041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Revisiting The First LawRevisiting The First Lawof Energy Conservationof Energy Conservation

Prof M KosticProf M KosticMechanical EngineeringMechanical EngineeringNORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITYNORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

The 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and ExhibitionThe 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and ExhibitionNovember 5-11 2005November 5-11 2005

Walt Disney World Dolphin Hotel Orlando Florida USAWalt Disney World Dolphin Hotel Orlando Florida USA

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

World Energy and FutureWorld Energy and Future Importance of Energy Conservation and Importance of Energy Conservation and

Renewable and Alternative Energy ResourcesRenewable and Alternative Energy Resources

2000 kcalday2000 kcalday100 Watt100 Watt

USA about 03 billion USA about 03 billion 12000 Wattc12000 Wattc1500 W1500 Wel el cc

World over 6 billionWorld over 6 billion2200 Wattc2200 Wattc

275 W275 Wel el cc

137 kWm137 kWm22 12 12 165 Wm 165 Wm22

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The two things are The two things are certain certain

(1)(1) the the world populationworld population and and their living-standard expectations their living-standard expectations will will substantially increasesubstantially increase((over 6 billion people now over 6 billion people now in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy may doublemay double) )

(2)(2) fossil fuelsrsquo economical reservesfossil fuelsrsquo economical reserves particularly oil and natural gas particularly oil and natural gas will will substantially decreasesubstantially decrease((oil oil may run outmay run out in 30-50 years in 30-50 years) )

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Some HeadlineshellipSome Headlineshellip

It took World 125 years to consume the It took World 125 years to consume the first trillion barrels of oil ndash the next trillion first trillion barrels of oil ndash the next trillion will be consumed in 30 yearswill be consumed in 30 years

The World consumes two barrels of oil The World consumes two barrels of oil for every barrel discoveredfor every barrel discovered

Only ldquoHuman Powerrdquo can deliver Only ldquoHuman Powerrdquo can deliver MORE energy with LOWER emissionMORE energy with LOWER emission

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Population amp Energy Population amp Energy Unrestricted Exponential GrowthUnrestricted Exponential Growth

About one million years ago About one million years ago our own species our own species homo sapienshomo sapiens first appeared first appeared strived most strived most of the historyof the history and boomed and boomed with agricultural and industrial with agricultural and industrial revolution We are revolution We are over 6 over 6 billion nowbillion now

Standard of living and energy Standard of living and energy use use have been growinghave been growing almost exponentially due to almost exponentially due to abundance of resourcesabundance of resources

The The growth will be growth will be naturally restrictednaturally restricted with with overpopulation and resource overpopulation and resource depletion as we know itdepletion as we know it

Time in Time in historyhistory

Population Population in millionsin millions

Most of Most of BC BC

historyhistory

1010due to due to

hardshiphardship

AD 1AD 1 300300

17501750 760760

18001800 10001000

19501950 25002500

20002000 60006000

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo helliphellip

(1)(1) will be will be more challengingmore challenging than what we anticipate now than what we anticipate now

(2)(2) NO traditional solutionsNO traditional solutions

(3)(3) NewNew knowledge new technology knowledge new technologyand and new living habits and expectationsnew living habits and expectationswill be needed will be needed

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

So what are we going to doSo what are we going to do

Do we need CASH Do we need CASH for ALCOHOL for ALCOHOL

researchresearch

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Earth Energy BalanceEarth Energy Balance All energy to Earth surface is All energy to Earth surface is 9998 solar9998 solar

002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational

About About 13 TW world energy consumption rate13 TW world energy consumption rate now now ((0007 of solar striking Earth0007 of solar striking Earth) is about 7 times ) is about 7 times smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water and wind are about 1 of solarand wind are about 1 of solar

Source Basic Research Needs To Assure A Secure Energy Future ORNL Report 2003

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy PhysicsManuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers Manuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

OutlineOutline

I I EnergyEnergy From Work to Heat to General ConceptFrom Work to Heat to General Concept

II II Energy Forms and ClassificationsEnergy Forms and Classifications Energy Transfer versus Energy PropertyEnergy Transfer versus Energy Property

III III The First Law of Energy ConservationThe First Law of Energy Conservation Work-Heat-Energy PrincipleWork-Heat-Energy Principle

IV IV The Second Law of Energy DegradationThe Second Law of Energy Degradation Entropy and ExergyEntropy and Exergy

VV Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Property vs Energy Property vs TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

World Energy and FutureWorld Energy and Future Importance of Energy Conservation and Importance of Energy Conservation and

Renewable and Alternative Energy ResourcesRenewable and Alternative Energy Resources

2000 kcalday2000 kcalday100 Watt100 Watt

USA about 03 billion USA about 03 billion 12000 Wattc12000 Wattc1500 W1500 Wel el cc

World over 6 billionWorld over 6 billion2200 Wattc2200 Wattc

275 W275 Wel el cc

137 kWm137 kWm22 12 12 165 Wm 165 Wm22

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The two things are The two things are certain certain

(1)(1) the the world populationworld population and and their living-standard expectations their living-standard expectations will will substantially increasesubstantially increase((over 6 billion people now over 6 billion people now in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy may doublemay double) )

(2)(2) fossil fuelsrsquo economical reservesfossil fuelsrsquo economical reserves particularly oil and natural gas particularly oil and natural gas will will substantially decreasesubstantially decrease((oil oil may run outmay run out in 30-50 years in 30-50 years) )

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Some HeadlineshellipSome Headlineshellip

