11A Non-Avionic CNS Systems (WP15)

8/3/2019 11A Non-Avionic CNS Systems (WP15)

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Enter here your Presentation Title 1

The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation

Performance Based Navigation

PBN

Navigation Assumptions

Airspace Design based on assumptionsthat all aircraft equipped with NDB/VORand/or DME and airspace designedon those assumptions.

Conventional Navigation

Airspace Design based on assumptionsthat 'RNAV equipped' aircraft can useRNAV routes. Exceptionally, Nav Specrequired e.g. RNP 4.

RNAV (pre-PBN)


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Why Action was Required

PRESE

NT

B-RNAV

P-RNAV

US-RNAV

RNP10

RNP 4

RNP/RNAV

FUTU

RE

Boeing

Europe

US

Australia

Canada

South America

China

Japan

Airbus

Russia

Other States-Regions

India

RNAVandRNP

Development of a variety of navigation applications action required!

RNPSORG Main Goals

Achieve and document a common understanding ofRNP and RNAV and associated concepts andfunctionalities

Define RNAV and RNP

How do they relate to each other?

What is the essential distinction?

Harmonize use of RNP and RNAV on global basis, forbenefit of operators and service providers

Identify operational and airworthiness requirements forRNP and RNAV


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Enter Performance Based NavigationAirspace Design based on assumptionsthat all aircraft equipped with NDB/VORand/or DME and airspace designedon those assumptions.

Conventional Navigation

Airspace Design based on assumptionsthat 'RNAV equipped' aircraft can useRNAV routes. Exceptionally, Nav Specrequired e.g. RNP 4.

RNAV (pre-PBN)

Aircraft fleetapproval, which

must match...

(a)

An ICAO PBNNavigationSpecification

(b)

... and availableNAVAID

Infrastructure

(c)

Airspace Design ,in all cases match....

mustPBN

+

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Components of PBN Concept

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NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION

APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

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NAVAIDNAVAID

INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE

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SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION

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NAVAIDNAVAID


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GroundGround--based Navigation Aids (Navaids)based Navigation Aids (Navaids)

VOR; DME;VOR; DME; ((NotNot NDB)NDB)

SpaceSpace--based Navaidsbased Navaids

GNSSGNSS

GPS;GPS; GlonassGlonass;; futurefutureGalileoGalileo

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NAVAIDNAVAID


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NAVAIDNAVAID


1122NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION


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WhatWhat PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE is required ofis required of

the RNAV system?the RNAV system?

WhatWhat FunctionalitiesFunctionalities must RNAVmust RNAV

system have to achievesystem have to achieve PerformancePerformance WhatWhat Navigation SensorsNavigation Sensors must bemust be

integrated in RNAV system to achieveintegrated in RNAV system to achieve

PerformancePerformance

What requirements are placed on theWhat requirements are placed on the

Air crewAir crew to achieve the requiredto achieve the required

PerformancePerformancefrom the RNAV system?from the RNAV system?

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Document used by State as basis for developingDocument used by State as basis for developing

Certification & Operational ApprovalCertification & Operational Approval

International Navigation Specifications publishedInternational Navigation Specifications published

in Volume II of PBN Manualin Volume II of PBN ManualAim is tolimit

numberof Nav. Specsin global use

AccuracyAccuracy

IntegrityIntegrity

ContinuityContinuity


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PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE

FunctionalitiesFunctionalities

Navigation SensorsNavigation Sensors

Air crewAir crew requirementsrequirements

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PreviousRNP

Concept

Document used by State as basis for developingDocument used by State as basis for developing

Certification & Operational ApprovalCertification & Operational Approval

International Navigation Specifications publishedInternational Navigation Specifications published

in Volume II of PBN Manualin Volume II of PBN Manual

Navigation Performance

Longitudinal Errors

Lateral Errors

System Performance Error Components:

On-Board Performance Monitoring and Alerting:

Role

Application


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RNAV SystemRNAV System PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE

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Document used by State as basis forDocument used by State as basis forCertification & Operational ApprovalCertification & Operational Approval

International NS in Volume II of PBN ManualInternational NS in Volume II of PBN Manual

RNAVRNAV RNPRNP

OnOn--Board performance Monitoring and AlertingBoard performance Monitoring and Alerting


On-board performance monitoring and alerting does not only referto containment in the MASPS; Annex 11 or PANS-OPS.

