyacids, account for 5.5% of world fatsand oils trade. he said. and whi tecoconut oil production now surpassesthat of palm kernel oil, by the year

2012. palm kernel oil will equal orsurpass coconut oil production. Palmkernel oil production will increase asworld oil palm plantings increase andmature. At different times, one oilmay sell at a premium to the other.depending partially on industry

INFORM. Vol. 6, no. 12 (December 1995)

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ISF WORLD CONGRESS

Barlow noted. He then reviewed sev-eral reports, including United Nationsreports and scientific bodies in theUnited Kingdom and elsewhere, thathave concluded Irans fatty acids donol represent a health risk at currentdietary levels. Barlow noted his con-cern was in parI because long-chainmarine oils are hydrogenated prior to

incorporation into margarines andshortenings in the European market.Fish oil products would be "first in theline of fire" of such legislation as wasbeing considered in Denmark. he said.

Technologists are finding new waysto incorporate fish oils into food prod-ucts, Barlow noted, reviewing develop-ment of low-fat spreads, bread goods

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incorporating n-3 oils, and others.As of 1994, about 24.7% of fish oil

was being used in feed, about 75%was being used in hydrogenated formin food products and about 6.8% inpharmaceuticals, he said. By the year2010, the market shares may havechanged to about 51.4% in feed (aqua-culture usage has increased in recentyears), 31.5% in hydrogenated form infood products, 13.7% in non hydro-genated form in food products and3.4% in pharmaceuticals. U.S.approval of refined fish oils in foodproducts is expected fairly soon. Bur-low said.

Although animal fats' share of worldfats and oils production may decline inthe future, there are several promisingfuture uses, according to WilliamMarmer of the U.S. Department ofAgriculture's Eastern RegionalResearch Center in Philadelphia. Penn-sylvania. He estimated that half of theworld's approximately 14 MMT of ani-mal fats are used in animal feeds.

Biodiesel fuels could become animportant use for tallow and yellowgrease, which usually are less expen-sive than vegetable oils. At the presenttime, vegetable oils provide 70% ofbiodiesel feedstock. Marmer said.Depot animal fats also could be used toproduce bacterial polymers or fordietary repartition agents for use in rats-ing poultry with more muscle and lessfat, or with selective lipases to selectspecific fatty acids. On the dairy side,encapsulation of buuer using starch.sugar or whey solid could "revolution-ize the preservation, storage and use" ofbutter. Marmer said. Fractionation ofdairy fats could produce solids forpotential confectionery use or liquidsfor table spreads.

Although dietary feed supplementsin the United States are being used toincrease milk production-and thusbutterfat production-ways also couldbe found to reduce butterfat produc-tion by selectively breeding towarddairy cattle with lower butterfat con-tent.

The United States is the world'sdominant tallow producer, accountingfor more than half of total world pro-duction of about 7 MMT. Trade fiber-alization may mean more tallowimports into Europe. he said.

1305

PROFILE

E.N. Frankel (right) accepts theN.J. Kaufmann Memorial Lecture Medalfrom ISF President J. Niewenhuis afterpresentation of the Kaufmann MemorialLecture during the opening plenarysession of the 2151ISF World Congressin The Hague. The Netherlands.

Frankel: lipid oxidation frontiersmanDuring the 21 SI ISFWorld Congressheld during earlyOctober in TheHague. TheNetherlands, E.N.Frankel became thefirst U.S. citizen

selected to present the H.J. KaufmannMemorial Lecture to an ISF Congress.

Frankel was chosen in recogni-tion of his accomplishments duringa four-decade career that mostrecently has focused on inhibitors oflipid oxidation-including somewell-publicized research on red wineantioxidants. Frankel thus joins aprestigious list of nine other interna-tionally known lipid researchers inpresenting the lecture, named for akey founder of the ISF. Each lecturerreceives a certificate and a medal.Frankel is now carving out a newarea of lipid oxidation and antioxi-dants research. More about thatlater.

A native of Egypt, Frankel left thatcountry in 1947 to study dairy scienceat Michigan State University in EastLansing, Michigan. Frankel's fatherwas a dairy manufacturer.

East Lansing was where Frankelmet his future wife, Barbara Block,who was a resident of the collegecommunity. They decided to wedbefore Frankel headed west to theUniversity of California-Davis where

he first began to work with milk lipidsand on oxidation.

Frankel began working with lipidsat UC-Davis as he researched milklipases, and on oxidation as he workedon milkfat oxidation. He received hismaster's degree in food science andhis doctorate in agricultural chemistry.At UC-Davis one of his professorswas A.L Tcppel. Their paths wouldcross again nearly 40 years later. Afellow student was Lloyd Smith, whoalso would become an active partici-pant in the AOCS.

In 1956, Frankel joined the staff ofthe U.S. Department of Agriculture'sresearch facility in Peoria. Illinois,then known as the Northern RegionalResearch Laboratory (now the Nation-al Center for Agricultural UtilizationResearch). His boss in the oil seedsdivision was the late John Cowan,who served as AOCS president in1968; Frankel also worked with CyEvans and Herb Dutton.

