1054

ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

Thermul IlehuYlor of Bullerrlll Fractions ond Mixtures of Trlpulrnllinand BUlierfal. C. Simoneau, P. Fairley. J.M. Krochra and J.B. German.Department of Food Sclence and Teehoology. University of Califomia atDavis. California 95616.

The melting :md crystalliution behavior of blends of tripalmitin andbuumat were compared whh !hal of bunen:!.! fl'1lC1ions. which were pre-pared by dry fractionation and by solvent extraction. ]ben:: were mart.edsimilarities in the bellavicw of lhe blends. the dry frac1ions and wme sol-vern fractions. This simihtrit)' was not shared wilh the behavior of thehardest solvent fractions. The functionality of hurd butterfat fractionsseemed 10 dertve from an enrichment in long-chain saturated triglyc-erides. Improved functionality could therefore be achieved equally wellby blending or by fractionation. Blends of tripalmitin nnd bullerfm couldbe used as model butterfat (DIctions. or as an uucrnatlve 10 buttcrfut fmc-tions in some applications.[JAOCS 71.795-301 (1994)[

Melting and Solidification Character-istics of Confectionery Fats:Anh,·drous Milk Fat. Cocoa Hullrr and Palm Kernel Stearin Blends.A.R~ Md. Ali" and P.S. Oimickb. "Depanmenl of Food Science andNmrllion. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 43600. Hangi. ~htngor.Malaysia and bDepanment of Food Science. Pennsylvunla Stale Unlversi-ry, Univershy Park. Pennsylvania. 16802.

Differential sclUlning calorimetry measurements of crystallization lindmelting characteristics of commercial samples of nnhydrcus milk fat{AMF}. cocoa boner (C8) and hydrogenated palm kernel stearin (PKS) internary blends were studied. Results showed that stabltizaricn lit 26°C(either for 40 h or 7 d) did rIOI gn::lltly effect tile melting thermogram truceof PKS. However. the effect of stabiliwion became prominent as CB wasadded inlo tile system. Deviation of measured enthalpy from llle corre-sponding values. calculated for tllermodynamK:ally ideal blends. showedclear interaction between all three fats. AI :ZOOC. the sl100gesl devialion0C"CUITed at aboul the AMFICB/PKS (1:1:1) blend ..... hereas at 3O"C thedeviation moved towarothe CB/MF (1:1) bk:nd. The presence of 25%AMF in PKS had lillle errecr on il SoOlidiflCationcapability. but SoOlidinca-tion was adversely affected whh inclusion ofCB.(JAOCS 71.803-806 (1994)[

Detection of Animal Fars In Huller by mfrerenllal SCllnnlu!:Calorimetry: A I'llot Study. E. Coni. M. Di Pasquale. L. Ccppolelf andA. BoccaIsthure Supericre di Sanita. 00161 Rome. haly.

Because of its high price. buller has always been the object of adulter-ation by addition of less expensive vegetable or animal fats. Although anumber of methods Mve been proposed for the detection ofbunenatlldut-lmu.ion. none !\as found widesprud use, For this ~uon. a Study was con-ducled to assess 1he lise of differential scanning calorimetry (OSC) fordetecting the presence of added animal fat. i.e .. chicken fat. in better. Then:suIts obtained show that DSC is an efficienl method for ch3.nlCterizingpure animal fOI~as \o'·ellas their mixtures, Funhermore. the eccurecy withwhich data are obtained. in combination with the sensltlvlty of DSC tosubtle changes in chemical cemposinon of thc sample. makes DSC allauracnve possibility for development as a quality ccmrol procedure.(JAOCS 71. 807-810 (1994)[

Effecl'i of Processing and Storage on ChlorophJlllkri.'alh·es in Com-mercially Exlracled Canola Oil. Kerry ward'"'. Rach:ae.l Seanh". J.K.Daunb and C.T. 'I'lloDIeinsonh. uDepartment of Plant Seienee. Univen;ityof Mani1oba. Winnipeg. Manitob;l. RJT 2N2 Canada and borain Re5ean;hLaboratory. Canadian Grain Commission. Winni~g. Manitoba. R3C 3G8

C""""This study char.K:terizes the chlorophyll pigments present in canola oil

immediately arter commercial extraction and following oil slomge to

delennine the best stcnge conditions for analytical SlImples and 10 exam-ine the changes that chlorophyll derivatives undc,!o during oil proce5$ingand storage. Samples of pressed. solvent~xtrocted. Cr\lde and degummedcanota oils. obtained from D commercial crushing plant. were stored forone mcmn under four differenl ccnditlons-c-ln Ihe freezer. in a refrigcmtorand III room temperature both in the lighl and in the dark. Chlorophyllderivatives (chlorophylls. pheophytins. pyropheophytlns) were measuredby high-pcrfonnance liquid chromatography immediately aftcr samplingand then on a weekly basis. 1lIe main pigments present in commerciallyextraCted canota oil were pheophytin a. pyropheophytin a. chlorophyll aand chlorophyll b. The Ha" derivatives comprised 81 to [(I()% of 100aichlorophyll pigments in tbe fresh oil samples. During degumming. theremaining chlorophylls ....ere convened to pheophynns and pyropheo-phytins. During oilslorage. exposure 10 light at room tempemlUre affectedthe composition of chlorophyll derivlllives as chJorophyll b was COIwened10 pheophytin b and chlorophyll a was convened first 10 pbeophyein a.then 10 pyropheophytin a./JAOCS 71. 811--815 (1994)J

Canolu Extract as lin Alternuti~e Natural Antloddanl for Caneta Oil.Udaya N. Wanasundarl!1l and Pereidoon Shallidill,b. Departments ofl/Bio-chemistry and bChemisuy. Memorial Univel"!iity of Newfoundland. 51.John·s. NewfOlindland. AlB 3X9 Canada.

The allIioxidlllive acIivity of elhanolk extrat"ts of canola meal :tI 100.200, SOO and [(XX) ppm on renned-b\eached (RB) canola oil was exam-\ned and compared with commonly IISed synthetK: antio",idallls. !OUChasbutylaled hydro",yanisole (BHA). bUlylated hydrO,lytoluelle (BHT).BHA/BHT/monoglyceride citrate (MGC) and ur,-bulylhydroquinone(fBHO). Stability of RB oil was monitored unclcr Schaal oven ICStcondi-lions 01 65°C over a 17-d period. Progression of oxidation was manilaredby weight galn. peroxide. conjug~ted diere. 2-thiolxtrbituric acid and totaloxidation values. ClII10la extracts at 500 III1d 1000 ppm were more activethan BHA. BUT and BHNBHT/MGC and less effective than TBHQ 01 alevel of 200 ppm.[JAOCS 71. 817-822 (I994)J

Effect of Equilibrium Oil Extraction on the Chemical Compositionand Sensory Quality of Soy Flour and Concentrates. P.K..Clark and A.Proctor. Depanment of Food Science. Univer.;ity of Arkansas. Fayet-tcville. Arkansas 72703.

