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8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

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  To meet the mission requirements with the

minimum flight crew (namely the first pilot and the

second pilot)

Economic benefits like

Saving of crew salaries

Expenses and training costs

Reduction in weigh-more passengers or longer

range on less fuel

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IN THE MILITARY CASE

A single seat fighter or strike (attack) aircraft

is lighter

Costs less than an equivalent two seat version

Elimination of the second crew member

(navigator/observer/crew member)

Reduction in training costs

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OTHER VERY IMPORTANT DRIVERS FOR

AVIONICS SYSTEMS ARE

Increased safety 

Air traffic control requirements

All weather operation

Reduction in fuel consumptionImproved aircraft performance and control

and handling and reduction in maintenance costs

*  In the military case, the avionics systems are also being

driven by a continuing increase in the threats posed by the

defensive and offensive capabilities of potential aggressors

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COCKPIT DISPLAY Provides

Visual presentation of Information & Data

from A/c sensors and systems

PROVIDE THE PILOT WITH

Primary flight information

Navigation information

Engine data

Airframe data

Warning information

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MILITARY PILOT ALSO HAS WIDE

ARRAY OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

VIEW SUCH AS

•  Infra-red imaging sensors

•  Radar

•  Tactical mission data

•  Weapon aiming

•  Threat warning

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Head Up Display (HUD)

Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) 

Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR) video picture

through HUD Head position sensor

Night Vision Goggles (NVG) - HMD

HMDs & Virtual cockpit

Colored Head Down Display (HDD)

Multi-Function Display (MFD) with Multi -Function 

Keys (MFK)

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Contd..

Two way communication between the ground

bases and the aircraft or between aircraft

Communication radio suite on modern aircraft is

a very comprehensive one and covers several

operating frequency bands

Long range - HF radios operating in the band

2-30 Mhz

Near to medium range (civil aircraft) by VHF

radios operating in the band 30-100 Mhz 

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Contd..

VHF and UHF are line of sight propagation

systems

Equipment is usually at duplex level of 

redundancy 

VHF radios are generally by triplex level on a

modern airliner

SATCOM systems in many modern aircraftand provide very reliable world wide

communication

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  Essential for the crew to interact with

the avionics systems 

KEY BOARDS 

TOUCH PANELS

DIRECT VOICE INPUT (DVI) CONTROL

EXPLOITS

SPEECH RECOGNITION

TECHNOLOGY

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TOUCH SCREENS

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  Vocabulary size - required size is around

200-300 words

Fully Connected Speech 

Must Be Able to Operate in the Cockpit

Environment 

Speech template duration - Speech Template

Duration is around 5 Seconds

Contd..

Contd

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  Duration of utterance - no restriction on the

max. duration of an input utterance 

Syntax nodes - max. no. of syntax nodesrequired is 300

Vocabulary duration - Maximum duration

of the total vocabulary is around 160 Seconds 

Contd..

Recognition response time - this must be in

real time

EYE TRACKERS 

Improved target designation accuracy 

Data entry in conjunction with a helmet

mounted display 

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TWO AREAS 

Needed for most swept wing jet a/c 

Lightly damped short period oscillatory motion 

AUTO STABILISATION (or stability augmentation) systems 

FBW FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS 

Enables a lighter, higher performance aircraft designed

with relaxed stability 

Good consistent handling which is sensibly constant

over a wide flight envelope and range of load conditions

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  Continuous automatic stabilization of the aircraft by

computer control of the control surfaces

Auto pilot integration 

Care free maneuvering characteristics 

Ability to integrate additional controls automatically

such as 

Leading edge slats/flaps and trailing edge

flaps to generate additional lift

Variable wing sweep 

Thrust vector control nozzles and engine thrust 

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  Elimination of mechanical controls runs - friction,

backslash 

Small control stick 

Aerodynamics versus stealth - the concept of reducing

the radar cross section

Very high integrity, a failure survival system

Ability to exploit aerodynamically unstable configuration

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Air Data SystemsAccurate information on the air data quantities 

Altitude

Calibrated airspeed 

True airspeed 

Vertical speed 

Air stream incidence angle (angle of attack) 

Mach number 

Total air temperature 

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Attitude and heading information are essential

for a/c mission 

Autopilot

Navigation system 

Weapon aiming 

INERTIAL SENSORS 

Gyros - mechanical - electromechanical - RLG-FOG 

AccelerometerAHRS 

Strap Down 

Gimbaled systems 

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ACCURATE NAVIGATION INFORMATION Aircraft's position, ground speed, track angle (direction

of motion of the aircraft relative to true north)

NEED FOR ACCURATE NAVIGATION 

Effective operation of any a/c 

Automatic because of speed 

Density of air traffic on major air routes to fly in a

specified corridor defined by ATC authorities-3D-4D

(time) - high accuracy NAV is essential & forms part of 

FMS

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 For military operation - to enable the a/c to fly low &

take advantage of terrain screening from enemy radar 

Use of weapon - released from several Kms away from

target also requires an accurate knowledge of the a/c

position in order to indicate the mid course inertialguidance of the missile.

