11101233 Stadium Planning and Construction

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STADIUM DESIGN GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Introduction Intention of the Design Guide General Design Guidelines Guidelines for Design Contexts 5.0 6.0 7.0 Street Context Neighbourhood andSkyline Context Page 2 3 4 6 6 8 10 11 13

Guidelines for Building Tops Guidelines for Building Bulk Guidelines for Accessand Connection

Volume 2 contents page

Wellington City District Plan

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1.0

Introduction

This design guide provides design principles to assist in achieving an appropriately high quality stadium development that makes a positive contribution to thepublic environment. A stadium is strongly differentiated in shape and form fromall other likely types of building in the central city. It can, by its formal quality and the value of the public facility that it provides, set the context forfuture development in this part of the city. It should also allow for connection to and be part of a coherent and comprehensive space structure within the surrounding area. The stadium site is ideally suited for its intended use, being large, flat and also close enough to the city to be identified with its centre andto facilitate excellent access to all modes of public transport. Furthermore this site at the harbours edge, defining a major arterial route into the city, provides an ideal setting for a building that by virtue of its scale and function alone will become a major landmark and make a positive contribution to the urban form and image of the city.


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2.0

Intention of the Design Guide

The general intention of this design guide is to facilitate the development of amajor regional stadium in the central area of the city with consideration of the quality of the public environment both in the local and city-wide context. Itaims to identify the significant ways in which new development can contribute positively to the public environment and is based on the premise that the unique form and scale of a stadium will enhance rather than detract from the urban formof the city. Such a large building and its attendant structures should not adversely affect either the inhabitants of the central city or the wider community. The design guide provides a means of avoiding, mitigating or remedying adverse effects that may stem from inappropriate design. While the applicant is required to demonstrate through the design of new development, a commitment to enhancing the public environment in the local and city wide context, beyond this intentionand in general accordance with the design guidelines, a degree of flexibility isgiven to designers in the preparation of development proposals. No precise formula exists for ensuring the skilful and innovative design of buildings. However,the provisions of this design guide require that some clear urban design principles are observed. Applicants will be required to demonstrate that the provisions of this design guide have been acknowledged and interpreted and the objectivessatisfied.


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3.0

General Design Guidelines

AnalysisA general public quality underlying the design of buildings is that of legibility. This refers to the degree to which the appearance of a building assists an observer to develop an understanding of the nature and location of various activities located within it and of the general architectural intention or concept thatdetermines the overall design of the building. In addition it must be recognised that while an individual building may have its own distinct identity within the city, it is also part of the collective environment that has built up over time and contains various identifiable patterns. The qualities of continuity and recognition of the definable characteristics of physical context should be acknowledged in the design of any individual building within the city. Knowledge and understanding of context will lead to informed design decisions, whether those decisions are to complement or contrast with that context. Finally the visual qualities of a building should be considered in whole as well as in part. The designof new building should not simply result from a collage of the various specificdesign guidelines that make up this guide. Each building should have its own inherent architectural integrity and a considered relationship to its place withinthe local street environment and the city in general.

Objectives

O1 To achieve a stadium and associated buildings that have a visual presence, architectural expression and quality that is consistent with their public significance. To make a considered, positive and enriching contribution to the visual and experiential quality of the central city.

O2

GuidelinesThe external design of the stadium should take account of the following generalcriteria: G1 Special purpose sports stadia, events or exhibition buildings and their associated and ancillary structures should be based on a coherent architectural concept. They should have a dynamic quality that suitably expresses their significance as important public gathering places and local or citywide landmarks

, and their common role as the public face of Wellington to the wider world through mass media transmission of the events within them. New development should not be seen as occurring in isolation. Its design should recognise the place thatit occupies within both the local streetscape and the overall cityscape. This isnot a requirement to mirror established patterns or design types but rather theimpetus to recognise the relationship that development will have with its physical context and its role within the city. Factors to consider might include butare not limited to:

G2


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the structure and spatial definition of the present and potential future streetand public space system the role of a stadium in visually marking an important corner on a major arterial route into and from the central city the unique natureof the stadium building type the city wide public significance of a stadium thephysical character of existing buildings and structures in the adjacent area. G3 While the architectural composition of any stadium building will have integrity in its own right, it will also integrate the other design criteria of this guide. Significant internal spaces within buildings should be expressed in the external appearance of the facade except where it can be clearly demonstrated that this is inconsistent with an otherwise acceptable overall aesthetic concept.