PreVi0ll5 sltldies have shown that ambient-temperature equilibrium,hexane extraction of soy flour yielded the same amoura of oil as wasextracted from soy flakes by convennonat high-temperature processing.'The oil obtained al ambient tcmperu1UTeScorunined less phospholipid thancommercial crude oils obtulued by traditional processing. In this study.chemical ccmposlnon. flavor and odor of soy flour obtained after oilextracncn by 111<: equilibrium procedure were evaluated before and aftertoasting. Results were compared with those obtained for commercialunrcasted food·grade soy flakes. Chemical and sensory lUUIlyseswere per-formed on $C)yproIein COOC"eIIltatC'i(SPC) prepared from defatted floor.derailed toasted flour and commercial derailed .....hite rood-Sndc flai;cs.SPC .....ere made by rid· and ethanol-extnll:1)on methods. Ethanol ClItraC-tion of SoOyflour produced SPC with similar proeeln. lipid and $CnSOf)'qualities to lhose obtained from c(lJlUllCrcial flakes. Acid exlrac!ion pr0-duced SPC with more lipid than was obtained by ethanol ClItmclion.Toasted soy flour III1d flakes had similar sensory properties. as did theSPC prepared from litem.[JAOCS 71. 823--826 (1994)1

Detoxification of Castor Seed Meal by Interaction .....ith Sal SeedMeal. V.M. Gendhl. K.M. Cherian and MJ. Mulky. Environmenlal SafelYLabor.itory. HinduSian Lever Ltd .. Cbaka.la. Andheri Easl. Bombay - 400099. India.

Castor (Ririnus rommunis) seed meal was deloxified by a novelmethod Qf ....et mi",ing with sal (Shorw robustQ) seed meal SoOIhat the10xic conslitL>CnlS of cas.or seed ~I ...ere neul ... li1.ed by tannins. the10XK:an1Spm;enl in the SlII seed meal. TIle resultiug prodOCI was innocu-ous. as n::vealed in Ihe feeding siudies in TlIIS.The nutritional benefit ofthe treated material is improved by synergistic llCtion of a prceein such as

INFORM, Vol. 5, no. 9 (September 1994)

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distinctions within each genus for comparison 10 the existing classifica-tion .schemes.[JAOCS 71. 845-8.'il (1994)]

CIUe'n. "The aqueous Clltract of caSIOI' seed meal produced a smooth-mus-cle stimulant effect. whereas this effect was rKJII observed with the extractfrom treated meal. This is a new CQOCepi of neutl1llizatioo of tWO toxinsby each other in two seed meals. The method can he employed 10 invcSl;·gale the &111Iab;lit)' of such a processed seed meal as an animal feed.s.luffingredient.[JA.OCS 71. 827-831 (1994)] g

Sih'cr Ion High-Performan« Liquid Chromatography of the Trtecyl-glyccrtlls or Cnpis ulpinQ Seed Oil. W.E. Neff. R,O. Adlof and M. EI·Agoimy. Food QualilY and Safety Research. NCAUR. ARS. USDA. Peo-ria.llIioois61604.

"The triacylglyc=lls of C'~pis alp;'10 oil well' characterized becausethis oil has n high conccmmtion of ~nynic (ds-9-OCladecen-12·yooic)acid, a fany acid useful in the chemical ~ynlhesis of deuu~raled falS forhuman membolism studies. The triecylglyeerols wert: separated from thecrude oil by scud-phase elltmction. Resolution, qUlUltitlltion and isolationof the individual triecylglycerols ....ere performed by silver ion high-per-fonmmce liquid chrom:uogruphy on a commercial column. an acetonitrilein hellRne Isecratic mobile phase and name-ionization detection. Isolatedtrincylglycerols were idemified by capillary gas chromatography of theirflUly acid methyl esters. Of the eleven eluted trincylglycerols of Cr('pi,ra/pina oil. 85% included 35'1> mcrepenynoyt. 34%Iinoleoyldicrepenynoyl and 16'1>dilinoleoylcrepenynoyl glycerols. Tria-cylglycerols eluted according 10 the numbers of alkene and alkyne bonds.Elution times. resolution and quamiHllion were reproducible over D I~-momh period. The Ilame-lonlzation detector response required noresponse fllCl{)f'Sfor quantitarion of the triliCylglycerols present in Crt!piJu/pirw oil. Tbe silver ion chromatography system permitted the ldentiflca-tion of 95'1> of !be \riacylglycerols compared to 70'1> of the \rincylglyc-erots previously identified ....ilh reversed-phase high-perfonnance liquidchromatography.[lAOCS 7J. 85J-.8SS (1994)1

Equilibrium Distributions or KC'y ComponC'nts or Sptarminl Oil inSubfSuptrcrilical Carbon Diol[ide. Sevan Plat in. Elif 6. Our. UgurAkman and Oner Hon~su. Depanmem of Chemical Engineering. Bogaz-i~i University, Bebck 808IS.lstanbul. Turkey.

Effects of temperature (35. 4S or 55°C) and pressure (IQ.-I 10 alln) onthe relative distribution coefficients of the twelve key components ofspearmint oil (essential oil of Mr,,11w cardiaar; ScOlch spenrmim) at equi-librium in dense C~ ....ere investigated under conditions ranging fromsubcrincal 10 supercritical regions. Effects of vapor pressure. moleculnrweight end polarity of the key components on their equilibrium distribu-tions in sublsupen:ritical C02 ere discussed. AI 35OC. all key componentsof spearmint oil are equally soluble in dense C02 within the 12-102 mmpressure region. AI 45 and 55OC. the key components are equally solublefor pressures greater than about 60 Dim. However. Dround either 45"C/27aim or 550C/35 aim conditions, lhe relative dislribution coelJkient~ of allmonoterpcne hydrocarbons and of isomerubcne (an oxygenated monoter-pene) elI.hibit maelma. which are due to significamly higher vapor pres-sures of these components and significantly lower solvating power of thedense-gas 50Ivcm III. these particular temperatures and pressures. Vapor_pressure effects. coupled ....ith ee decrease in solvating po ....er. dominatethe ertecs of pelariry and molecular mass of the key rom~nts. Deter-penatlon of spearmint oil with dense C02 is possible around either45"C{l7 31m Of 55°C/35 atm ..... here the monoterpcne hydrocarbons tendto concentr.lle in the ~-rich phase.[lA-OCS 7J. 833-837 (1994)[

t:rrect of Alkali Metal Ions on GC'I Formation in IhC' I2-HydroJ:y'Slurk Acid/SoybC'an Oil Syslem. Takamit.su Tamurao. Takashi Sue-web. Toshinaga Ohlruoob and Kazuo 011000. aSurface Science ResearchCenler and "Bener-Living Research !..aboralor)', Lion Corporation 7-\3-12. Hirui. Edcgawa-ku. Tokyo 132. Japan.

