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DNA RNA Proteins (Transcription) (Translation)
• DNA (genetic information stored in genes)
• RNA (working copies of genes) • Proteins (functional molecules)
WHAT’S THE POINT?
• Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA encodes for the production of amino acids and proteins.
• Proteins are chains of amino acids bonded together.
• Protein synthesis takes place in two parts:
o Transcription – the formation of mRNAo Translation – the formation of amino
acid chains by reading the mRNA.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• Transcription is the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA).
• Begins when RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to the promoter region on the double stranded DNA molecule.
• RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of the DNA, making the complementary single stranded messenger RNA molecule.
TRANSCRIPTION
• Synthesis is in the 5’ to 3’ direction, with new nucleotides being added to the 3’ end of the growing mRNA molecule. (Copying the 3’ to 5’ side of DNA)
• As the RNA polymerase advances along, it breaks the hydrogen bonds in front, and allows the previous broken bonds to reform, closing the gap in the DNA strand.
TRANSCRIPTION
• When RNA polymerase reaches a specific sequence of nucleotides on the DNA called transcription terminator, the RNA polymerase and mRNA stop coding and dissociate from the DNA.
• The newly formed mRNA must then travel from inside the nucleus to a ribosome (rRNA) located outside the nucleus to be translated.
• Lets take a look: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__mrna_synthesis__transcription___quiz_1_.html
TRANSCRIPTION
• Translation begins when mRNA binds to the ribosome (rRNA). The initial transfer RNA (tRNA) occupies the P site on the ribosome. Subsequent tRNAs, with attached amino acids, first enter the ribosome at the A site.
• Codon – group of three nucleotides on mRNA
• Anticodon – complementary group of three nucleotides on tRNA
TRANSLATION
• The mRNA passes along the ribosome, three nucleotides at a time.
• As the mRNA is read by the ribosome, the tRNAs move from the A site, to the P site, and finally to the E site. Their amino acids are connected to form a chain and the used tRNA in the E site is released.
• Each time a new Codon sequence moves into the A site, a new tRNA brings an amino acid.
TRANSLATION
• Eventually, the ribosome encounters a stop codon on the mRNA. The ribosomal complex falls apart and the protein (amino acid chain) is released into the cell.
• Lets take a look: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__
how_translation_works.html • tRNA Anticodons = Amino Acids =
Proteins
TRANSLATION
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
• 20 different amino acids are used to synthesize our body’s proteins.
• tRNA Anticodon AUG = Start = Methionine
• tRNA Anticodons UAA, UAG, & UGA = Stop and has No Amino Acids associated with these.
• Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. When many amino acids are joined, it is called a polypeptide.
AMINO ACIDS