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1.01.01 ICAO HISTORY
1.01 AIR LAW
FOUNDED IN 1944 ON CHICAGO CONVENTION
ICAO BASES
Convention on International Civil Aviation
Signed in 1944 in Chicago with 52 nation states,
ratification received on 4 April 1947
The headquarters of ICAO is in Montreal
Now- up to 191 Member States (countries) and 36
Members Governing Council
THE STATED AIM OF ICAO ICAO BASES
…of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and
subsequently the aims of ICAO are to ensure safety,
regularity and efficiency of international civil aviation
operations. In order to achieve that, the contracting states
are required to comply with the Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARPs)
PRINCIPLES AND FUNCTIONS ICAO BASES
Regulating air navigation
Encouraging the development of airways, airports and air
navigation facilities
Installation of navigation facilities by contracting states
Facilitation of air transport by the reduction of customs and
immigration formalities
Avoiding discrimination between Contracting States (including
financial)
Promoting the safety of flight in international aviation
MAIN DEFINITIONS ICAO BASES
Contracting State means any state which is party to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation signed at
Chicago on the 7 December 1944
The International Air Services Transit Agreement permits
aircraft of a signatory State to fly over, or land for technical
reasons in the territory of another signatory state
The International Air Transport Agreement allows the
carriage of traffic between the State of Registration and
another signatory state. (Traffic: the carriage of mail, cargo
or passengers)
MAIN DEFINITIONS ICAO BASES
High Seas are defined as the areas of sea outside the
territorial limits of any State
State of Registry - the State on whose register the aircraft is
entered
SARP - Standards and Recommended Practices
Scheduled Flight - internationally agreed routine flight
Cabotage - internal (domestic) scheduled commercial air
transport of other state of registry
HEADQUARTER STRUCTURE
The Assembly. The sovereign body of ICAO is the Assembly, which
meets at least once every three years and is convened by the Council
The Council. The Council of ICAO is a permanent body responsible to
the Assembly and is composed of 36 Contracting States elected by
the Assembly for a three-year term. The Council is the governing
body of ICAO.
The Commissions and Committees of ICAO are composed of
members, appointed by the Council, from nominations of contracting
states or elected from amongst Council members.
The ICAO Secretariat is divided into sections, each corresponding to a
Committee, and supplies technical and administrative aid to the
Council.
COMMISSION AND COMMITTEES STRUCTURE
The Air Navigation Commission
The Air Transport Committee
The Legal Committee
The Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services
The Personnel Committee
The Finance Committee
The Committee on Unlawful Interference
Air Navigation Commission. This is the body that proposes,
formulates and finalizes the SARPs and presents them for
adoption by the Council
REGIONAL STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
ICAO is presented in the nine geographic regions are:
▪ AFI - Africa - Indian Ocean; NAM - North America; ASIA -
Asia; CAR - Caribbean; NAT - North Atlantic; EUR -
Europe; PAC - Pacific; MID - Middle East; SAM - South
America
ICAO maintains seven regional offices:
▪ Bangkok, Cairo, Dakar, Lima, Mexico City, Nairobi and
Paris
ANNEXES NO 1-9 ANNEXES OF CONVENTION
Annex 1. Personnel Licensing
Annex 2. Rules of the Air
Annex 3. Meteorological Services for International Air Navigation
Annex 4. Aeronautical Charts
Annex 5. Units of Measurement to be used in Air and Ground Operations
Annex 6. Operation of Aircraft
Annex 7. Aircraft Nationality and Registration Markings
Annex 8. Airworthiness of Aircraft
Annex 9. Facilitation (regulations and/or policies to support victims of civil aviation accidents and their families)
ANNEXES NO 10-19 ANNEXES OF CONVENTION
Annex 10. Aeronautical Telecommunications
Annex 11. Air Traffic Services
Annex 12. Search and Rescue
Annex 13. Aircraft Accident Investigations
Annex 14. Aerodromes
Annex 15. Aeronautical Information Services
Annex 16. Environmental Protection
Annex 17. Security
Annex 18. The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
Annex 19. - Safety Management
1. PERSONNEL LICENSING ANNEXES OF CONVENTION
SARPs are established requiring each state to apply
standardization in the licensing of personnel involved in
international aviation:
▪ flight crew members (pilots, flight engineers)
▪ air traffic controllers
▪ maintenance technicians
2. RULES OF THE AIR ANNEXES OF CONVENTION
Standards and Recommended Practices for Rules of the Air
Most important will be discussed separately
7. AIRCRAFT NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARKINGS
ANNEXES OF CONVENTION
requires Contracting States to apply standard procedures
for registration. It includes the format of registration marks
and nationality symbols, including the size and where
these signs are to be displayed on aircraft
8. AIRWORTHINESS OF AIRCRAFT ANNEXES OF CONVENTION
requires Contracting States to provide a Certificate of
Airworthiness, for each registered aircraft, declaring that
all aircrafts in operations are fit to fly
12. SEARCH AND RESCUE ANNEXES OF CONVENTION
In accepting contracted State status, each state
specifically undertakes to provide procedures and
facilities for Search and Rescue (SAR) within the territory
of that state
▪ Right to search the aircraft at territory of another state
without reasonable delay
▪ States have to bring possible support in SAR operations
17. SECURITY ANNEXES OF CONVENTION
Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of
Unlawful Interference
Establishes national civil aviation security programs
▪ To designate an authority responsible for security
▪ To keep the level of threat under constant review
▪ To co-ordinate activities with other relevant national agencies
and liaise with the corresponding authority in other States
Provides the Authority of the Commander. The aircraft
commander may order or authorize the assistance of other crew
members and may request and authorize, but not order, the
assistance of passengers to restrain any person he is required to
restrain.