It has been known thllt 12-hydroxystearic acid (12I1SA) forms a tber-mcreverslbte gel ....ith a fibrous associated net ....ork in organic solvents.Meclutnieally dllfllble gels wen: induced by the addition of small amountsof alkali metal ions. which can be supplied in the form of alkali metalsans of 12HSA (abbreviated !IS 12HS·M), even at a lower concentrationrange of gelling agent than with 12~ISA alone. The structure of the net-....orks W!lS investigated by infmred spectrometry OR). circular dichroism(CD) nnd scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experiments ....erecarried OUI over a total concentration range of 0.1 .. 4.0 ....I/vol'll of12HSA and 12HS-M in soybean oil. 12HS·Nn showed more effective gelforming power than ~ny other alkali melal ions. The molar ratio of12HSNI2HS-Na for oblaining optimal gel forming effecl was 100: I. Theintensity of the absorption bands of the IR speClra. due 10 the hydrogen·bonded hydroxyl groups, remained consrum regardless of the amount ofadded 12HS-Na. A n::marlr.able molar ellipticity decrease was observed....ith an incn:ase in the cooccntrntion of 12I1S-Na. although !be muimumwavelenglh of !be CD spectrom. origiruuing from the chirality of 12HSA.remained constant. By SEM observation. linearly elI.tended fibrils wereobserved ....irh the addition of 12H5-Na. These results suggest that themechanical strengthening of the gel by alkali metal ions is due to ancr-ation of the dispersed Slate of the helically gro ....n fibrous crystals of12H5A.[JAOCS 7J, 857-861 (1994)1

Variation in Llpld Composition or NigC'r seee (GlliUJria ab,ui"icaCass.) Samples Collected rrom DirrC'rent Regions in Ethiopia. PareshChandrn Duna. Seved Helmers.'\OIl. Eshetu Kebedu. Getinet A!errw .... andLars·Ake Appelqvisl. Departmenl of Food Hygiene. Swedish Universityof Agricultural Sciences. 5-750 (f1 Uppsala. S....eden.

Niger seed samples were collected from diffcrent regions in Ethiopiafor determination of oil ccruent. and of fauy add. tocopherol and sterolcomposition in the seed oil by gas-Hquld chromatography and high-per-formance liquid chromatography methods. There was a large variation inoil content. ranging from 29 to 39%. More than 70% of the fany acidswas linoleic acid (18:2) in all 5Jlmples analyzed. 11le other predominantfatty acids were palmitic (16:0). stearic (18:0) and oleic (18: I) at a rangeof 6 to 11'1>each. TOIal polar lipids recovered after preparative Ihin·layerchromatography comprised a ~mQII Iractlon of the loml lipids. They hadhigher 16;0 and lower 18:2 contents Ihan the triacylglycerols. a-Toco-pherol ....as the predominant tocopherol in all samples. 94--96'1> of tiletOlal amounting to 630-800 jig/I oil. More than 4O'J:, of the lOIal sierolswas B-sitosterol. ra. 2000 jlslg oil. The OIher major sterols were campes-oterol and stigmasterol. ranging from 11 10 14%. The AS- and .6.7-avenas-terols ....ere in lhe range of 4 to 7%. From the samples studied. no conclu-sion could be drawn regardmg tbe influence of altitude or location on oilcontent. tocopherol and/or sterol contents. Tbe resull5 of the pre$Cnl studyon niger seed oil an:: discussed in COll1pnr1son with known data for com-mon oils from Compositae. Ii:.ulTlower and sunflo .....er,[JAOCS 7J, 839-843 (1994)1

A No\'el Technique for the Preparation or Secondary FUlly Amide'$.III. Alkanolamidts, DiamidC'S and Aralkylamides. S.H. Feairbeller,R.G. Bistline. Jr., A. Bilyk, R.L. Dudley. M.E Kozcmpel and MJ. Haas.USDA. ARS. ERRC. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania 19118.

A lew-temperature synthesis of fally elkanolarnides. fatty diamidesIlnd fmly aralkylamides directly from rtiglycerides and primary aminespruvides e.~~n!ially quanliuuive yields uf lhe vnr;uus products. The reAC-tions run 10 completion in 3-12 h nl iempcrmures of 50-60"C, approll.i-malcly 10000Clower than employed in present conventional practice. Theamtnes are used in excess and serve as solvent. reagent and. perhaps. as

Lipid Composilion or Hl"ania lind T"'obromo Seeds, D.R. Carpcn-te,u. J.E Hammerstone. Jr.o, L.J. Rumanczyk, Jr.a and W. MartinAitken". °M&M/MARS. Hackettstown. New Jersey 07S40 and "Almi-mnte Center for Cocoa Studies, 45630-ltajuipe. Bahia. Brazil.

The seeds of nine Hlrw"iu and nine Tht/Jbmmu species were sur-veyed fur fmly ucid, sterol, locophcrul pnd ux:otrienut compositiuns. I'rin-cipal ConlpunCm and cluSler analyses sugg<:StOOlhat these anaty\C::~couldbe used conecnveiy as chemotaJloOllOmlc criteriu 10 differentiale lhe H("r·rUIJiospecies from the Theabromu species. as ....ell !IS to provide subgroup

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ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

ellialyst. The amidcs were characterized by melting pain! WId spectro-scopic (infl1l/'ed and nuclear magnetic ~) methods. If !he mixedamidcs produced from !he various naturu! I"glyceride mixtures of fats andoils are acccp!abic prodtIClS, Ihis synthetic method provides these prod-ucts in satisfactory quality while conserving energy and avoiding theImermediare production of free fany acids or their esters.IJAOeS 71, 863-866 (1994))

Selective Gas Chromillographic Delrrmlnlliion of Cbclesterul inEggs. F. Guurdiola. R. Ccdony, M. Rafecas and 1. B0I11<:1I3.University ofBarcelona. Nutrition and Food Science Unit. Fncuny of Pharmacy, 08028Barcelona. Spuln.

A selective gas-ehromlllogr,lpl1ic: method is proposed for the determl-muion of cbolesrerol in egg samples. The method consists of extraction of.he lipid (raelion and cold s:lpol1iflCalion prior to dclenninalion on a glasscapillllf)' column. The abscoce of cholesterol oxid:uion during the process....as checked. and the conditions in which Oxiwllion is avoided are dis-cussed. The method also showed good precision (coefficiem of variation.. 1.39'1.). Applying this method \0 different fre5h and frozen egg sam-ples.. we obIllined a mean comem of 392 mg of cholesteroVlOO g of edibleportion. Thc5C' values are cjearty lower than the majority of resuns pub-lisbed for eggs.jJAOCS 71, 861--811 (1994»)

Electron Impacl MIIS$ S~lra of the OU1.o1Jne Dtri"atiH:S of SomeConjugated Diene and Trfene CIS Fatty Adds. V. Spit7.e1'l. F. Murxb

and K. P(eilstickerb. uFacold:lde de FarrnJkia. Corso de P&;;·Gmdu:t(iAo.Uruversidade Federal do Rio Grnnde do Sui. 90.610 Porro Alegre. Brazilnnd bLehl1ituhl fUr Lebensmirtelwissenschaft und Lebensmillelchemie.Rheinische Friedrich Wilhdms-Universitlit. 53 115 Bonn I. Germany,

The location of the double-bond systems of some conjugmed dieneand triene C'8 (puy acids (CJS:2[9.1 t I.CI8:2[ 10.121. CI8:3[9.II,131 andCI8:3110.12.14) derived from alkaline: isomerization has been deter-mined by gas chmm:llogmpl1y/mass spectroscopy Dnalysis of their 4.4-dimethyloxazcline derivatives. The positions of the double bonds wereindicated by a chllJ'3Cleristic mass separation of 12 atomic mass units foreach olefinic bond. Funhennore. the stl\lCture assignments were support-ed by the ~nce of prominent formal allylx: cleavage peaks.[JAOCS 7/. 87J-876 (\99·m

Anal)'sis of Towpherol§ In Vegetable Otis by Uigh.Performanl1! Liq-uid Chromatography: Cflmparison of Ffuorescence and E"lIporati\'etight·Scallering Detecuon. G. William Chase. JrP. Casimir C. Akohhand Ronald R. Eitenmilter". aUSDA. Atlanta. Georgia 30309 and hoe-partmem of Food Science and Technctcgy, The University cr Georgia.Athens. Georgia 30602-7610.