On-board performance monitoring and alerting allows the air crewto detect that the RNP system is not achieving the navigationperformance required of the RNP system

RNAVRNAV RNPRNP

OnOn--Board performance Monitoring and AlertingBoard performance Monitoring and Alerting


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RNP

RNAV 1 and Basic RNP 1

1 NM

1 NMDesired Path

1 NM

1 NM

UNABLE RNP

RNAV 1 Basic RNP 1

Developed for continental radarenvironment

Does not require on-boardperformance monitoring andalerting

GNSS, DME/DME andDME/DME/IRU allowed

Accommodates majority of aircraft In ECAC similar to P-RNAV in

Terminal Airspace not mandated

Continental US Terminal Airspace

Primarily intended for low densityprocedural environments

Requires on-board performancemonitoring and alerting

Requires GNSS (possible exceptions)

Primarily intended for use within 30NMof departure and arrival aerodromes

Specific US Terminal Airspace


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ICAOICAO


SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONS

International NS in Volume II of PBN ManualInternational NS in Volume II of PBN Manual

DesignationRNAV 5RNAV 2

RNAV 1

DesignationRNAV 10

For Oceanic and Remote

Continental navigationapplications For En Route & Terminalnavigation applications

* Under development

RNP SPECIFICATIONSRNP SPECIFICATIONSRNAV SPECIFICATIONSRNAV SPECIFICATIONS

Designation

RNP with additionalrequirements to be

determined(e.g. 3D, 4D etc)

Designation

B-RNP 1

RNP AR APCHfor various phases of

flight

RNP 2*

A-RNP*RNP 0.3*

RNP APCH*

DesignationRNP 4

For Oceanic & Remote

Continental navigationapplications

*

*


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XXRNAVRNAV RNPRNP XX33



BB--RNP 1RNP 1RNAV 10RNAV 10

XXRNAVRNAV RNPRNP XX

BB--RNP 1RNP 1RNAV 10RNAV 10

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NAVAIDNAVAID


RNAV 5RNAV 5

RNAV 5RNAV 5

RNPRNP descriptordescriptor

RNP APCHRNP APCH

RNP AR APCHRNP AR APCH

RNP APCHRNP APCH


XX = Navigation Accuracy in NM= Navigation Accuracy in NM

RNP APCHRNP APCH



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PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE

FunctionalitiesFunctionalities


Air crewAir crew requirementsrequirements

Example: RNAV 1 Specification

RNAV 1RNAV 1


NAVAIDNAVAID

INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTUREICAO RNAV 1ICAO RNAV 1



(1) DME/DME/IRU(1) DME/DME/IRU (1) DME(1) DME

(2) DME/DME(2) DME/DME (2) DME(2) DME

(3) GNSS(3) GNSS (3) GPS(3) GPS

E.G: RNAV 1 Specification (A)

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STATE (A)STATE (A)

RNAV 1RNAV 1


NAVAIDNAVAID


STATE (A)STATE (A)

RNAV 1RNAV 1



State AState A


(3) GNSS(3) GNSS (3) GPS(3) GPS


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E.G: RNAV 1 Specification (B)11

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STATE (B)STATE (B)

RNAV 1RNAV 1


NAVAIDNAVAID


STATE (B)STATE (B)

RNAV 1RNAV 1



State BState B


(2) DME/DME(2) DME/DME (2) DME(2) DME

Aircraft - Equipment and OperatorApproval

*

based on MASPs or PBN Nav Spec

NAVIGATORBOX e.g. GPS

type ABC

+

EQUIPMENT

LEVELAPPROVAL

AIRCRAFT

LEVEL

APPROVAL

OPERATOR

LEVELAPPROVAL


type ABC


type ABC

Comments/Notes GPS could be a sensor in multi-sensor system

or a self-contained and stand-alone navigator; FAA/EASA (E) TSO against a MOPS e.g.DO229, incl. functions, performancequalification. Attributes incl. accuracy,

functionality (e.g. Nav database), integrity,alerting, path steering;

Installation approval on aircraft against anEASA AMC or FAA AC which includes an

operational context e.g. RNAV 5; Takes into account a/c level integration e.g.displays, controls, interface with other systemse.g. auto-pilot; flight director; safetyrequirements and HF.

For the aircraft installation to be used by pilot,operational approval needed against, forexample, EU-OPS 1. Operational Approval is concerned with

training, flight crew procedures, quality,database management, etc.