G4


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4.0

Guidelines for Design Contexts

AnalysisThe criteria that follow address the design of all development on the stadium site, its visual impact and effect at various heights on the character and qualityof existing and new public spaces formed, and on the city as a whole.

Design ContextsThe requirements of the street context as set out in this guide will apply up toa height of 27m. There is a special visual relationship between the space of astreet and the buildings that edge it. The building frontages affect the usability and quality of public space, and should be designed to support the public environment. The design of street facades will be required to recognise the speed of travel and close proximity of the street level observer. There is also a special collective relationship between buildings at street level, where they are seen in close physical association with one another. A series of further design criteria described in the neighbourhood and skyline context, will apply to all parts of the stadium that are prominent in views from the wider neighbourhood and onthe skyline of the city. This second design context acknowledges a visual relationship beyond the immediate range of the street, and considers views from the interiors of nearby buildings. It also acknowledges views from other parts of thecentral area, the surrounding hillside suburbs and the main rail, road and sea

approaches to the city. The stadium site is in a part of the central city characterised by generally low and medium-rise buildings. The stadium building type however, requires ancillary elements such as lighting towers which may rise significantly above the 27m height limit of the adjoining areas. This is visually appropriate given the public status and significance of such a building, its location in the city foreground and at the harbours edge, its necessary role in defining an important corner, and its potential contribution as a landmark visual eventon an important entrance route to the city. Potential stadium roof structural elements, a roof perhaps increasing in height towards the stadium centre and covering all or part of the stadium, and potential lighting and video towers may allbe expressed on the skyline. A stadium development will be visually prominent,and the amphitheatre will have a presence influencing the overall form of the city and its collective image.

Guidelines for Street ContextObjectivesO1 O2 To visually relate to the context of existing street frontages. To respondto the perceptual needs of people walking at ground level on immediately adjacent streets.


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O3 O4 O5

To promote visual interest, avoiding monotonous, bland and excessively repetitive building frontages at the street edge. To positively define and support pedestrian use of existing or new public open spaces including streets. To avoid the visual domination of street edges by large areas of car parking.

GuidelinesThe street context applies to all stadium buildings from ground to a height of 27m above ground level. G1 Facades built to the street edge should complement theexisting appearance of a collective street frontage where this frontage has: well established patterns of related or consistent building proportions a collection of typical or repeated architectural details or window patterns a consistentmassing of frontage heights and widths. G2 A stadium, being a unique and distinctive building type will be necessarily differentiated from its surroundings. Itsfrontage design should have a considered relationship to the major compositional elements and imagery of its immediate street context. This relationship may becomplement, or alternatively contrast where development of landmark potential is important. G3 Where there is little or no established building pattern or scale in an existing street, buildings should introduce sound design precedents withcareful consideration of the observable scale and dimensions of context, creating visual interest at street level and positively defining and shaping streets and public spaces. Buildings should be articulated to give viewers at street level visual clues as to their scale, relative size and dimensions. The large, simpl

e form buildings likely as part of stadium development require consideration ofdetail, texture, contrast and the effects of light and shadow on their surfacesto promote visual interest and diversity. Buildings should use projecting or recessed surfaces or elements to set up clear three-dimensional modelling that willgive shape and depth to the building facade. Buildings may use surface finishes, colours or patterns to achieve contrast. Discrete architectural or structuralelements may be articulated to set up a contrast between foreground and background elements of the design. Articulation might include the ordering of various architectural elements of a building frontage into hierarchies of relative importance in the facade and the organisation of frontage elements into overall vertical and/or horizontal compositions.