DR systems

Position fixing systems 

Contd..

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 Self contained and independent of external systems DR navigation systems used in aircraft are 

Air data/heading reference system - lower accuracy 

Doppler/heading reference systems - widely used

in helicopters

Inertial Navigation systems - most accurate and

widely used systems

Doppler/Inertial navigation system - combination 

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POSITION FIXING SYSTEMS 

Range and bearing (R/ ) radio navigation aids

VOR/DME

TACAN- Accuracy of 1-2 miles 

HYPERBOLIC RADIO NAVIGATION SYSTEMS 

LORAN C - positional accuracy of around 150 m 

8 LORAN C chains comprising 34 ground station

transmitters 

OMEGA - accuracy around 2 NM -VLF at 10 khz

using 8 ground stations 

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  GPS - most important & accurate position fixingnavigation System 

Used by a/c, ships & land vehicles 

Eqpt is passive & requires only a receiver 

Accuracy 

C/A code - 100 m 

P- code 16m - position, 0.1 m/s - velocity 

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APPROACH GUIDANCE TO THE

AIRFIELD/AIRPORT ILS, MLS

A full navigation suite on an aircraft include

INS, GPS, VOR/DME, ILS, MLS 

Many of these systems are at duplex level andsome may be at triplex level

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Weather radar 

Installed in all civil airliners & in many generalaviation aircraft 

To detect water droplets and provide warning of 

storms, cloud turbulence and severe precipitation-

aircraft can alter course and avoid such turbulentconditions

It should be noted that in severe turbulence,

the violence of the vertical gusts can subject the

aircraft structure to very high loads and stresses 

These radars can also generally operate in

ground mapping and terrain avoidance modes.

Modern fighter aircraft generally

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Modern fighter aircraft generally 

Have a ground attack role as well as the prime

interception role and carry very sophisticated multi-

mode radars

In the airborne interception mode, the radar, must

be able to detect aircraft upto 100 miles away and

track while scanning and keeping tabs on several

aircraft simultaneously (typically at least 12 aircraft) 

The radar must also have a 'look down' capability

and be able to track low flying aircraft below it.

In the ground attack or mapping mode, the radar

system is able to generate a map type display from the

radar returns from the ground, enabling specific

terrain features to be identified for position fixing and

target acquisition.

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  The term 'house keeping' management has been usedto cover the automation of the background tasks which

are essential for the aircraft's safe and efficient operation 

Such tasks include 

Fuel management. The embraces fuel flow and fuel

quantity measurement and control of fuel transfer

from the appropriate fuel tanks to minimize changes

in the aircraft trim

Electrical power supply system management 

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Cabin/cockpit pressurization systems 

Environmental control system 

Warning systems 

Maintenance and monitoring systems. Thesecomprise monitoring and recording systems which are

integrated into an on-board maintenance computer

system. This provides the information to enable speedy

diagnosis and rectification of equipment and system

failures by pin-pointing faulty units and providing all the

information, such as part numbers etc., for replacement

units down to module level in some cases

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  Control and the efficient management and monitoring

of the engines

Electronic equipment involved in a modern jet

engine is very considerable

It forms an integral part of the engine and is

essential for its operation

Contd..

E i t l l t i i h i ll t d

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Engine control electronics is physically mounted

on the engine FADEC

Automatically controls the flow of fuel and respondto throttle command

Control system ensures the engine limits in terms of 

temperatures, engine speeds and accelerations are not

exceed and the engine respond in an optimum manner

to the throttle command

Full authority in terms of the control it can

exercise on the engine and a high integrity failuresurvival control system is essential

A FADEC engine control system is thus similar in

many ways to a FBW flight control system 

Other very important engine avionic systems

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 Other very important engine avionic systems

include 

Engine health monitoring systems which measure,

process and record a very wide range of parameters

associated with the performance and health of the

engines

Give early warning of engine performance deterioration,

excessive wear, fatigue damage, high vibration levels,

excessive temperature levels etc

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