A compartso» of the responses of an eveporntive light-scaucringdetector (ELSD) and 11Ilucreseence detector for tocopherols in vegetableoils by high-performance liquid chromalogrupl1y is presented. The toco-pherols were separated from acylgl)'CeJQls by gel·permeation chromatog-raphy (GPC). The tocopherol fl1lC'tionW3$ collected off a set of four GPCcolumns with. mobile phase of methylene chloride before separntion on.normal-phase silica column with a mobile plmse of hexane/isoproJ)'lnol.99.7:0.3 (vollvol). An imemal standard of 5.7 dimethyltoco], ....hich wasdetected by both the ELSD and Ilucrescence delector. was u~ to obIaioquamitati'·e data. llIC rlcoeescence detectOl" ....L'l ten times mcee senshivethan the ELSD. 1--Tocopherol was the major tocopherol detected in thevegetable oils studied and mnged from 24.1-93.3 mg/IOO g. The amountsof tocopherols found in the vegetable oils agreed favornbly with the litera-ture values.IJAOCS 71.877-880 (1994»)

Hydrolysis of Fats lind Oils with Moist O:lt Cur}·opses. Shantilal Par-mar and E.G. Hnmmond, Depanmcm of Food Science and Human Nutri-tion and Center for Crops Utilization geseurch, Iowa State University.Ames. Iowa 500 I I.

To improve the economic feasibility of hydrolyziog fats and oils withmoist oal caryopses. various foclO<'Saffecling lhe efrl('iency of the process

were studied. Caryopses produced with !Ill impact-type dehul1er exhibitedgreater lipase: activity than those produced by a wrioger-type dehuller.Abrasion of oat caryopses against each other in 11fluidized bed releasedpanicles rich in lipase. Sucb lipase cont¢nlrates could be added to moistcary0p5is reactors to speed fat hydrolysis. Beef tallow. lard. soybean oilWId crambe oil wen: hydrolyzed more efficiemly than com oil. castor oilund milk fat. The poor hydrolysis of Ca.'itoroil was attributed to the rcnre-tion of esters with the hydroxy group of ricinoleic acid. all!! the hydrolysisof castor oil was increased by dilution of the substrate with hexane.Diglyeerides inhibited the hydrolysis and eccocmed for the slower hydrol-ysis of com oil. J'lydrolysis of milk fat by moist 0111curycpses resulted inprefcremilll hydrolysis of C6 to CIO acids. Erucic acid was released fromcrambe oil at signifienmly slower rates th;m the other ocyl groups. Highconversion of fats und oils 10 free fany acids could he pttained by (i)exposing the fats and oils to two to three lots of moist ca.ryopses. (ii) theuse of special oat varieties with elevated lipase content. (iii) the additionof oat lipase concentrutes to moist caryopsis reactors. and (iv) dilution ofthe suilslrate with hexane. Estlmates of the COStof producing free fanyacids with these processes indicated that the first three should be prof.iesble. Growth of CloSlfiJium 5p01'O!t'IIt'S spores could not be demonstral-ed in cary0p5is reactors. Duriog the incUbation of moist 001 CaryOPSCIimmersed in oil. the free fany add o:ontent of the internal ca.ryop:sis lipidincreased only slightly. but there were changes in its fatty acid composi-tion.(JAOeS 71. 881--886 (1994))

EnLfmntK- U}'drol)"sls of Oat and 50)'11 Lecithin: Effects on Funelion·al Properties. Annu·Marj:t Aura. Pirkko Forssell. Annikka Mustruntu,Tapani Suomi ond Kalsa Pouranen, VTT Btcrechnclogy and FoodResearch. FtN·02()44 VIT. Finland.

En~ymlltic hydrolysis of oat and soy lecithins and hs effects on thefunctional properties of lecithins were investigated. The phospholipaseused ....as most etTkient at low enzyme: and subslrate cOOC'eOlrations. Morerany acids were released from soy lecithin than from OOt lecithin. TIiemaximum degree of hydrolysis was 760 ,..moI free fauy acids per gramsoy lecithin and 170 llmol free fauy acids per gfllm om lecithin. On thebasis of the total carbohydrate and p/IosphoNS contents in the polar fruc-tions of the lecithins. oat lecithin contained more glycolipids and lessphospholipids than soy lecithin. With regard to functional properties. thesiability of oil-in-water emulsions was enhanced by hydrolyzed soylecithin and by crude and hydrolyzed oat lecithins, blu only hydroly1.edsoy lecithin prevented Ihe recrystatlizsaien of barley starch. The dissocia-tion emhalpy of amylose-lipid-complex (AML-complex) was ~ignifical1t·ly higher when hydrolyzed soy lecithin was preseru. Hydrolyzed oatlecithin slightly affected the dissociation enthalpy of AML-complcx. Theother lecithins hoo no effect on rttrystalli1.ation or dissociation emhalpiesin the barleY--!itan:h matrix.[JAOCS 71. 887--891 (1994)1

Klnetles of all·Tralfs·fI·Carotene l)rgradatioll all Heating ....ith andwithout PhenJlalanlne. Kiriald Papadopoulou and Jennifer M. Ames.Department of Food Science and Technology. University of Reading.Whiteknights. Reading RG6 ZAP. United Kingdom.

AII·lrOlu·8-cnrotene was heated in liquid paraffin 01 210"C for 15 mioin the presence and the absence of phl.'nylalanine to assess the effect of theImino acid on the rate of degradation of all-IrQ/IS-B-carotene. lbe curvethat represents III-trulU-B-camtene degradation in both model systems ilfOl'Tlledof tWOdistinct partS which correspood. respectively. to the propa-gation and termination phases of WI autocatalytic relICtion. The reactionover 1-15 min followed first-order reaction kinetics in both systems. andlhe nile constant obtained was 2.8 times lower in the presence of pheny-lalanine:. The kir>e:lK:behavior and the nne consmnr for color los~ weresimilur 10 those fOf' ull·/ru,,...-!k:amtene dcgmdulion for each model 5yS-rem.IJAOCS 71. 893-896 (1994)1

Errecls or Sugar. Suit lind Wiler on Soybean Oil Quality DuringImp-f'-rling. YDn-~lwa Chu and Shiuan Luo. Food lodmtry ResearchIlI1dDevelopment Institute. Hsinchu. 30099. Taiwan. Republic ofChinD.

