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Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
AQUACULTURE AND LC OMEGA-3
Dr. Giovanni M. Turchini, PhD
Associate Professor
School of Life and Environmental Sciences,
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment
Deakin University, Warrnambool Campus
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureAquafeed
Fishmeal
Growing population and
increasing demand for fish
and seafood
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureAquafeed
Fishmeal
Growing population and
increasing demand for fish
and seafood 0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
19
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98
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00
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02
20
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06
20
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Met
ric
ton
s
Year
Wild caught fish and seafood
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureAquafeed
Fishmeal
Growing population and
increasing demand for fish
and seafood 0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
19
50
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19
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19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
Met
ric
ton
s
Year
Wild caught fish and seafood
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureAquafeed
Fishmeal
Growing population and
increasing demand for fish
and seafood 0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
70000000
80000000
19
50
19
52
19
54
19
56
19
58
19
60
19
62
19
64
19
66
19
68
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70
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72
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74
19
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78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
Met
ric
ton
s
Year
Aquaculture
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureAquafeed
Fishmeal
Growing population and
increasing demand for fish
and seafood 0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
70000000
80000000
19
50
19
52
19
54
19
56
19
58
19
60
19
62
19
64
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
Met
ric
ton
s
Year
Aquaculture
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureAquafeed
Fishmeal
Growing population and
increasing demand for fish
and seafood 0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
70000000
80000000
19
50
19
52
19
54
19
56
19
58
19
60
19
62
19
64
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
Met
ric
ton
s
Year
Aquaculture
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
19
50
19
52
19
54
19
56
19
58
19
60
19
62
19
64
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
Met
ric
ton
s
Year
Wild caught fish and seafood
Aquaculture
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureAquafeed
Fishmeal
Growing population and
increasing demand for fish
and seafood
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureAquafeed
Fishmeal
Growing population and
increasing demand for fish
and seafood
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureAquafeed
Fishmeal
Growing population and
increasing demand for fish
and seafood
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
50,000,000
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
Fish
me
al a
nd
fis
h o
il
Aq
ua
cult
ure
Year
Aquaculture
Fish meal
Fish oil
~6-7 Mt
~ +8% pa
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
Aquaculture (fish farming)
Nourishing products rich in omega-3
Fish oil for aquafeed rich
in omega-3
Growing population and
increasing demand for
omega-3
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureNourishing
products rich in omega-3
Fish oil for aquafeed rich
in omega-3
Growing population and
increasing demand for
omega-3
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureNourishing
products rich in omega-3
Fish oil for aquafeed rich
in omega-3
Growing population and
increasing demand for
omega-3
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureNourishing
products rich in omega-3
Fish oil for aquafeed rich
in omega-3
Growing population and
increasing demand for
omega-3
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureNourishing
products rich in omega-3
Fish oil for aquafeed rich
in omega-3
Growing population and
increasing demand for
omega-3
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureNourishing
products rich in omega-3
Fish oil for aquafeed rich
in omega-3
Growing population and
increasing demand for
omega-3
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
50,000,000
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
Fish
me
al a
nd
fis
h o
il
Aq
ua
cult
ure
Year
Aquaculture
Fish meal
Fish oil
~1 Mt
~6-7 Mt
~ +8% pa
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
• Aquaculture is not having any impact on
global fishery pressure!
• Aquaculture had an impact on fishmeal
and fish oil price!
• currently is using less fish meal and fish
oil, whilst still expanding.
Shepherd & Jackson (2013).
J. Fish Biol. 83,1046-1066
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
• Aquaculture is not having any impact on
global fishery pressure!
• Aquaculture had an impact on fishmeal
and fish oil price!
• currently is using less fish meal and fish
oil, whilst still expanding.
Shepherd & Jackson (2013).
J. Fish Biol. 83,1046-1066
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
• Aquaculture is not having any impact on
global fishery pressure!
• Aquaculture had an impact on fishmeal
and fish oil price!
• currently is using less fish meal and fish
oil, whilst still expanding.
Shepherd & Jackson (2013).