But five years of governmentalbureaucracy left Frankel a bit frustrat-ed and he moved in 1960 to Cincin-nati, Ohio, where he worked for Proc-ter & Gamble's food division on ana-lytical methods development. Becauseof proprietary concerns at P&G, hewas not allowed to publish results ofhis research while there, so Frankeldecided two years later 10 return toPeoria where he could publish hiswork.

But whereas he had spent his firstfive years at Peoria working on oxida-tion. when he returned he learned thatfederal researchers had decided thatlipid oxidation already had been thor-oughly studied. So for the next tenyears he worked with the late EverettPryde-"one of the smartest guys Ihave worked with"-on industrialapplications of fatty acids.

One of Frankel's personal tri-umphs was receiving approval forthree sabbaticals during his careerwith the USDA in Peoria. The firstwas in 1966 when he had a Technionresearch fellowship in Israel wherehe worked on homogenous hydro-genation. The second sabbatical wasin 1975 when he went to QueenMary College of the University ofLondon as a senior visitingresearcher to work on oxidationunder the Cultural Exchange Actadministered by the U.S. StateDepartment. He returned to Peoriawhere he worked on gas chromatog-raphy-mass spectroscopy method toanalyze lipid oxidant products, aswell as volatiles and secondary prod-ucts involved in flavor deterioration.His third sabbatical in 1988 look himback to UC-Davis where he linkedup again with Tappel to developmethods to follow lipid oxidation inbiological tissues.

"We developed some methodsusing headspace analysis-the same

tNFORM.\til. 6. no. 12 (December 1995)

1306

ISF WORLD CONGRESS

Anu Hopi., research •• soclal.althe University of Helsinki,presents Kaufmann Medli1istE.N. Frankel II bouquet 01flowe~ on beh,11 01II group01 graduate •• ,Is'anls whohad worked In Franker. labo-ratory in Cavis, California. Theimpromptu presentationoccurred ,hartly aUer Frankelcompleted his lecture. Hopi,wall an AOeS Honored

l-Lo..IL • ...: ..... Student In 1994.

techniques we used to study volatilesof soybean oil," Frankel said.

During his USDA career, Frankelreceived several awards. including aUSDA Superior Service Award,USDA Certificate of Merit and theAOCS North Central Section's AltonE. Bailey Award. He has received ahalf-dozen citations for outstandingpaper presentations at AOCS nationalmeetings.

Ed and Barb liked the lifestyle andweather in Davis, California, and sixmonths after returning from that sab-batical. he applied for retirement after30 years of federal service.

"I think I was replaced by a massspectrometer," Frankel commented onhis retirement.

Back at UC-Davis, Frankelworked with Tappel for another year,but when the late John Kinsellaarrived as the new dean of the Col-lege of Agriculture, Frankel agreedto share a lab in the Department ofFood Science and Technology. Thetwo men, together with colleaguesBruce German from the same depart-ment and Joe Kanner from the Vol-cani Center in Israel. looked forpotential phenolic components in redwine that might explain the "Frenchparadox" and published their find-ings regarding phenolic compounds

as potent antioxidants."Grape antioxidants are a rich

source of ttavonoids. and a uniqueaspect (for red wine) is that fermenta-tion is anaerobic. That keeps the phe-nolic compounds stable," Frankelsaid.

He has received numerous awardsand traveled extensively discussinghis work with red wine and lipid oxi-dation and stability. Members ofAOCS' Lipid Oxidation Divisionreceived a fringe benefit from hiswork, for when Frankel spoke onthat work to the division's luncheonat the 1993 AOCS Annual Meeting& Expo. red wine was served at theluncheon. When there wasn't anywine served at the division luncheona year later. there were suggestionsto have Frankel back for anothertalk.

Antioxidant studies. which in thepast have focused on vitamins E andC or carotenoids. may have over-looked the role of f'la vonoids 'antioxidants. which Frankel believesmay prove to be nutritionally signifi-cant.

When he's nOI busy in the lab.Frankel likes to swim at the universi-ty pool and off scenic Californiabeaches. "lm also a computer nut."he said. Barb agrees. noting that on

his European trip that included the[SF meeting. "He bought a converter(in Europe) so he could use his lap-top. then discovered when he wantedto use it that it was labeled as notbeing for use with 'stereos or com-puters.' He was very frustrated."Thanks 10 IBM in Helsinki. he wasable to obtain a satisfactory convert-er. Frankel communicates bye-mail.receives papers for review over hiscomputer and generally keeps intouch with his former colleagues bycomputer.

He and Barb spent some lime dur-ing a departure wait at The Nether-lands' Schipol Airport looking forgifts for their two grandchildren. Theyhave five grown children: Lisa. aphysical therapist and mother of their6-year-old granddaughter: Judy. afree-lance writer; Sara. an artist andmother of their 5-year-old grandson:Andrew. a resource economist; andSusie. a nurse. Susie and Andrew Jivein California; the others are on theEast COOSI.

