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MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu
11.307 Beijing Urban Design Studio Spring 2008
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
Sand
Thhe Site
150’
Solvent
Oil
Categgories of Contaminants• Solvents
e.g.: Paint thhinner, andd parts ddegreaser. Sources: Garages, industry.
• Heavy metals e g : Lead Arsenic Chromium Cadmium and Mercury e.g.: Lead, Arsenic, Chromium, Cadmium, and Mercury. Sources: Metal finishing, metal plating, and manufacturing.
• Petroleum e.gg.: Gasoline,, diesel,, and motor oil. Sources: Underground storage tanks, gas stations,
tank farms, pipelines.
Cleanup Methods for BrownfieldsCleanup Methods for Brownfields
• Remove the hazardous substances and store them at a safer location.
• Leave the substances where they are, but control themcontrol them –Caps and Slurry Walls
–Solvent Extraction
–Bioremediation
Cleanup and Land UseCleanup and Land Use
• The type of use determines the type of cleanupp.
• Residential use demand the highest level ofcleanup because this land use involves thecleanup, because this land use involves the greatest likelihood of exposure.
Contamination Assessment of theShougang Site
• Proxy—previous production activities on the site – Manufacturing plant, esp. refractories p
Waste water disposal– Waste water disposal
lant
–Railway transport
–Cokemaking plant
–Raw material/Slagg storagge
Beijing Studio 2008
Information on transformation of Beijing City and past Beijing Studiosand past Beijing Studios
Dennis Frenchman, Jan Wampler, Chris Zegras,Dennis Frenchman, Jan Wampler, Chris Zegras,Daphne Gondhalekar, Yang Jiang
20
•
Methodology: Analysis matrix
BEIJING STUDIOS BEIJING CITY CONTEXT
.STUDIO DATE AND SITE QUALITATIVE DATA QUANTITATIVE DATA
1985 Shishahai, Dianmen Street 1987 Dashala, Pipe Street, Royal Academy 1992 Dewai Street, Longfusi Market, Fragrant Hills 1995 White Rice Street 1998 White Pagoda 2000 Two Bridges 2002 XiYuan 2004 Railway corridor 2006 Sun Palace 2006 Sun Palace 2008 Capital Steel Plant
About the studio site • Condition of site at time of studio • Studio ideas at the time of the studio • Current condition of site Relation with the studio • Government • Academic • Residents • Developer Other • Similarity between studio proposals and
actual outcome • Analysis theme Analysis theme • Site story • Larger Beijing story
Demography
Economy
Policy • Land-use • Housing / built
environment • Transportation • Energy • Green space /
environment
Urban planning system
Historic events
Infrastructure • Transport • Infrastructure • Energy
Land Use • Housing • Commercial • Industry
¾¾ Analysis of relationship between studio and real city Analysis of relationship between studio and real city transformation to assess the performance of the studios:
How did the context of the real cityy information influence the studios?
How did the studios impact the real city? 21
N
1983
2000
N
PPers
ons/
km2
Huge urban expansion on limited land resources Population density distribution Beijing urban expansion
60,000
BBeijiijing ddensestt 50,000 streets
40,000
City proper30,000
20,000
10,000 Suburbs and rural area Suburbs and rural area
-
1980
1982
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Source: Beijing Statistical Yearbook
¾ Urban population has more than doubled since 1978 ¾¾ 40% of city population expected to move to outer suburbs by 2010 40% of city population expected to move to outer suburbs by 2010 ¾ Urban development pattern becoming increasingly dispersed
22
Figures by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Comparative populationComparative population densities in 2000
