12. Energy and Environment

7/25/2019 12. Energy and Environment

1/26

12. Energy & Environment


2/26

Environmental Effects Categorization

As more and more environmental effects become known, the needfor the reduction of environment pollution is obvious.

All sorts of discharges including waste, noise & radiation effects theenvironment.

They can be categorized as:

Local effects

Regional effects

Global effects Since full spectrum of effects are not known one needs to monitor

and assesses effects continuously.


3/26

Environmental Effects Local

Depends on the nature and the activities of the industry.

May range from:

Noise Dust

Irritating smells

Waste water

Solid discharges

Discharge quantities and frequencies will determine the effect of the

releases. Can easily be mitigated with proper planning, maintenance and

appropriate investments.


4/26

Environmental Effects Regional

Often part of plant activities and vehicle movements.

Most common effect is eutrophication where discharging of nutrientsinto waterbodies occur. Phosphorous and Nitrogen are major causeswhich come from fertilizer industry an will lead to algae growth.

Another effect is acidification which will kill the forest and corrodematerials.

Discharges from metal industries has a serious effect regionally whenthey get added to natural water bodies where they settle finally.

Persistent Organic Compounds [POC], Volatile Organic Compounds[VOC], dioxins can cause serious regional effects.


5/26

Environmental Effects POP


6/26

Environmental Effects Global

Some major effects Greenhouse effect

Increase in tropospheric ozone

Depletion of the stratospheric ozone

Concentrations of O3 in the tropospheredepends on chemical reactions withhydrocarbons, NOx, CO2 believed to beincreasing and harmful to forest, crops,human health.

Depletion of O3 in stratosphere causes UV topenetrate.


7/26

Atmospheric Emissions: CO2: Emissions MT per Capita


8/26

Atmospheric Emissions: CO2: Emissions MT per Capita


9/26

Atmospheric Emissions: CO

Generated due toincomplete combustionand by catalytic meansthese can be considerablyreduced.

Traffic emissions areserious contributors.


10/26

Atmospheric Emissions: NOx

Generally formed when combustion is over 1000 oC and under higherexcess air conditions.

Most of the emissions are NO which is rapidly oxidized to NO2 whenmixed with air.

Contributes to acidification and disturbs the activity of anaerobicbacterial NO2 production which is the natural soil enrichmentmechanism.

Countries have set limits Nox emissions in power plants to mitigateeffects from Nox.


11/26

Atmospheric Emissions: SOx

Environment and Vegetation negatively affected due to acidificationwhile human health is affected by irritation in the bronchus andincreased sensitivity to infections.

Atmospheric SOX generated by combustion of fossil fuels also disruptsnatural decomposition process.

Some countries use lime spreading by aircrafts to mitigate effects ofSox.


12/26

Atmospheric Emissions: VOC

Alkenes, Aromatics, Organic Acids & chlorinated solvents fall into thiscategory.

Main sources are vehicles, paints, & combustion (especially smallboilers).

They contribute to respiratory track problems cancer, formation ofphotochemical oxidants like ozone, etc.


13/26

Atmospheric Emissions: Methane

Naturally occurring in swamps, syn-gas production systems, trappedgas liberation (methane hydrates).

It contributes to greenhouse effect by about 25times more than CO2in absorbing heat. Also it contributes to formation of Ozone whichthen act as a greenhouse gas in the stratosphere.

Globally the main source is farming activities via waste deposites.


14/26

Atmospheric Emissions: Dioxins, Metals & Dust

Out of around 200 Dioxins around 12 form toxic andstable ones. Most Common one is 2,3,7,8-tetra-chloro-di-benzo-p-dioxin [also known as Sevesco

dioxin]. Can cause cancer, lower immunity levels andmany other health effects. Waste incineration, steel& iron industry contributes.

TCDD

Heavy metals dispersed can cause neurotic diseases, anemia, fetal injuriesand miscarriages.

Dust from coal stations and wood combustors can often cause respiratoryproblems as well as inconvenience.


15/26

Emissions into water from Energy Production

As mentioned earlier it is necessary to consider, quantity, frequencyand duration

Effluents from power plants have to be considered in regard to: pH

Oil & Grease

TDS

TRC

Metals Fe, Cu, Cr & Zn

They can be blowdown water, treatment plan effluents, contaminatedcondensate, cleaning water, Hydro-testing water, Rain Water, etc.