What's next for Frankel?He plans to undertake studies on

how emulsion phases may affect oxi-dation. Food is metabolized in emul-sions, and emulsions have differentphases. which may be crucial to com-prehending antioxidant activity.

"We need to understand how oxi-dation takes places in different phases.We won't understand how antioxi-dants work unless we know wherethey are located."

Frankel firmly believes thatchemistry is basic to understandingnutritional effects of dietary compo-nents. His Kaufmann Memorial Lec-ture contained a warning againstoverconsumption of polyunsaturatedfauy acid found in fish oils becauseFrankel believes they inviteincreased oxidation ill vivo. Heknows some nutritionists at themeeting disagree with his warning.bUI insists that an understanding ofthe chemical mechanism is the keyto predicting the nutritional effectsof dietary fats:

"The mechanism of polyunsatu-rated lipid nutrition needs to be bel-ter understood before dietary recom-mendations can be made to the pub-lic."

INFORM. Vol. 6, no. 12(December 1995)

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ISF WORLD CONGRESS

Flags oj world nationssurround exhibit area

at [SF World Congress.

ISF exhibitionA total of 35 firms, two associations and a combined publi-cations display filled the exhibition areas during the 21 SIISF World Congress. The following organizations present-ed their technologies and developments \0 attendees duringthe week. Any persons who were not able to attend theCongress, but would like to receive more information fromthese companies, can find their addresses in the Septemberissue of INFORM.

EngineeringIPlant BuildersAndreotti Impianti S.p.A. presented information ondesign and construction of plants for oils and fats process-ing; Costruzioni Meccaniche Bernardini C.M.B. S.p.A.presented its latest technologies in oil extraction, oils andfats refining and oleochemicals; Crown Companies pro-vided information on its engineering services for oilseedand edible oil and fat processing; EMI Corporation pre-sented its engineering services for the vegetable oil andfany acid industries; Fractionnement Tirtiaux S.A. dis-played information on its plants for fractionation and phys-ical refining; Gianazza S.p.A. provided information on itsplants and equipment for edible oils and fats; H.L.S. Ltd.Industrial Engineering Co. presented information on thedesign and supply of equipment, systems and completeplants for edible oils.

InstrumentationILab EquipmentBruker Analytische Messtecbntk GmbH displayed itsnew NMS series of process analyzers; Isco, Inc. featuredinformation on its supercritical Fluid instrumentation:ISRA Systemtechnik GmbH exhibited its laboratoryautomation systems, NMR automation and analytical testequipment; LECO Instrumente GmbH featured its RFA-100 rapid fat anaJyzer; Nicolet Instrument Corporationexhibited a dedicated F'T-IR system; NLJ Technologiesexhibited the amnion oxidative stability instrument;Suprex Corporation featured its range of sample prepara-tion instruments; The Ttntometer Limited showed its newPFX 190 multiparameter electronic color measuring instru-ment.

Processing EquipmentAmafilter B.V. featured its complete range of filtrationequipment; A tlas Industries AlS presented its dry con-

densing plants for oil deodorization, fatty acid distillationand fractionation, and glycerine distillation; GEKA-WARMETECHNIK Gottfried Kneifel GmbH & Co.KG featured its NUK-HP high pressure natural circulationboiler; Gersten berg & Agger A/S presented its equipmentfor crystallization of oil-based fat products; Korting Han-nover AG featured its steam-jet ejectors for refining,extraction, esterification, hydrogenation and drying;Krupp Maschinentechnik GmbH featured its programfor edible oil technology; L.F.C. Lochem B.V. displayedits range of filtration products: Maschinenfabrik ReinartzGmbH & Co. KG provided information on its screwpresses and related equipment; Tetra Laval Food, Fats &Oils featured its Tetra Brik Oil canon for edible oil and itsplate heat exchanger; UlC GmbH provided information onits vacuum-distillation systems, short-path distillationplants, laboratory and pilot plants, application tests andengineering studies; westtalla Separator AG demonstrat-ed its centrifugal separator.

Processing ChemicalsCrosfleld Group featured its Sorbsil range of adsorbents:Engelhard Corporation exhibited catalysts and sorbentsfor hydrogenation and purification of oils; LaporteAbsorbents presented its Fulmont range of activatedbleaching earths; Mallinckrodt Chemical GmbH dis-played Calsicat catalysts for slurry and fixed-bed opera-tion; Sud-Chemle AG featured its catalysts for the foodindustry and TONSIL bleaching earths: Unichema Inter-national featured its PRICAT nickel catalysts.

IngredientsDanisco Ingredients exhibited its emulsifiers, hydrocol-loids, stabilizers, antioxidants, flavorings and enzymes;Martck Btosctences Corporation presented informationon the commercial development of algal products.

Associations and PublishersAmerican Oil Chemists' Society presented its books,journals, membership, technical and education programinformation; American Soybean Association featurednew nonfood applications for soybean-derived raw materi-als; Hewin lnternational, Inc. provided information on itsreports, searches and studies. •

INFORM. VOl. 6. no. 12 (December 1995)