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11le cffects of Ilour dough ccmponcms (watcr, sugar and $1111)on soy-bean oil deterlormion durillg deep-fat fryillg hayc been mvestlgmed. Fleurdough sheeu made from flour and water were used as the carricr of sailand sugar. Several analyses. including acid value. carbonyl value. p-ani-sidioc value. color. diclccuic constam. FrilCSl. tOOlIpolar compounds andpolymer Ci)rllcm. were used to evaluate delerionuion of oil quality duringdeep-fat frying. 1lIc relationship between frying time and 3/U1iytical damwas analY7.cd by Duncan's multiple runge tCSI. Oil qualily after fryingsimplc flour dough sheets wit/looul additivcs was inferior 10 that aftcr fry-ing dotJgh sheers with lidded sugllT 01" salt. 11le sugar and sail in the flourdough sheets may piay a rolc as wDttT-binding substances during frying.Among the effects of water. sal! and sugar. the rme of oil deteriorarionwas found to be highest for water, followed by salt and sugar. 1lIc com-bined addition of salt and sugaT had no enhancing cffect on tilt: oil dererio-ration during deep-fat frying.[JAOCS 71.897-900 (1994»)

R~timHllun uf the Sharnm Constant lind 't'hermoaccesnc I'rupcrtiesof Vrgctllble Oils. M.S.R. Suhruhmunyamtl, H. Sumarhi ved,lIIUragumband P. Venk;nucharyulu", tlPrugnthi Maha vidyaluya College. 'IndianInsticurc of Chemical Technology. HydernOOd 500 007. Illdia and 'Depart_ment of Physics. Nagarjuna Univcr.;ity, Nagarjunaoagar. Guntur 522 510.india.

The density and volume of four Indian cdiblc vegetable oils, ~unflow.cr. rice bran. groundnut and coconut, and one lndien ncnedlble oil. castoroil. have been experimentally determined. The values obtained were usedto estimate the volume upansivity e, hence the the~ouSlic panunc-ters. such as the Sharma consumt So.1he i5OChoric tcmpernture coeffICientof internal pressure IdlnP;ldlnn". the isochoric temperature coefflCiefli ofvolume cxpansion Idlnafdlnnl', reduced volume V. reduced compress-ibility B and lhe Huggins parameter F. The results obtained show that lheSharma constant So has the same characteristic value of 1.11 ± 0.01 forthe five oils, thus establishing the cQIIstancy of Ihe Shanna parameter, Allue Qlher par.unelCrs are of !he. expected on:ICT of magnitude: however. inall cases then: is a uniform dcvilllion at 293~K. which can be anributed tothe behavior-of densily and volume at this lempe-rature.Ih~OCS 7/,901-905 (1994)}

Analysb of Alpha-LincHtnic Acid Geomclrlcal Isomers in DeodoriledOils by Cilpililiry Ga.s-l.1quid Chromatography on CyanoalkylPol)'sIlOXllne Stalionary PhIlSt$: A Note of Caution. Roben L Wolff.ISTAB. Labcratoire de Lipochimie Alimemeire, Umverslte Bordeau~ I.Talence. France.

Analysis or alpha-linolenic ecld geometrical isomers in deodorized orhealed oils by capillary gas-liquid Chromalography (GLe) on polarcyanoalkyl polysiloune seatlonary phases requires $OIIlc care 10 avoidinterferences with other fauy ecjds. D::pending on the temperature of rhecolumn. the cis-II 20:1 lICid may elute before. with or after the cis-9.cis-12.,.,;,,·15 18:3 acid during GLC. In some Instances [tcrnperaurre higherthan 180°C with a CP Sil 88 column (Chrompack. Middelburg. TheNctherlan<b)). the 20:1 acid co-enues with the IrIlIIs-9.cis-12.cis-15 18:3acid. k:ading to a..bnormally high levels of this last isomer. Consequently.Ihe degrl!C of isomerizalion of alpha-linolenic acid will be overestimalc(iunder such conditions. It is recommended to carefully check the behaviorof ds·11 20: I llCid with tempermure prior to the delenninDlion of alpha-linolenic acid geometrical isomers by GLC. Temperatures lower man16O"C seem appropriatc to separate all of lhesc compooerus from eachother and from cis-II 20:1 acid in a 50 m x 0.25 mm i_d. CP Sil gg capil-lary column.[JAOCS 71. 907-909(1994)]

Synlhesis of C;'-elooe from Palm 011 Products, Yuen-May Chao. Kay-Eng 001 and lng-Hong Ooi, Palm Oil Research lnstiurte of Malaysia.50720 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia.

Mel:lIhesis of ethyl ol-cate. catal~ by WCI6 and SnMe4. provideddiclhyl 9-OCtDdeccrn:dioatc (the desired smning material for the synrhesisof crvercnej in 99% yleld. Dieckmann condensation or diethyl 9-ectadecenedioate gave 2-etho~ycarbonyl-9-cyclohep1Hdecenone (63%yield). the hydrolysis--dccurboxylolion reccncn of which yiclded c;Ycrone

(93%). ldentiflcetion of all products was by I H nuclear magnetic reso-nance. infrared and mass spectroscopic data. This is lhe first repon of thesynthesis of civelone from palm oil-derived products.IJAOCS 71. 911-913(1994))

FUlly Acid CompositKm in ~ Oils or Seme Onagraceae.l.A. Zygad-10. R.E. Morero. R.E. Abburrn and C.A. Guzman. C4tedra de QufmicaOrglInica. Fecultad de CiellCias E.1;acta5, Frsicas y Naturales. 5000 Coo:Io-00. Al'Jenlina.

The seeds of O~"Ofh~ropit~n5i5. O. ind«ora. LYd"'igio /o"tti/oliaand L. ~rU"iQ11(1(On:agntceae) conlaillCd 18.3. 16.4. 13.9 and 10.1% oil.respectively. Chromatographic analy5eS showed high levels of linoleicacid (>71.5%) in the seed oils.[JAOCS 7/.915-916 (l994)]

Distribution or Cholenerot Among Its Carriers in the Bile of Maleand Female Hllmsters. Takahire Mikami. Bertram I. Cohen. YasukoMikanli. Nariman Ayyad and Erwin H. Mosbech. Department of Surgcry.Beth 1srnc:1Medical Center. New York. New Yon 10003.

TIle distribution of r;holcslerot among ilS carriers was studied in lhebile of male and female hamstcrs. Sasco hamsters (Sasco IIIC.. Omaha.NE) were fed a scmipurificd diet wah 0.0% cncieseror and 4% butterfat(group I. males: group 4. females): a semipurified diet with 0.3% ctctes-rerot and 1.2"" palmitic acid (group 2. males: group 5. females); and asemipurified diet with 0.3% cholesterol and 4% safnower oil (group 3.males: group 6. females). At the rod of S;K weeks. gallstones were foundonly in male hemsrees receiving boIh cholesterol and dietary fat (f~nyocid) (incidence of choleSlero! SIOT1C$: 90% in group 2: 22% in group 3).The biliary cholesterol carriers were separated WId iSOlated from the bileof 1IIe.hamsters by gel fihrarioo chrematography, using the. method of Pat-liruon [Pallioson. N_R.. Willis. K.E., and Framplon. C.M. (1991) J. UpillR~5.32. 205---214]. In uese male ham5tcrs that formed cbolestercl gall-stones. significant emourns of cbclesterct were presera in the void volumewhich contained large cholesterol phospholipid vesicles (void volumevesicles) (23% in group 2 and 15% in group 3). Smaller cholesterol/phos-pholipid vesicles wert eluted IlCKt(fmclions 30-45) and contained 15% ofbiliary cbolesteecl in group 2 and 21 % in group 3. The remainder of lhechcseserot was associated with mixed cholestcrolJpllospholipidJbile senmkeues. The cholesterol/phospholipid mtlo was larger in both the voidvoturne vesicles and small vesicles (2.40 and 1.48 in group 2; 2.56 nnd1.33 In group 3. respectiYely) compared 10 the micelles (aboul 0.3 ingroups 2 and 3). In contrast. the bile of the femaje h~mster.; contained fewvesicles (3'1o small vesicles in group 5) and the cholcsterol/phospholipidrnlio of these vesicles was lower (0.94). Hamsters fed cholesterol-freedieu (groups I and 4) had 11Q biliary choiesterol/phospholipid vesicles; allchclesierot was preseru in mkenes. The results suggest that both the gen-der and the diet of lhe hamsters affected the dislribution of biliary choles-lerol between vesicles and micelles. The develop.nenl of cholelithiasis inthis animal model appears 10 depend on the rapid Ilocle:nion of cfcles-lerol-rich phospholipid vesicles in bil-c.jUpilh 29.529-.534 (1994))