G4 G5


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G6

Signage including advertising should be used in a way that develops visual interest on the stadium facades. It may be extensive, large in scale and capable of being read from other parts of the city. Signage may be included on the horizontal plane of the roof. It should always be designed as an integral part of the building and not applied in an adhoc manner. In recognition of its size and uniqueplan form, the stadium will not be required to be consistently built to the street edge. Its edges must nevertheless positively define public open space, particularly at the bend in the Quays and along the Aotea and Waterloo Quay frontages.Those parts of buildings fronting public spaces such as pedestrian accessways and streets should: present a positive front, including an entrance or entrancesto the space define a clear edge to the space provide, where possible, ground floor activities that support the public use of the space introduce a layered transition between the private interiors of the building and the public space it edges.

G7

G8

G9

Large areas of open parking should be located away from the street edge wherever

this is possible. If this is not reasonably practicable then parking at streetedges should be suitably screened with trees or other hard or soft landscape elements of a scale and visual quality enhance the appearance of the street edges as seen from the important streets leading into the city. Such landscape elementsshould complement and enhance important views of the stadium from adjoining streets and public spaces rather than obscure these views.

Guidelines for Neighbourhood and Skyline ContextThe neighbourhood and skyline context applies to all parts of the stadium development that have a visual presence in the wider neighbourhood and on the skyline.

ObjectivesO1 O2 O3 To develop the landmark quality of the stadium as an important public b

uilding. To promote the efficient use and development of natural and physical resources in Residential Areas. To promote visual interest with recognition of viewing distance and duration.


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GuidelinesG1 A stadium should introduce sound design precedents in this area where the established pattern is weak and there are few reference points. To achieve this thebuilding should: express visual clues as to its special nature and function asseen from vantage points around the central city and from approaches to the city provide a strong, distinctive and appropriately sculptural skyline form with the use of devices such as variation in the composition or massing of major elements, or provision of an expressive roof form or structure and the considered design and visual integration of structural and other secondary visual elements thatrise above its main roof. G2 The stadium should enhance the quality of experience of entrance to the city by being located at and emphasising the bend at the junction of Aotea and Waterloo Quays. It should establish a strong and dynamic visual presence and by contrasting height, form and siting, be visible from alongAotea and Waterloo Quays. The lighting design of the stadium should be designedto enhance its landmark status at night. Within the skyline context, it becomesimportant that the building

s silhouette reads strongly against a background ofsky or the rest of the city. Attention should be paid to the design strategies that will achieve a distinctive and interesting profile in order to make a positive contribution to the skyline of the city. Views from the air and on and acrossthe harbour should be considered. The building should promote visual interest and diversity when viewed from a distance through the use of techniques such as large scale contrast between materials and elements, pattern and elevational modelling. These measures should recognise that the greater viewing distance in theneighbourhood and skyline context demands large scale articulation. They also of

fer the potential for greater abstraction or design simplicity of detail but only where this detail is not likely to be viewed at close range.

G3 G4

G5


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6.0

Guidelines for Building Bulk

AnalysisThe stadium site in an area characterised by large warehouse type buildings. Thehorizontal scale of many of these buildings is not far removed from that of a regional stadium. A stadium is likely to be higher than most buildings in its immediate context, but not necessarily higher than many of the movable structures associated with the adjacent wharf. In any event, the scale and in particular, the special plan form will differentiate a stadium from its neighbours. This differentiation will be accentuated by the stadium being most probably a discrete object set in a field of open space. A stadium possesses a special function and desirable landmark status within the city. Despite this, a stadium building is liable to be of such a size that modification of the effect of bulk may be requiredto give an appropriate sense of scale and visual complexity. This is particularly important in the local street context. The distant view should also be considered and in this case, any effects of excessive bulk ameliorated with manipulation of large scale form elements. The stadium will be monumental in scale and will, and should, be visible from afar. In one sense it is appropriate that a monumental building expresses its true size. At the level of the street, some kind ofdimensional relationship with more ordinary structures nearby (and even with human stature) is also called for. Measures to attenuate the visual effect of bulkat various levels of detail need only be applied if the stadium

s sheer unreliev

ed visual mass is likely to unduly dominate adjacent public spaces or appear excessively intrusive within the wider context of the city. Buildings other than the stadium amphitheatre will, by virtue of their lesser size, be inherently lessvisually bulky. However their design must also be considered to avoid any adverse effects on surrounding areas of unrelieved dominating visual bulk.