23 Courtesy of Alain Bertaud. Used with permission.
Increasing residential consumption10
,000
sq.mm
3,000
2 500 2,500
2,000
1,500
Total
Hi h t i d (10 t i dHigh-storied (10 stories and above) Mid and High-storied (7-9 stories) MMore-sttoried (4 6 d (4-6 stories)i t i )
Low-storied (1-3 stories) Traditional inner city housing
1 000 1,000
500
0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Source: Beijing Statistical Yearbook Source: Beijing Statistical Yearbook
¾ Per capita GDP has increased 10‐fold since 1978¾¾ P it li i h d bl d i 1986Per capita living space has doubled since 1986¾ New residential construction increasingly urban fringe high‐rise
High-rise construction in the urban fringe
24
000
kwh
10
180
140
Uni
tts
Increasing residential energy consumption
Energy consumptionIncrease in durable consumer goods of households Per 100 households annual possession of durable consumer goods
f 2000 b h h ld of 2000 urban households 900 000
1,000,000
800,000
900,000
700,000
TOTAL consm by households TOTAL consm by households Rural Households Urban Households
160160 ,
Source: Beijing Statistical Yearbook kwh
,
j g
10,0
00
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000 120 100,000
100 -
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
80
60 Air conditioning units 40
20
0
widespread
1978
1979
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Showers Washing machines Colour TV sets Refrigerators
25
Rising Car ownership with decreasing urban density
Increasing car ownership and congestion in Beijing
¾ 1984: Residents entitled to own private cars ¾ 1995: Beijing Master plan (1991‐2010) proposes public transport
mode shares 47 % by 2000 ¾ 2000: Local families encouraged to own automobiles ¾ 2008: Car increase in Beijing: 1400 per day
26
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20050
Growth trend of vehicles, cars and motorcycles in Beijing
Num
ber o
f veh
icle
s (00
0s)
Years
Total vehiclesCarsMotorcycles
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Beijing design studio sites:d i h i b d lstudying changing urban development pattern
Example of dense traditional urban area:
27
1985: Inner city urban renewal: Shishahai area
STUDENT PROPOSALS:¾¾ Preserve and densify existing housing Preserve and densify existing housing ¾ Traffic congestion, pedestrian precinct along lake ¾ Selective intervention to accommodate economic growth
Actual change: increasing congestioncongestion
28
1985: Urban fringe issues: Haidian Town
Haidian in 1985 Student proposals STUDENT PROPOSALS:¾¾ Maintenance of continuity and quality of life Maintenance of continuity and quality of life ¾ Develop commercial area ¾ Enable pedestrian precincts
Actual change: demolition of original town original town
29
1992: Large‐scale commercial development
STUDENT PROPOSALS:STUDENT PROPOSALS: ¾ Keep viable existing community and small scale market ¾ Develop site into important commercial centre
Actual change: disappearance of original community of original community
30
2004: Public transport‐oriented development
STUDENT PROPOSALS: ¾ Both sides of rail to develop as a whole ¾ Densify land-use mixture ¾ Motor vehicle restriction
Actual change: much larger in scale than anticipated scale than anticipated
31
2006: Urban village: Sun Palace Neighborhood
STUDENT PROPOSALS: ¾ Integrate existing structures, densify and add green space ¾ Link to nearby subway stop under construction ¾ High rise buildings at edges of site g g g
Actual change: complete demolition of existing demolition of existing community
32
Urbanization patterns driving land‐use change involvingseveral stakeholdersseveral stakeholders
1) Inner city urban renewal With government support: ¾¾Outcome strongly resembles studio proposals: Sanitized residential and preserved historic withOutcome strongly resembles studio proposals: Sanitized residential and preserved historic with small‐scale commercial activity for tourists By developer: ¾Local government sees more profit in commercial redevelopment and invited developers: Sites cleared for ‘renewal’ development cleared for renewal development
2) Large‐scale commercial development ¾No connection with government or residents ¾Studios anticipated less large‐scale commercial development
3) Transport oriented development ¾¾Studio discourse with local residentsStudio discourse with local residents ¾In large government projects, old areas demolished ¾Scale of new development and clearance of all old areas not anticipated
4) Urban villages in greenbelt ¾Municipal government plans to implement greenbelt ¾But village collective invites developer to initiate large‐scale housing development for economic profit p ¾Studio had no contact with government or residents ¾Sites completely demolished
33