Arachidonic Acid and Eicosapentnenok Acid Stirnulalt Type II Pneu-mOC)'lt Surfacllml Secretion, Richard Carleton Baybutt", John EdgarSmittf'. Mark N. Gillespieh. Terry G. Newt;omtf" and Yu-Yan Yelf'. "Nu_trition D::partment. The Pennsylvania State Uniyer.;iIY. University Park.Pcnnsylvllnia 16802. bo; v ision or Phannacology and Expcrimenlll11llcr-epeuncs. College of Phannacy and I"Microbiology and ImmunologyDepanment. Univel1>ity of Kentucky. Lexington. Kentucky 40536.

Arachidonic acid and its reueoetene rrcrabolues have been shown to~timulare surfaclanr secretion by alveolar type II cells. 111e present studyWIIS urnlenakcn to detennine the effects or various unsatumted fany ocids.

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ABSTRACTS FROM xocs JOURNALS

including eicosapentaeooi<: acid. 00 surfactant 5eCretion. Sulfac1anl secre-lion was expressed as the percent of ,JH}choline-derived phospholipidsn:1cascd into cuhure medium by type II pneUrrIOCytcS of adult nils. Con-sistent with the earlier findings. arachidollie add stimulated secn:lion in aconccmnuion-depcndcnt fashion (3.5-21 IJM), doubling baseline secre-lion al 21 IJM. Eic~pe01pellOic acid was found 10 be equally errecuve esarachidonic add in stimulating secretion. A comparison whh palmitic.oleic and linoleic acids revealed that highly unsaturated fany acids stimu-lated secretion 10 the greatest extern. This was JUpponed by • positivecom:lation between degree of unsalul1Ilion (i.e .. O. 1. 2. 4 arKl 5 doublebonds):md stimulation of surfactant secn:lion. In the present study, exoge-nous leukntriene E.; (10-13_10,6) did not stimulate surfactant secretion.Neither nordihydroguaiaretic acid (0.1 J.lM) nor indomethacin (O.I !-1M)affected arachidonic acid-stimulated secretion. The stimulatory eff«tll ofanlChidonic acid IUId eicosapcnt1ll:ooic acid on surfactant secretion wererelined to the highly unsatuened nature of the fatty acids and were 1101

mediated by increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate or calci-um.[Lipids 29. 53.5-539 (1994)]

EvldeDn' That Palmitic Acid ts Absorbed as 1,,-2 MOnoa<:flgl)·('I'roIrrom Human Milk by 8reast-Fed TnranlS. Sheila M. Innis. Roger Dyerand Carolanne M. Nelson, Department of Pediatrics. University of BritishColumbia. vancouver. British Columbia. V5Z 4H4 Canada.

Milk fally acids consist of3bout20-25% palmitic acid (16:0). withlIbout 70% of 16:0 es.erilied to the In-2 posftloo of the milk triac)'l-glycerols. Hydrol)'sis of dietary triacylgl),cerols b)' endogenous lipase5produces sll-2 moncacytglycerots and free fhlt)' acids, which preabsorbed, reesterified, and then secreted Into plasma. Unestcrined 16:0is not well absorbed nnd readily forms soaps with calcium in the lntes-tint. The positioning of 16:0 at the sn-2 position of milk triacylglyc-trois could explain the high coefncient of absorption of milk fat. How-ever. the: milk lipase. bile salt-stimulated lipase. hll!Sbeen suggested tocomplete the hydrolysis of milk fat to free fally acids and glycerol.These studies determined whether 16:0 is absorbed from human milk assn-2 monopalmitin by comparison of the plasma trincylglycerol rorerand slI-2 position fOllYacid composition between breast-fed and formu-la-fed term gestation infants. The human milk and formula had 21.0and 22.3% of 16:0. respectively, with 54.2 and 4.8% 16:0 in the fallyacids eseertfled to the 2 position. Tltc plasma triacylglycerol tOl1l1fauyacids had 26.0 t 0.6 and 26.2 ± 0.6% of 16:0. and the slI-2 positionIauy acids had 2J.J ± 3.J and 7.4 ± 0.7% of 16:0 in the three-month-old exclusively breast-fed (n = 17) and Icrmula-Ied (n = Ig) infants.respectively. Marked differences "<ere found in the plasma total and the2 position phospholipid percentage of 20:4006, i.e., 11.6 ± 0.3 and 6.9 ±0.6 (Iotal). 17.7:t 1.4 and 9.7 ± 0.6 (slI-2 position) and percentage of22:6(0)3. 4.6 ± 0.3 and 2.1 ± 0.3 (total). 5.6 ± 0.6 and 2.0 ± 0.2 (511-2position) for the breast-fed and formula-fed lnfunrs. respectively. Thesestudies provide con~incing evidence Ihal 16:0 is absorbed from humanmilk as 111-2monoac)'lglycerol. The melabolic significance of the dif-ferences in positional distribution of fally acids in the plll!Sma lipids ofbreast-fed and formula-fed infllJ1ts is not known.[Lipids 29. 541-545 (1994)1

,,, litro Acli~atlon of Moose Skin Protein Kinase C b)· Falty Acidslind Their ")·dro ..yJated Melabolil~ Hemg-Usiang uP. GwendolynA. BW1ekb and Sus:ut M. FischefU. aUniversity of Texas M.D. AndersonCancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville. Texas 78957and "Univershy of Texas at Austin. Division of Nutrition. Austin. Texas78712.

