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PROTEIN PROTEIN SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
DNA DNA and and
GeneGeness
DNADNA
•DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases
•These Genes code for proteins
•Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells
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Genes & ProteinsGenes & Proteins
Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
20 different amino acids exist
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PolypeptidesPolypeptides
•Amino acid chains are called polypeptides
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DNA Begins the DNA Begins the ProcessProcess
• DNA is found inside the nucleus
• Proteins, however, are made in the cytoplasm of cells by organelles called ribosomes
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Starting with DNAStarting with DNA• DNA ‘s codeDNA ‘s code must be must be copiedcopied
and taken to the cytoplasmand taken to the cytoplasm• In the cytoplasm, this In the cytoplasm, this code code
must be readmust be read so so amino acidsamino acids can be assembled to make can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins)polypeptides (proteins)
• This process is called This process is called PROTEIN SYNTHESISPROTEIN SYNTHESIS
RNARNA
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Roles of RNA and DNA
•DNA is the MASTER PLAN
•RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the
Master Plan
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RNA Differs from DNARNA Differs from DNA
• RNA has a sugar RNA has a sugar riboseribose
DNA has a sugar DNA has a sugar deoxyribosedeoxyribose
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Other DifferencesOther Differences
• RNA contains RNA contains the base the base uracil uracil (U(U))DNA has DNA has thymine (T)thymine (T)
• RNA molecule is RNA molecule is single-strandedsingle-strandedDNA is DNA is double-double-strandedstranded
DNA
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Structure of RNAStructure of RNA
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. Three Types of Three Types of RNARNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the the genetic information to the ribosomesribosomes
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along , along with protein, makes up the with protein, makes up the ribosomesribosomes
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers transfers amino acids to the ribosomes amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are where proteins are synthesizedsynthesized
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Messenger RNA• Long Straight
chain of Nucleotides
• Made in the Nucleus
• Copies DNA & leaves through nuclear pores
• Contains the Nitrogen Bases A, G, C, U ( no T )
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)Messenger RNA (mRNA)• Carries the information for Carries the information for
a a specific proteinspecific protein• Sequence of 3 bases called Sequence of 3 bases called
codoncodon• AUGAUG – methionine or – methionine or start start
codoncodon• UAA, UAG, or UGAUAA, UAG, or UGA – – stop stop
codonscodons
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• GlobularGlobular in in shapeshape
• Made inside the Made inside the nucleusnucleus of a cell of a cell
• Associates with Associates with proteins to form proteins to form ribosomesribosomes
• Site of Site of protein protein SynthesisSynthesis
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The Genetic Code
• A codon designates an amino acid
• An amino acid may have more than one codon
• There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons
• Three codons tell the ribosome to stop translating
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The Genetic Code
•Use the code by reading from the center to the outside•Example: AUG codes for Methionine
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Name the Amino Acids
•GGG?•UCA?•CAU?•GCA?•AAA?
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Remember the Remember the Complementary Complementary
BasesBasesOn DNA: A-T C-GOn RNA: A-U C-G
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Transfer RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA)(tRNA)
• Clover-leaf shape• Single stranded molecule
with attachment site at one end for an amino acid
• Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the anticodon
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Transfer RNATransfer RNAamino acidamino acid
attachment siteattachment site
U A C
anticodonanticodon
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Codons and Anticodons
• The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon
• Example: Codon ACU
Anticodon UGA
UGA
ACU
TranscriptiTranscription and on and
TranslationTranslation
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Pathway to Making a Pathway to Making a Protein (Protein (Central Central
DogmaDogma))DNADNA
mRNAmRNA
tRNA (ribosomes)tRNA (ribosomes)
ProteinProtein
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Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis
Two phases: Transcription & Translation
Transcription is the process the creates mRNA, tRNA, and rRna!
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TranscriptionTranscription
•The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the template strand
•mRNA copies the template strand
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TranscriptionTranscription
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Question:Question: What would be the What would be the
complementary RNA complementary RNA strand for the following strand for the following DNA sequence?DNA sequence?
DNA 5’-DNA 5’-GCGTATGGCGTATG-3’-3’
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Answer:Answer:
•DNA 5’-GCGTATG-DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’3’
•RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’5’
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mRNA Transcript
•mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes
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TranslationTranslation
•Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
•Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins
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RibosomesRibosomes
•Made of a large and small subunit
•Composed of rRNA (40%) and proteins (60%)
•Have two sites for tRNA attachment
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RibosomesRibosomes
PSite
ASite
Largesubunit
Small subunit
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
Step 2 - Elongation• As ribosome moves, two tRNA
with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome
• Peptide bonds join the amino acids
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InitiationInitiation
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa2
A U
A
1-tRNA
U A C
aa1
anticodon
hydrogenbonds codon
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mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
1-tRNA 2-tRNA
U A C G
aa1 aa2
A UA
anticodon
hydrogenbonds codon
peptide bond
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
ElongationElongation
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mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
1-tRNA
2-tRNA
U A C
G
aa1
aa2
A UA
peptide bond
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
Ribosomes move over one codon
(leaves)
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mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa1
aa2
A UA
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
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mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa1aa2
A U
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
(leaves)
Ribosomes move over one codon
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mRNAmRNA
G C U A C U U C G
aa1aa2
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
U G A
5-tRNA
aa5
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mRNAmRNA
G C U A C U U C G
aa1aa2
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
U G A
5-tRNA
aa5
Ribosomes move over one codon
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mRNAmRNA
A C A U G U
aa1
aa2
U
primaryprimarystructurestructureof a proteinof a protein
aa3
200-tRNA
aa4
U A G
aa5
C U
aa200
aa199
terminatorterminator or stopor stop codoncodon
TerminationTermination
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End Product –The End Product –The Protein!Protein!
• The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein
• A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds
aa1
aa2 aa3 aa4aa5
aa200
aa199
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Messenger RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)(mRNA)
methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stopcodon
proteinprotein
A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNAmRNA
startcodon
codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7codon 1