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NAVAIDNAVAID


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PBN in Context:



NAVAIDNAVAID

INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURENAVIGATIONNAVIGATION


COM NAV SUR ATM

PBNPBN


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What's new with PBN

PBN requires the use of an on-board area navigation system;

PBN creates requirements forairworthiness certification andoperational approval to use areanavigation systems in airspaceimplementations;

The area navigation systems

performance andthe generaloperation must conform to therequirements stipulated in therelevant ICAO navigationspecification.

Approach and Landing and PBN

EuropeanOrganisation for the Safetyof Air Navigation


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Approach and Landing Types

FAF

CAT I

CAT II/III

STAR(e.g. P-RNAV)

Final Approach

Final Approach Capture

Above CAT I

RNP APCHIncludes:

LNAV

LNAV/VNAV

LP LPV

RNP AR APCH

(LPV 200)

RNAV

GBAS/

GPS

GBAS/GPS

ILS

MLS

GBAS/Multiple constellations

Precision Approach

CDO

ILS

Approach Types

Two Types of Instrument Approach

Precision Approach

Using Instrument Landing System

Guidance in lateral and vertical dimensions provided by radio

beams from equipment located at the runway plus other reqs:Runway length, taxiways, lighting and markings, emergencyservices. Depending on category - Cat-1 Cat-II, Cat-III

Descent to a Decision Altitude or Height (DA/H)

Limited to major airports with demand for all weatheroperations critical to airline operations.

Expensive


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Approach Types (2) Non-Precision Approach

based on conventional navigation aids, NDB, VOR,DME.

Pilot able to derive lateral position and follow aninstrument procedure.

No vertical guidance

Procedure uses Minimum Descent Altitude or Height

(MDA/H)

Sometimes quite complex procedures with step-downfixes.

PA and NPA

Precision approaches are safest

ILS sensor now, MLS & GLS soon, all directly ground-referenced

Simple to fly single-slope, straight-in

Non-precision approaches (NPA) are safe, but inpractice are much less safe than precision approaches

particularly for large jets, the biggest passenger carriers

Often complex & error-prone: dive-and-drive, or notstraight-in

No Vertical guidance


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RNAV Approaches

With the advent of GPS general aviation aircraft hadaccess to precise RNAV capabilities.

GPS non-precision approach procedures arrived.

These were called RNAV approaches

Even though only Lateral Guidance was providedthese approaches improved pilot situationalawareness and reduced workload.

It is widely acknowledged that RNAV Approachesimprove safety

Map location of CFIT accident/incidents

From Runway Threshold, 40 Accidents/Incidents

In most CFIT accidents, the aircraft was lined up with the runway

CFIT Lateral Accident Data


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CFIT Vertical Accident Data Vertical Profile of some recent accidents/incidents Loss of vertical situational awareness is a primary

contributor

Global Summary of InstrumentApproach Procedures

11659933023295538TOTAL

6734570510292630USA

38930188347South Pacific

51645660316South America

453333120198Pacific

441319122264Middle East

31028525133Latin America

1181672509729Western Europe446308138255Eastern Europe

808684124373Canada/Alaska

381267114293Africa

TotalApproaches

Non-Precision

ILSIFR AirportsRegion


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Performance Navigation Accuracy

APV Baro (556 m by 50 m)

APV SBAS (40 m by 50 m)

Charting

Title RNAV (GNSS)or RNAV (GPS) in USA

GNSS is mandatory forthese procedures

All Three minima lines on theSame chart:

LNAVLNAV/VNAVLPV


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RNAV Approach Terminology

RNAV (GNSS) GPS NPA - to LNAV minima APV Baro-VNAV - to

LNAV/VNAV minima

SBAS APV - to LPV minima We also have something called

LPV200

RNP AR (Approval Required) to LNAV/VNAV minima alsoincludes curved procedures


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RNAV Approaches and PBN

ICAO PBN Manual Naming Convention:

All these approaches are called - RNP APCH

Navigation Specification is in two parts:

RNP APCH Operations down to LNAV andLNAV/VNAV mimima

RNP APCH Operations down to LP and LPV

minima

RNP Approaches - Vertical Guidance

RNP APCHRNP APCH

Without Vertical guidanceWithout Vertical guidance With Vertical guidanceWith Vertical guidance

LNAVLNAV LPLP

Approachexpected to

be flown withCDFA

Not yetavailable

SBASsupportedLocaliser

Performance

LNAV/VNAVLNAV/VNAV LPVLPV

APV-Baro Expected very soonSBAS supported

LocaliserPerformance withvertical guidance

(APV-SBAS)


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Questions?

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11A Non-Avionic CNS Systems (WP15)