To understand how dietary fauy acids differentially modulate mouseskin tumorigenesis, the ability of specific fOlly acids and their derivativesto activate murine epidennal protein kinase C (PKC) ill vitro was investi-gmed. Total I'KC from untreated female SSIN mouse skin was partiullypurified and incubmed with ~~cific funy ocids 1,11 conccmration$ up 10JOO JlM in the presence of Ca--+"and phosphDtidylserine. TI>e cis·unsutu-rJted fally acid~ tt'lited. r.mging from 16:I to 22:6. stimulated PKC Betivi-ty in a similar dose-dependent manner with an approximate thre-efoldmuimum increase over conlrol. Neither the number of cis-double bondsnor the chainlength of these fatty acids aff«tcd their relative abilit), to

activate PKC. trallS-Fally acids. with the el\Ctplion of linoelaidic acid (tJ-18:2n-6), exhibited about half of the potency of their ~pooding ds-isomcrs in stimulating PKC at the plateau eoncentration (200 JlM) orlower. SubslilUtions close: to the double bond on cis-fatty acids abolishedtheir ability to aclivalc PKC. The hydrollylated metDbolhes of arachidonicacid (20:4n-6) and linoleic acid (c.c-18:2n-6). i.e .. the hydroxy~icOSllte_traenoic acids (HETE) and hydroxyccradecadlenclc acids (HODE), alsoactivated ITIOtISC skin PKC in vitro. but onl), about half as cffectively asdid the respeclive parent fallY acids. The resous sUDesl that both hydro~-yl substitution and trulls-configurntion of HElC and HODE are responst-ble for their reduced IIbility 10 IICti~ote PKC. cveranrte data suggests thmthe reduced skin tumor yield observed in mice fed diets high in c,c-18:2n-6 is not likely to be due 10 differences in the ability of c.("-18:2n-6 or20:4n-6, or their reeraeeures. to actiVDle PKC.ILipids 29. 547-553 (1994)]

Lymphatic Absorption of O.. idi:r.ed Cholesterol In Rals. KyoichiOsndau. Eiji Sasakiu Dnd Michihiro Sugaooh, uLabol'lltOl"y of NutritionChemistry and ht.aboratory of Food SCience, Kyushu Uni,·ersity SChoolof Agriculture 46-09, HDkozaki. Fukuoka 812. Japan.

Tbe absorption of cholcsterol and of eholest~rol oxidation prodUCtS(oxidized cholesterols) was compared in lymph-cannulmed 1'lI1S.We foundthat the: lymphalic absorption of an imragaserically administered. emulsi-fied lipid meal conmining 2S mg cholesterol or 25 mg of oxidized chctes-rero!s. within 24 h. was approximately 67 and 30%. respectively. Theabsorption mte of individual 0llidi7.ed cholcstcrols differed considernblyand was appro~irl1Dtcly 30% for 7a.-hydrox)'choles!erol, 42% for 78-hydroxycholestercl, 32% for 56-cpoxycholcslerol. 28% for sn-epoxyc-hclesreret. 15% for chulestanetriol and 12% for 7-kelocholesterol. More-over. cholesterol oxidation products delayed the absorption of oleic acidas triolein. Approxinmtely 35 and 48% of cholesterol was recovered inchylomicrons (CM) and very low density lipopro1ein (VLDL). respective-ly. In CQnIfa5t. 54 and 4O'.lo of the o~idiled cholesterols was recovered inCM and VLDL, respectively. although there was a signiflCllllt differencein the distribution of individual ollidiltd cbclesrercts. The results of thepresent study indicate thm oxidized cholesterols are absorbed to a lesserextent than is cholestcrol. that they disturb fat absorption and that theydisuibute differently between lymphatic lipopro1eins.[Lipids 29. 55S-559 (1994)]

.Ufeets uf n·3 and n-6 .'auy Acids on the ActJ,·Jties lind Expression ofHepatic Antioxldllnt En~ymes in Autoimmune-Prone NZBxNZW FIMlce.l'),a T. Venkatramarfl. Bysani OmndraseUJD, Jong Dai Kim" andGabriel Fem:mdesu,".c, Departments of tlMedicine. "Physiology andC'Microbiology. Tbe University of Texas Health Science Ccmer. San Anro-nio. Tua~ 78284-7874.

Menhaden fish oil (FO) comaining n-3 fauy acids dramaticallyextends the life span and delays the onset and progression of autoimmunedisease in (NZBxNZW)F I (BfW) female mice as compared to those fedcom oil (00) rich in n-6 lipids. As an ineffICiem anlio~idanl defense 5),5-tern has been linked 10 eutcimmune diseases, the: present study was under-taken 10 determine whether the prceecuve IIClion of n-J lipilb is mediatedthrough their emicxldant defense system. Weanling BfW mice were fed anutritionally adequate. semipurified diet containing 00 Of krill oil (KO)Of FO at 10'1> level (w/'W) ad libitum until the mice wen: 6.5 months old.All dielS conuined the $aJ1lC level of vitamin E (21.5 mgllOO g diet). Wecompa=i the effecls of feeding n-6 and n-j lipids on wrvival. kidney dis-ease. hepatic microsomal lipid ccmposiuon, percxldauon. and on theactivit), and mRNA expression of the PIl!iOllid:ml enzymes catalase. glu·tpthione peroxidase (GSH-I'x) and supercxlde dismutase (SOD) in 6.5-tnOrlth-old BfW mice. TIle results showed that when compared to liversfrom eo-fed mice. livCN!from KO- and FO·fed mice showed: (i) signili-candy higher (P c 0.001) activities and expression of CAT. GSH-Pll andSOD: (ii) significantly lowcr (P c 0.001) arachidonic ncid (20:4n-6) nndlinolei, acid (18:2n-6) pnd higher (P < 0.001) etcoseoenraenolc acid(20:Sn-J) "lid uoccssnexecncic acid (22:6n-3) levels in hepatic micro-somes: and (iii) signifICantly lower (P < O.OOt) estimated perollidmionindices and thiobarbituric ocid reactive substances generation. Tltc dluaindicate that one or the mechanisms through which the n-J lipids delaythe onset of autoimmune diseases in 8{W mice may be through main te-

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[1-14Cjoleic acid was mainly transferred to phcsphatidylcholines.Lipolytic activity was detected in adult parasites that had been incubat-ed with radioactive triolcoylglycerol. I 1-14CIHe~adecan-l-01 was oxi-dized in P..J!mbiguus at a high rate to labeled palmitic acid. which wasincorporated into various lipid classes of P. ombigullS. Small but signif-icant proportions of l'1Idioactivity from hexadecan-l-ol were incorporat-ed into ether glycerolipids of the parasite. A more direct precursor inether glycerolipid metabolism. i.e., rac-I-O-I 1'-14Cjhexadecylglycerol,was lnccrpcruted into alkyl and I'-alkenyl moieties of choline andethanolamine etherglycerophcsphclipids of P. ambigllus in high yield.High proportions of labeled diacylglycerols. triacylglycerols and sterylesters were detected in surface lipids as well as lipid extracts of theculture media after incubation of P. ambigwu with [1-14Clpalmitic or(I-14Cjoleic acids. The results suggest that palmitic acid and oleic acidare incorporated into neutral and polar lipids of P. ambiguus maintainedin glucose medium quite differently with oleic acid showing a Strongpreference for triacylglycerols. However. the incorporation of palmiticacid in glucose-fed parasites was similar to that of oleic acid in fastedparasites. as well as in larvae. This may be explained by partial fuuyacid depletion in fasted WOI1l1S and rapid cell division in larvae. respec-tively.[Lipids 29. 583-589 (1994)1

nance of higher activities and expression of hepatic antioxidant enzymes.[Lipids 29. 561-568 (1994)J

Serum Fauy Acid Profiles in CJstic Fibrosis Patients and Their Par-ents. A.B. ChristoptJe'l. WJ. Warwickb and R.T. Holman". aDepartmentof Endocril1(llogy and Metabolic Diseases. Division of Nutrition. Univer-sity of Ghent. Ghent. Belgium B9000. beystic Fibrosis Research Cemer.University of Minnesota Hospital. Minneapolis. Minnesota 55455 and£'The Hormel Institute. University of Minnesota. Austin. Minnesota55912.