ObjectiveO1 To prevent excessive visual dominance of the local street context through unrelieved building bulk while recognising the unique landmark status of a regionalsports stadium.

GuidelinesWhere a building or part of a building is out of scale, and is liable to overwhe

lm or excessively visually dominate the adjoining public environment, some or all of the following design techniques may be used to modify the visual impacts ofbulk. G1 G2 Use surface finishes, colours or patterns to set up a contrast between foreground and background elements of the building facade. Model the facadeto introduce visual relief, with the scale of the modelled elements relating tothe distances from which the relevant parts of the building are customarily viewed.


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G3

Where the overall bulk of a proposed development would undermine an establishedand valued contextual scale, relate scale or size defining elements to the relevant dimensions in the existing context. Introduce setbacks, steps or other variations in the overall form of the building with the expression of structure, floor levels, circulation, significant spaces or blocks of accommodation.

G4


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7.0

Guidelines for Access and Connection

AnalysisA sports stadium generates an occasional very high demand for pedestrian accessboth from the city and various public transport connections. The existing footpath link along Waterloo Quay is neither sufficiently wide nor of a quality whichinvites pedestrian use. This route in particular, notwithstanding the potentialdevelopment of pedestrian access through the precinct adjoining the stadium site, will be visually, even if not actually, the main link with the central city. In addition to provision of adequate capacity, development of pedestrian routes requires consideration of the design of the adjacent edges of buildings and the spaces that front them to ensure that they are both amenable to pedestrian use and visually prominent. In particular, Waterloo Quay demands visual recognition ofits status as a major entrance route into the city. While improved public access is necessary along the street edge, the scale of the stadium activity and potential numbers of users will necessitate other access routes. Potential routes toparking in the port area, high level connection direct to the Railway Station and potential access over the railway lines to Thorndon Quay will ameliorate crowding at peak loading times. The maximisation of connection to other areas offersthe opportunity to improve accessibility to previously remote parts of the central city and should be encouraged for this reason also. The nature of future development adjacent to the stadium site is uncertain. It will however be of benefi

t to the stadium, to adjoining areas, and to the city as a whole, if developmentof the stadium anticipates the development of an adjoining public space structure. Stadium development should not preclude future pedestrian and vehicle linksto this in appropriate locations. The effectiveness of public access routes is dependent not only on their capacity and the connections that they offer, but also on the quality of the spaces that they create. Design should recognise not only issues such as safety (from crime as well as physical accident) and shelter but also the speed at which pedestrians experience such an environment. Environments experienced at relatively low speeds demand visual intricacy or small scale diversity and activity in the buildings at street edges if monotony is to be avoided. In contrast, motorists travelling past at much higher speeds perceive muchless of the detail and will respond to the larger scale patterns apparent in thestreetscape.

ObjectivesO1 O2 O3 To provide good pedestrian access between the stadium and other parts of the central city including sources of public transport. To create public spaceand accessways that actively support rather than simply allow access for peopleon foot. To provide improved public pedestrian access parallel to or along theedge of Waterloo Quay.


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School Construction News Construction Report, 2007 Regional Breakdown

Click here to enlarge Source: School Construction News Infometrics Department


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FEATURE

Hull StadiumJon Carr, Associate at Anthony Hunt Associates

Hull City Council has built a multi-purpose stadium with a steel roof

Night photo from roof of Hull Royal infirmary

Main entrance to sports hall

IN the late 1990s, Kingston-upon-Hull City Council floated Kingston Communications, the telephone company which gave Hull its distinctive cream coloured telephone boxes, on the stock exchange. It used part of the proceeds from this sale tofund an iconic stadium and community sports facility, which would act as a flagship regeneration project for the city. On a freezing cold night in December 2002, Hull City FC played a friendly football match against Sunderland AFC in frontof approximately 25,000 spectators, and the dream had become a reality. The stadium is now home to both Hull City FC (football) and Hull FC (rugby league) as well a community Learning Zone, a pioneering partnership set up by Hull City Counciland Hull College. The complex also includes a 12-court sports hall, two all weather hockey pitches, a BMX/skateboard area and an aviary. The building has won several awards. SITE AND INFRASTRUCTURE The stadium is in West Park, a 78-acre formal Victorian park located a short walk away from Hull city centre. However, th

e need to respect existing features within the park (including a significant number of mature trees) and the presence of several railway lines at part of the site boundary resulted in a surprisingly tight area within which the stadium had to be located.