J. Fish Biol. 83,1046-1066
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Increasing pressure on
wild fish stocks
Global wild fisheries crisis
AquacultureNourishing
products rich in omega-3
Fish oil for aquafeed rich
in omega-3
Growing population and
increasing demand for
omega-3
?
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Fish oil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
History of fish oil uses
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Fish oil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Fish oil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Fish oil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Fish oil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Fish oil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010?
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Fish oil
1950
2030
1990
1970
2010
“That market would be the nutraceutical market, not aquaculture”
Anthony P. Bimbo (2009) 99th AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo in
Seattle, Washington, USA, May 19, 2008!
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Fish oil
!
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
EPA (20:5n-3)
DHA (22:6n-3)
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
EPA (20:5n-3)
DHA (22:6n-3)LC Omega-3
Demand: unquestionably going up
Supply: currently static
• Future sources (krill, GM, squid, by-products…?)
• Price won’t decrease (and will match that of fish oil)
How much can aquaculture afford to pay for LC omega-3?
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Sep-08 Jan-10 Jun-11 Oct-12
Fish
oil
pri
ce $
/kg
Data IFFO, thanks to B.Glencross
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Aquaculture and marine resources utilisation
Fish meal:
• Users: Aquaculture
• Supply: Constant (from wild fishery )
• Future new sources: fishery by-products (growing)
• Effect for Aquaculture: it will be increasingly diluted
• Currently: important for protein quality, EAA,
palatability
• In future: will be important also for its residual oil
content (~10%), as source of LC Omega-3
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Aquaculture and marine resources utilisation
Fish oil:
• Users: Aquaculture vs Nutraceutical
• Supply: Constant (from wild fishery )
• Future new sources: GM crops, Krill etc… (growing?)
• Effect of Aquaculture: increasingly expensive
• Too expensive to justify current use!
• Current and future situation?
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000Salmonids (3.3%): Salmons & trouts
Marine fishes (2.4%): Grouper, seabream, seabass…
Crustaceans (7.0%): Shrimps, prawns…
Eels (0.3%):
Milkfish (1.1%):
Catfishes (2.4%):
Tilapias (4.7%):
Other fishes (5.8%): Minor freshwater and diadromous species
Carps (29.8%):
Other aquatic animals (1%): Turtles, sea cucumber, urchin, frogs…
Molluscs (17.2%): Mussel, oyster, clams…
Aquatic plants (25.1%): Kelp, seaweed…
Global Aquaculture production (metric tons)
84 million metric tons in 2011.
Fish oil used in aquafeed 770,000 tons.
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000Salmonids (3.3%): Salmons & trouts
Marine fishes (2.4%): Grouper, seabream, seabass…
Crustaceans (7.0%): Shrimps, prawns…
Eels (0.3%):
Milkfish (1.1%):
Catfishes (2.4%):
Tilapias (4.7%):
Other fishes (5.8%): Minor freshwater and diadromous species
Carps (29.8%):
Other aquatic animals (1%): Turtles, sea cucumber, urchin, frogs…
Molluscs (17.2%): Mussel, oyster, clams…
Aquatic plants (25.1%): Kelp, seaweed…
Aquatic plants and molluscs,
43%
Freshwater finfishes,
44%
Shrimp and marine
finfishes, 9%
Salmonids , 3%
2011 (%)
43% produced without any input!
Expansion is happening and will keep going.
Growing, sustainable and good source of LC Omega-3.
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000Salmonids (3.3%): Salmons & trouts
Marine fishes (2.4%): Grouper, seabream, seabass…
Crustaceans (7.0%): Shrimps, prawns…
Eels (0.3%):
Milkfish (1.1%):
Catfishes (2.4%):
Tilapias (4.7%):
Other fishes (5.8%): Minor freshwater and diadromous species
Carps (29.8%):
Other aquatic animals (1%): Turtles, sea cucumber, urchin, frogs…
Molluscs (17.2%): Mussel, oyster, clams…
Aquatic plants (25.1%): Kelp, seaweed…
Aquatic plants and molluscs,
43%
Freshwater finfishes,
44%
Shrimp and marine
finfishes, 9%
Salmonids , 3%
2011 (%)
44% produced with little fish meal and fish oil (12%)
Fish oil not needed! Will not be used.