16/26

Noise Emissions

For neighbors plant operations should not produce any noise whichmay be annoying or distracting.

For plant personnel noise should be controlled to avoid risk ofhearing, interference with speech, communication and alarms.

Dominating sources are FD / ID Fans, Pumps, Compressors, Turbines,Ejectors, Safety valves, Blow Down of process streams


17/26

Noise Emissions Note 1 - Units

A sound consists essentially of a moving series of pressure fluctuations, andthe normal unit of pressure is the Pascal. However, it is not normal tomeasure sound in Pascals; instead the decibel scale is used. The decibel

scale is a logarithmic one, which compresses a large range of values to amuch smaller range.

For example, the range of sound pressures from 0.00002 to 2.0 Pa isrepresented on the decibel scale by the range 0 to 100 dB.

Two justifications are normally given for using a decibel scale. The range of values involved in measuring the amplitude of sound is inconveniently

large. The human ear does not respond linearly to different sound levels and the decibel

scale relates sound measurement more closely to subjective impressions ofloudness.


18/26

Noise Emissions Note 2 - Calculation The decibel scale for measuring sound levels is defined by the equation


19/26

Noise Emissions Note 2 - Calculation


20/26

Environmental Technologies

For combustion emissions

Dynamic Collectors Cyclones

Wet Collectors scrubbers

Bag filters & Granular bed filters

Electrostatic Precipitators

Sulfur Oxide reducing technologies

Solid Waste Recycling Combustion Biological treatment deposits

Nitrogen Oxide reducingTechnologies

Special Burners Low Nox

Smaller furnace Low Flame Temperatures

Gas re-circulation

Excess Air Control

Ozone Alkali Absorption

Sulphur/ Organic sol

n

Absorption Selective Reduction

Selective Catalytic Reduction

Electron Beam Methods


21/26

Environmental Management

Tools

EIA

ER

LCA

Audits

Prevention Techniques

Waste Minimization

EMS Environment Management Systems ISO 14001


22/26

Environmental Laws and Conventions

Stockholm 1972 UN conference on Environment UNEP: tocoordinate environmental promotional work

Brundtland Commission 1983 UNs Commission for Environment &Development

Rio Summit 1992 UN Conference on Environment & Development(UNCED)

Kyoto Protocol 1997 Addressed Greenhouse Gas emissions


23/26

Environmental Laws - Sri Lanka


24/26


Environment

Protection

Order - 25.01.2008 - Environmental Protection License Prescribed Activities

Order - 01.02.2008 - National Environmental Protection & Quality Regulations

Regulations - 20.12.1994 - Appeal Procedure

Air Quality

Regulations - 30.06.2003 - Re: Air emission, fuel & vehicle importation standards

Order - 10.10.2003 - Prohibition of Ozone depleting substances

Order - 09.07.2008 - List of vehicle exhaust emission standards

Regulations - 15.08.2008 - Permissible Ambient Air Quality Standards in relation to

class of Air Pollutants

Regulations - 15.08.2008 - Permissible Ambient Air Quality Standards in relation to

class of Air Pollutants


25/26


Noise

Order - 23.05.1996 - industrial noise pollution

Order - 30.04. 29.12.2011ment to Gazette Notification No. 924/12 dated 23.05.1996

Order - 20.12.1994 - National Environmental (vehicle horns) Regulations

Waste

Management

Order - 10.10.2006 - Prohibition of Polythene or any polythene product of 20 micron

or below in thickness

Regulations - 01.02.2008 - License for discharge, emission or disposal of

waste/scheduled waste management

Order - 10.11.2009- Municipal Solid Waste


26/26


EIA

Order - 24.06.1993 - Procedure for approval of projects & prescribed projects

Order - 23.02.1995 - project Approving Agencies

Order - 05.11.1995 - Amendments to prescribed projects

Regulation - 10.04.2003 - Upper Kotmale hydro power project

Order - 29.12.2004 - Appointing Forest Department as a Project Approving Agency

Documents

12. Energy and Environment