Significant civil engineering works were also required, including a major sewerdiversion and an elevated walkway, which spans over a number of railway lines and brings pedestrians from the city centre. ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT The architectural concept encompasses a number of features that are unique to UK stadium design, most notably the asymmetric bowl form that results from having single tier stands to the north, south and east sides and a two tier main stand to the west. The bowl effect is enhanced by the roof line, which gently rises from its lowest point at the centre line of the single tier east stand to its apex at the centre

line of the two tier West stand opposite, as well as by infilling the four corners. The roof-mounted wishbone floodlights at the south-east and north-east corners of the stadium also serve to give the stadium its identity, as well as preventing the west stand A-frame roof structure from dominating the roofscape. Other unique features include locating the main public concourse (which has been described as cathedral like) at first floor level, thereby freeing up commercially valuable space at ground floor level. Further space has been freed up by locating thefour stair towers that serve the upper floors of the west stand outside the footprint of the stadium. This maximises the space available for public amenities and catering facilities, as well as enabling fans to walk fully around the stadiumat events where segregation is not necessary, such as pop concerts.

20

NSC January - February 2004


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The StadiumArchitecture for the New Global Culture Rod Sheard

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Get into the centre of the action with The Stadium, a book that takes you to some of the finest event centres across the globe. Sports fans in the United Statescan revisit their own home fields such as the Reliant Stadium in Houston, SBC Park in San Francisco, Oriole Park in Baltimore, and experience international attractions such as the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wembley in London, Arsenal in London, and the Olympic Stadium in Sydney. With 250 astonishing photos and 70

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Stadiums. Albert WimmerMarket Places of the Future Albert Wimmer

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The work of Albert Wimmer is characterised by his incessant drive to find idealanswers to the constantly changing demands on architecture. Wimmer has set international standards with major projects in the areas of urban planning, living, working, culture and sports. His winning entry for the construction of the new Tivoli Stadium in Innsbruck was the foundation for his work in stadium construction which was followed by stadiums in Salzburg, Klagenfurt and Nicosia. As a place

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her occupancy below it, the use of the SSE PREFoam Stadium Seating System greatly reduces the sound transfer and provides an level of acoustic barrier between the adjacent floors. Traditional light gauge metal stud framed seating systems are hollow under the platform and the acoustical properties of the hollow space typically do not complement the audio experience and they do not provide any soundinsulation properties. The SSE PREFoam tiered stadium seating system is the most environmentally friendly tiered stadium seating system available today. This innovative PREFoam System uses Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Geofoam blocks as the structural fill material to support the tiered seating platforms. The use of EPS inthe stadium seating system as well as its use as an insulation material in theoverall construction of the building meets many of the criteria necessary for LEED certification. The U.S. Green Building Council has developed a nationally accepted system to rate the design, construction and operations of buildings. The USGBCs leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a standard that recognizes the life-cycle cost of construction and helps guide the performance of projects. The LEED rating system allows owners to acquire credits by meeting certain conditions pertaining to the use of sustainable, energy efficient and environmentally friendly products and systems. The use of EPS in design and construction addresses each of these criteria and provides a product that is both environmentally responsible and a cost efficient solution to installation of tiered stadium seating riser systems. Inherent in the design of the SSE PREFoam EPS GeofoamStadium Seating Riser System is it

s flexibility to be used in conjunction withtraditional metal stud and drywall framing for usable space under the back of the stadium seating platform. The SSE PREFoam EPP Stadium Seating Riser Systems a

re commonly used adjacent to and on top of a structural deck above storage, restrooms, offices or other spaces under the platform.

A time saving advantage of the SSE PREFoam EPS


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11101233 Stadium Planning and Construction