18.THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR
ANNEXES OF CONVENTION
States are required by Annex 18 to have inspection and
enforcement procedures to ensure that dangerous goods
are being carried in compliance with the requirements.
TRANSIT FREEDOMS FREEDOMS OF THE AIR
First Freedom: The privilege to fly across the territory of
another participating state (country A) without landing.
Second Freedom: The privilege to land in another
participating state (country A) for non-traffic purposes (i.e.
refueling or repair, but not for uplift or discharge of traffic
passengers, cargo or mail)
Country A
AIR TRANSPORT FREEDOMS FREEDOMS OF THE AIR
Third Freedom: The privilege to put down in another state
(Country A) traffic taken on in the state of registration
(Home)
Fourth Freedom: The privilege to take on in another state
(Country A), traffic destined for the state of airline
registration (Home)
Fifth Freedom: The privilege for an airline registered in one
state (Home) and en-route to or from that state, to take on
traffic in a second state (Country A) and put them down in a
third state (Country B)
Country A
Home
Home
Country A
Country A
Country B
Home
WILL BE DISCUSSED LATER RULES OF THE AIR
Reporting hazardous situation
Low Flying Prohibitions
Avoiding aerial collisions
Landing and take-off
Aerobatic maneuvers
VFR / IFR rules
Practice instrument approaches
Right of way on the ground
…
THE WARSAW CONVENTION 1929 CONVENTIONS
Responsibilities and liabilities of the Carrier and
the Agents of aircraft together with matters of
compensation for loss of life or injury to
passengers; delays and loss of baggage
The loss, irregularity or absence of a ticket/note
does not affect the existence or the validity of
the contract
THE ROME CONVENTION OF 1952 CONVENTIONS
Damage caused by foreign aircraft to third parties on the
ground. It permits a claimant to pursue a claim against a
foreign operator through the Court in the state of
residence. Any resulting judgement would then be
enforceable in the state of the Operator.
TOKYO CONVENTION OF 1963 CONVENTIONS
This convention provides that the State of Registration of
an aircraft is competent to exercise jurisdiction over
offences and acts committed on board
The aircraft commander and others are empowered to
prevent such acts being committed and to deliver the
person concerned to the appropriate authority
States party to the Convention are obliged to take all
appropriate measures to restore and preserve control of
the aircraft to its lawful commander.
THE HAGUE CONVENTION OF 1970 CONVENTIONS
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of
Aircraft
▪ Denies the act of unlawful seizure of aircraft (hijacking)
▪ lists which contracting states have undertaken to make
such offences punishable by severe penalties
▪ The convention contains detailed provisions on the
establishment of jurisdiction by states over the offence;
on the taking of the offender into custody; and on the
prosecution or extradition of the offender
THE MONTREAL CONVENTION OF 1971 CONVENTIONS
This Convention is correctly titled the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful
Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation. Came into force on 26 January 1973
Acts of violence on board which endanger people and property and the safety of
the airplane:
▪ The destruction of an aircraft in service or causing damage which renders it
incapable of flight or which is likely to endanger its safety in flight
▪ Placing in an aircraft any device likely to destroy or damage the aircraft
Destroying or damaging any air navigation facility or interference with its correct
operation
The communication of information known to be false which endangers the safety
of an aeroplane in flight
THE PROTOCOL SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE MONTREAL CONVENTION OF 1971
CONVENTIONS
It extends the definition of offence given in the 1971 Convention to
include specified acts of violence at airports serving international civil
aviation. Such acts include:
▪ The intentional and unlawful use of any device, substance or weapon
in performing an act of violence against a person at an airport serving
international civil aviation, which causes or is likely to cause serious
injury or death
The intentional and unlawful use of any device, substance or weapon to:
▪ Destroy or seriously damage the facilities of an airport
▪ Destroy or seriously damage aircraft not in service at the airport
▪ Disrupt the services at an airport
THE EUROPEAN CIVIL AVIATION CONFERENCE (ECAC) 1955
ASSOCIATED
ORGANIZATIONS
Includes all EU countries (members of ICAO). Is the only
forum for consideration of major civil aviation topics relevant
to all European states
Harmonize civil aviation policies and practices amongst its
member states
Promote understanding on policy matters between member
states and other parts of the worldhttps://www.ecac-ceac.org/
THE JOINT AVIATION AUTHORITIES (DISCONTINUED)
ASSOCIATED
ORGANIZATIONS
Was an associated body of ECAC representing the civil
aviation regulatory authorities of a number of European
States who have agreed to co-operate in developing and
implementing common safety regulatory standards and
procedures
All functions handled to EASA
Now JAA - is a training organization
https://jaato.com/
THE EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY (EASA)
ASSOCIATED
ORGANIZATIONS
Its mission is to promote the highest common standards of safety and
environmental protection in civil aviation.
Rulemaking: drafting safety legislation and providing technical advice to the
European institutions and the member states
Inspections, training and standardization programs to ensure uniform
implementation of European aviation safety legislation in all member states
Safety and environmental type-certification of aircraft, engines and parts
Approval and oversight of aircraft design organizations world-wide and of
production and maintenance organizations outside the EU
Data collection, analysis and research to improve aviation safety
https://www.easa.europa.eu/
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION (FAA)
ASSOCIATED
ORGANIZATIONS
The Federal Aviation Administration is the aviation authority
of the United States of America.
It is responsible for setting up the federal aviation
regulations (FAR), which are binding for all flight operations
in the US.
The FAA also provides air traffic control service at most
control towers and all en-route air traffic control centers.
http://www.faa.gov/
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