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Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium – National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
In-flight Evaluation of Avionic Systems
Henk JentinkNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Aerospace Testing 2011, Flight Test Seminar, 6 April 2011, Hamburg
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Outline
Introduction
Examples of in-flight avionics evaluations
In flight evaluation of a NESLIE back-up air data systemObjectives Accommodation Flight Test OperationFlight Test Analysis and Result
Conclusion
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N L R - A m s t e r d a m
The Netherlands
N L R - F l e v o l a n d
N L R – S c h i p h o l
N L R - A m s t e r d a mN L R - A m s t e r d a m
The Netherlands
N L R - F l e v o l a n dN L R - F l e v o l a n d
N L R – S c h i p h o lN L R – S c h i p h o l
Where and what is NLR?
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
www.nlr.nl
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How do we test avionics in flight?NLR Research aircraft
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Cessna CitationNLR / TUD Research aircraft
MTOW 14,600 lbs
Max Payload 3,100 lbs
Max Altitude 43,000 ft
Max Speed (Sea level) 262 KIAS
Max Endurance 5 hours
Max number cabin seats 8
P&W JT15D-4 jet engines
EFIS
FMS
RVSM
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Cessna CitationNLR / TUD Research aircraft
RESEARCH FACILITIES
Dedicated electrical power system
Hard points (200 kg)
External mounting structure
Side mounted fairing with optical window
Modified escape hatch
Nose boom (α and β vanes, 5-hole probe)
High accuracy positioning system
Data acquisition system
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Fairchild MetroNLR Research Aircraft
MTOW 12,500 lbs
Max Payload 3,000 lbs
Max Altitude 25,000 ft
Max Speed (sea level) 248 KIAS
Max Endurance 5 hours
Max number cabin seats 6
Garrett TPE-331 Turboprop engines
Pax door and large cargo door
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Fairchild MetroNLR Research Aircraft
RESEARCH FACILITIES
Dedicated electrical power
Hard points (160 kg)
External mounting structure
Optical window bottom fuselage (60X60 cm)
Nose boom (α and β VANES, 5-Hole probe)
High accuracy positioning systems
Data acquistion system
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Flight Test @ NLR
Aerodynamics
Atmosphere
Avionics
Air Traffic Management
Flight test methods
System tests
Flight inspection
Airborne Remote Sensing
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Request
For
Test
(RFT)
PreliminaryRisk
Assessment
Draft
Test
PlanROUTINE/LOW: Peers
HIGH: Safety Board
SAFETY REVIEW
AGREEMENT
FOR
TEST
NLR Flight Test OrganisationFlight Test Preparation
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Examples of in-flight Avionics and Avionic concept evaluations
Wake vortex and turbulence detection
Future ATM concepts validation
Data links
UAVs in civil airspace: Project Outcast
Evaluation of prototype commercial products such as an IMU, GPS receiver, weather radar, etc.
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Wake vortex and turbulence detection
Forward-looking LiDARsensor
GENERATING A/C
FOLLOWING A/C
S-Wake / Awiator
I-WAKE
Delicat
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Wake vortex detection
I-WAKE modification/
certification
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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I-Wake project
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Future ATM concepts validation
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
•Free flight
•Continuous Descend Approach
•GNSS for aviation
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GNSS for aviation
Is it ready for the application?
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Nice Trials
1st time to fly approach on EGNOS (ESTB) guidance
Procedure flyability was demonstrated
Assessment of TSE in terms of NSE and FTE
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Data links
VDL-4 ADS-B
Eurocontrol Link2000
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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UAVs in civil airspace: Project Outcast
See-and-avoid in civil airspace
IR and visible cameras
“Ground” operator on board
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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OUTCAST project
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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OUTCAST
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OUTCAST
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NESLIE project
TypeEuropean Commission 6th Framework project
Budget1 M€ NLR / 6 M€ total
Duration2006 – 2009
CompositionAmong partners are
– Thales– Airbus– Dassault– EADS
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Objectives
NESLIE = NEw Standby Lidar InstrumEnt
Overall objective
Project objectiveEvaluation of NESLIE system in flight test campaign
– system performance with regard to a/c reference– influence of atmosphere on backscattered signals
Airspeed measurement
LiDAR
Airspeed measurement
Pitot-static
Reduction probability of
common failures
ImprovementFlight Safety
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Principle
Laser signal1. emitted in airflow2. backscattered by particles in atmosphere3. received with Doppler shift
Doppler shift is measure for true airspeed component in direction of beam
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Configuration
Configuration laser beamsFour laser beamsFocused in small measurement volume (pyramid shape)
Four airspeed components > three required
Location measurement volumeJust outside fuselage / boundary layerIn front of emergency hatch– near free-stream conditions– as far as possible upstream of wing
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Components
Two avionics boxesOpticsSignal processing
Attached to seat tracks in cabin
Laser output via glass fibre
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Accommodation (1/2)
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Accommodation (2/2)
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Test matrix
Shakedown Step climbs tomax altitude
Backscattering measurement
Step climbs tomax altitudeConstant max altitudeSea, countryside, dense urban areaStable conditionsTurbulent conditions
Performance measurements
Side slips, AOA variations with flaps
(with noseboom) Rapid speed changesParabolic flights(0-g manoeuvres)
Backup flights As required
under different atmosphericconditions
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Flight statistics
Number of test flights 18Acc. flight test time 40 hrsFlight test period April – May 2009Test area Netherlands, Northsea &
GermanyTest level Max FL410Test speeds Max 260 KIAS
All matrix items covered
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Recorded data
NESLIE systemBackscatter signal dataAirspeed dataSystem data
AircraftReference data (AOA, sideslip, airspeed)for which also a noseboom with vaneswas usedForward looking video
WeatherSeveral weather products
– METAR, TAF, SIGWX, UWT,wx balloon profiles, etc.
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Content of analysis
Number of detections
Consistency of data
Comparison of Neslie air data and NLR aircraft dataMajor question: Is there a one-to-one relation?
– if yes (within expected accuracy): ok– if no: can we find an explanation for differences?
Signal processing algorithm
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Air data comparison (straight & level speed changes)
Calibrations exist
[deg]78.164.0 −= Nesliecalibrated AOAAOA
AOA
NESLIEA/C
REFERENCE
][2.1103.1 ktTASTAS Nesliecalibrated −=
TAS
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Air data comparison (parabolic manoeuvres)
How does calibration work for dynamic manoeuvre?
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Improved calibration
][4.397.0014.098.0 ktAABdt
dTASTASTAS nesliecalibrated +−−=
Good coherence between aircraft data and NESLIE system data
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Follow up project DANIELA
Follow up project DANIELA
Now: campaign in Spitsbergen
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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Conclusions
NESLIEAn innovative optical backup air data systemwas developed, built and testedThe system was integrated in NLR’sCessna Citation for in-flight evaluationThe flight test campaign delivereda large quantity of dataResults are promising, a large step wasmade towards an avionic systemData can be calibrated
Flight testing avionics in an instrumented, easy-to-modify research aircraft in an experienced flighttest organisation is effective and efficient
Introduction • Examples • NESLIE • Conclusion
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NESLIE flight test impression
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NESLIE flight test impression
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