Fally acid compositions of the major serum lipid classes from 43 cys-tic fibrosis (CF) homozygores (CF patients), 36 obligate hererozygotes(parents of CF patients) and 34 controls were determined by capillary gasehrometography, Fatty acid compositions of the homozygote CF parteruswere skewed in the direction of relative essential fally acid deficiency incomparison with the controls. Less pronounced. but similar deviationsfrom normal. wen: observed in the heterozygcres. Homozygotes with nor-mal fatty acid compositions and heterozygotes with considerably dis-turbed tany acid profiles were found.[Lipids 19.569-575 (l994)J

The Lipid Composition of Selected Tissues from a MedilerraneanMonk Seal, Monachus monachu!. R. James Hendersonv, NickKalogeropoulosb and Maria N. Alexisb• °N.E.R,C, Unit of Aquatic Bio-chemistry. Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences. Universityof Stirling. Stirling FK9 4LA. Scotland and bNalional Centre for MarineResearch. Aghios Kosm35. Helleniko. 16604. Athens. Greece.

The lipid composition of blubber. brain. muscle and heart from aMeditermnean monk seal Monochus monachlls (an endange~d species)were examined to allow comparisons with more common species ofseals. Only neutral lipids (mainly triacylglycerols) were delectable inthe blubber lipids, whereas polar lipids predominated in the heart andin the brain. Neutral and polar lipids comprised almost equal propor-tions in both liver and muscle. Choline glycerophospholipids (CGP)were the major polar lipids. followed by ethanolamine glycerophospho-lipids (EGP) in the liver. heart and muscle. Cerebrosides accounted for28.8% of the brain lipids. All lipid classes of the liver contained highlevels (31-47%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). with the excep-tion of phosphatidylscrine. The total proponion of 1'1-6PUFA exceededthat of 1'1-3PUFA in all lipid classes of the liver. due mainly to the highlevels of 20:41'1·6, The highest level of 20:41'1-6 occurred in phos-phutldylinoshol. where it compriscd 32.4% of the total fany acids. TheCGP and EGP of the brain contained lower levels of PUFA than thoseof the liver, muscle and heart. Alkenyl ethers accounted for 35.8% ofthe total long-chain moieties in brain EGP. The fatty acid compositionof blubber triacylglycerols differed from those of the lipid classes fromother tissues in that it had a vcry low ratio of 1'1-6to no] PUFA (0.3) asa result of a lower content of20:4n-6,[Lipids 29. 577-582 (1994)J

Metabolism or Long-Chain Fatty Acids, Alcohols and Alkylglycerolsin the "-lsh Parasite Parattnuist!nlis ambjfuus (Acanthocephala).Christ in Fifipponiv, Horst 'rarescnewskt and Nikolaus weber".°Lehrstuhl fUr Spe1!ielle Zoologie und Parasitologie der Ruhr-Unlversitat.044801 Bochum. bzoologisehes lnstitut der Universitiil. D-76128 Kart-sruhe and "lustinrt ffir Biochemie und Technologie der ~ue. H.P. Kauf-mann-Institut. BAGKF. 0-48006 Munster. Gel1l1any.

Specific differences between the acyl compos ilion of lipids of thehelminth PorUienuiseRfis ombiguus and its host eel. as shown previous-ly. prompted us 10 study the lipid metabolism in this inlest;nal fish par.ashe. Adults and larvae of P. umbigllus were fed various lipid precur-sors. e.g .. fatty acids. long-chain alcohols and I-O-alkylglycerols.which may occur as common nutrients of intestinal parasites. Incorpo-ration of [l-14CJpalmitic acid into neutral and polar lipids was foundto be similar under aerobic and near-anaerobic conditions. In adult par-asites maintained in cu!tu~ medium supplemented with glucose, 11-14C[palmitic acid was incorporated mainly into triacylglycerols andphosphatidylchollnes. whereas [1- I 4CJoieic acid was incorpor:uedpreferentially into triacylglycerols. In fasted adults, as well as in larvae.

An Improved Spectropbotemetrtc Triiodide Assay for LipidH)·droperoxides.. Robert A. Darrow and Daniel T. Drganisciak. Depart-ment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Wright State University.Dayton. Ohio 454]5.

A spectrophotometric method is deseribed for the measurement oflipid hydroperoxides. to a lower limit of 0.5 nmctes. based on the for-mation of triiodide ions measured al the absorbance maximum of 365nm. 1lle assay mixture. which was modified from an earlier publishedprocedure IEI-Saadani. M .. Esterbauer. H.. EI-Sayed. M .. Goher. M ..Nassar. A.Y .. and Jurgens. G. (1989) J. Lipid Res. 30, 627--630J. con-tains 18% methanol together with nonionic and cationic detergents. andis designed 00 that the hydropemaides to be measured can be added ineither water or methanol. By incubating the reaction mixture at 50·Cfor 30 min. less-reactive hydruperexjdes can be measured with thesame fidelity as more-reactive ones. Under these conditions. the assaycan be carried out under ordinary room lighting and without specialprotection from ambient oxygen with absorbance values being stableup to 15 h. Enzymatic standardizations showed that the trliodidemethod gave comparable results for H202. ccmene hydrcpernxide.linoleic add hydropercxide. phosphatidylcholine nydroperoode. and aphctooxidized tissue extract containing a mixture of hydroperoxides.The triiodide assay is recommended primarily for measuring purifiedhydrcperoxides.[Lipids 29. 591-594 (1994)J

A Microprecipitation Technique Suitable ror Measuring a-Lipopro-tein Cholesterol. Donald L. Puppione and Sarada Charugundla. Molecu-lar Biology Institute and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,University of California, Lo5 Angeles. California 90024.

A semi-automated method has been developed for determining a-lipoprotein cholesterol values. Precipitation of apofipoprotein B con-taining lipoproteins takes ptece in wells of rmcrcruer plates after 100J1L of serum are mixed with 20 j.lL of a heparinjMnCIZ solution. ABeckman (FuJ1enon. CAl Biomek 1000 work station is used to transfersera. supernatants and reagents between tubes and microtiter plates.Supernatant cholesterol is determined enzymatically. and absorbancesare read at 490 nm using D Molecular Devices Corporation (Palo Alto,CAl plate reader. Values obtained on both fresh and frozen serum sam-ples agreed with corresponding data obtained at the Cemers for DiseaseControl (CDC; Atlanta. GA). For the fresh samples. the average biaswas 2.87%. The within-run coefficients of variations were between 2.2and 0.6% for the data obtained on CDC frozen control pools. Theresults indicate that the semi-automated method is suitable for obtain-ing accurate and precise data for a-lipoprotein cholesterol. The methodlends itself to the analysts of lurge numbers of samples and is particu-larly suited for the study of lipoproteins of small mammals.ILipids 29. 595-597 (l994}) •

INFORM, Vol. 5, no. 9 (September 1994)