Production is and will be expanding
Relatively “poor” source on LC Omega-3.
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000Salmonids (3.3%): Salmons & trouts
Marine fishes (2.4%): Grouper, seabream, seabass…
Crustaceans (7.0%): Shrimps, prawns…
Eels (0.3%):
Milkfish (1.1%):
Catfishes (2.4%):
Tilapias (4.7%):
Other fishes (5.8%): Minor freshwater and diadromous species
Carps (29.8%):
Other aquatic animals (1%): Turtles, sea cucumber, urchin, frogs…
Molluscs (17.2%): Mussel, oyster, clams…
Aquatic plants (25.1%): Kelp, seaweed…
Aquatic plants and molluscs,
43%
Freshwater finfishes,
44%
Shrimp and marine
finfishes, 9%
Salmonids , 3%
2011 (%)
9% produced with fish meal and fish oil (38%)
Fish oil is needed!
LC omega-3 sources will be used (at the minimum level).
Production can expand, if supported by market.
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000Salmonids (3.3%): Salmons & trouts
Marine fishes (2.4%): Grouper, seabream, seabass…
Crustaceans (7.0%): Shrimps, prawns…
Eels (0.3%):
Milkfish (1.1%):
Catfishes (2.4%):
Tilapias (4.7%):
Other fishes (5.8%): Minor freshwater and diadromous species
Carps (29.8%):
Other aquatic animals (1%): Turtles, sea cucumber, urchin, frogs…
Molluscs (17.2%): Mussel, oyster, clams…
Aquatic plants (25.1%): Kelp, seaweed…
Aquatic plants and molluscs,
43%
Freshwater finfishes,
44%
Shrimp and marine
finfishes, 9%
Salmonids , 3%
2011 (%)
3% produced with fish meal and fish oil (50%)
Fish oil is not needed! …but requested by consumers
Market: split of the sector?
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000Salmonids (3.3%): Salmons & trouts
Marine fishes (2.4%): Grouper, seabream, seabass…
Crustaceans (7.0%): Shrimps, prawns…
Eels (0.3%):
Milkfish (1.1%):
Catfishes (2.4%):
Tilapias (4.7%):
Other fishes (5.8%): Minor freshwater and diadromous species
Carps (29.8%):
Other aquatic animals (1%): Turtles, sea cucumber, urchin, frogs…
Molluscs (17.2%): Mussel, oyster, clams…
Aquatic plants (25.1%): Kelp, seaweed…
Aquatic plants and molluscs,
43%
Freshwater finfishes,
44%
Shrimp and marine
finfishes, 9%
Salmonids , 3%
2011 (%)
3% produced with fish meal and fish oil (50%)
Fish oil is not needed! …but requested by consumers
Market: split of the sector?
Fish oil fed, niche, high LC omega-3,
premium price salmon (2-3 g of EPA+DHA/100g)
No fish oil fed, low LC Omega-3,
cheaper, everyday salmon(500-700 mg of EPA+DHA/100g)
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Conclusions
We need to reframe the issue:
Fish oil (and LC omega-3) exploitation by aquaculture is
not an environmental issue.
It is a technological and economic issue.
Aquaculture is a complex and diverse industry,
and these technological and economic issues will
have different effects in different aquaculture
sectors.
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000Salmonids (3.3%): Salmons & trouts
Marine fishes (2.4%): Grouper, seabream, seabass…
Crustaceans (7.0%): Shrimps, prawns…
Eels (0.3%):
Milkfish (1.1%):
Catfishes (2.4%):
Tilapias (4.7%):
Other fishes (5.8%): Minor freshwater and diadromous species
Carps (29.8%):
Other aquatic animals (1%): Turtles, sea cucumber, urchin, frogs…
Molluscs (17.2%): Mussel, oyster, clams…
Aquatic plants (25.1%): Kelp, seaweed…
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
THANK [email protected]
Deakin – Warrnambool Campus
…special thank to Google Images, and all the websites that kindly “donated” the photos used in this slideshow.