It took World 125 years to consume the It took World 125 years to consume the first trillion barrels of oil ndash the next trillion first trillion barrels of oil ndash the next trillion will be consumed in 30 yearswill be consumed in 30 years

The World consumes two barrels of oil The World consumes two barrels of oil for every barrel discoveredfor every barrel discovered

Only ldquoHuman Powerrdquo can deliver Only ldquoHuman Powerrdquo can deliver MORE energy with LOWER emissionMORE energy with LOWER emission

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Population amp Energy Population amp Energy Unrestricted Exponential GrowthUnrestricted Exponential Growth

About one million years ago About one million years ago our own species our own species homo sapienshomo sapiens first appeared first appeared strived most strived most of the historyof the history and boomed and boomed with agricultural and industrial with agricultural and industrial revolution We are revolution We are over 6 over 6 billion nowbillion now

Standard of living and energy Standard of living and energy use use have been growinghave been growing almost exponentially due to almost exponentially due to abundance of resourcesabundance of resources

The The growth will be growth will be naturally restrictednaturally restricted with with overpopulation and resource overpopulation and resource depletion as we know itdepletion as we know it

Time in Time in historyhistory

Population Population in millionsin millions

Most of Most of BC BC

historyhistory

1010due to due to

hardshiphardship

AD 1AD 1 300300

17501750 760760

18001800 10001000

19501950 25002500

20002000 60006000

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo helliphellip

(1)(1) will be will be more challengingmore challenging than what we anticipate now than what we anticipate now

(2)(2) NO traditional solutionsNO traditional solutions

(3)(3) NewNew knowledge new technology knowledge new technologyand and new living habits and expectationsnew living habits and expectationswill be needed will be needed

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

So what are we going to doSo what are we going to do

Do we need CASH Do we need CASH for ALCOHOL for ALCOHOL

researchresearch

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Earth Energy BalanceEarth Energy Balance All energy to Earth surface is All energy to Earth surface is 9998 solar9998 solar

002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational

About About 13 TW world energy consumption rate13 TW world energy consumption rate now now ((0007 of solar striking Earth0007 of solar striking Earth) is about 7 times ) is about 7 times smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water and wind are about 1 of solarand wind are about 1 of solar

Source Basic Research Needs To Assure A Secure Energy Future ORNL Report 2003

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy PhysicsManuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers Manuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

OutlineOutline

I I EnergyEnergy From Work to Heat to General ConceptFrom Work to Heat to General Concept

II II Energy Forms and ClassificationsEnergy Forms and Classifications Energy Transfer versus Energy PropertyEnergy Transfer versus Energy Property

III III The First Law of Energy ConservationThe First Law of Energy Conservation Work-Heat-Energy PrincipleWork-Heat-Energy Principle

IV IV The Second Law of Energy DegradationThe Second Law of Energy Degradation Entropy and ExergyEntropy and Exergy

VV Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Property vs Energy Property vs TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The two things are The two things are certain certain

(1)(1) the the world populationworld population and and their living-standard expectations their living-standard expectations will will substantially increasesubstantially increase((over 6 billion people now over 6 billion people now in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy may doublemay double) )

(2)(2) fossil fuelsrsquo economical reservesfossil fuelsrsquo economical reserves particularly oil and natural gas particularly oil and natural gas will will substantially decreasesubstantially decrease((oil oil may run outmay run out in 30-50 years in 30-50 years) )

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Some HeadlineshellipSome Headlineshellip

It took World 125 years to consume the It took World 125 years to consume the first trillion barrels of oil ndash the next trillion first trillion barrels of oil ndash the next trillion will be consumed in 30 yearswill be consumed in 30 years

The World consumes two barrels of oil The World consumes two barrels of oil for every barrel discoveredfor every barrel discovered

Only ldquoHuman Powerrdquo can deliver Only ldquoHuman Powerrdquo can deliver MORE energy with LOWER emissionMORE energy with LOWER emission

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Population amp Energy Population amp Energy Unrestricted Exponential GrowthUnrestricted Exponential Growth

About one million years ago About one million years ago our own species our own species homo sapienshomo sapiens first appeared first appeared strived most strived most of the historyof the history and boomed and boomed with agricultural and industrial with agricultural and industrial revolution We are revolution We are over 6 over 6 billion nowbillion now

Standard of living and energy Standard of living and energy use use have been growinghave been growing almost exponentially due to almost exponentially due to abundance of resourcesabundance of resources

The The growth will be growth will be naturally restrictednaturally restricted with with overpopulation and resource overpopulation and resource depletion as we know itdepletion as we know it

Time in Time in historyhistory

Population Population in millionsin millions

Most of Most of BC BC

historyhistory

1010due to due to

hardshiphardship

AD 1AD 1 300300

17501750 760760

18001800 10001000

19501950 25002500

20002000 60006000

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo helliphellip

(1)(1) will be will be more challengingmore challenging than what we anticipate now than what we anticipate now

(2)(2) NO traditional solutionsNO traditional solutions

(3)(3) NewNew knowledge new technology knowledge new technologyand and new living habits and expectationsnew living habits and expectationswill be needed will be needed

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

So what are we going to doSo what are we going to do

Do we need CASH Do we need CASH for ALCOHOL for ALCOHOL

researchresearch

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Earth Energy BalanceEarth Energy Balance All energy to Earth surface is All energy to Earth surface is 9998 solar9998 solar

002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational

About About 13 TW world energy consumption rate13 TW world energy consumption rate now now ((0007 of solar striking Earth0007 of solar striking Earth) is about 7 times ) is about 7 times smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water and wind are about 1 of solarand wind are about 1 of solar

Source Basic Research Needs To Assure A Secure Energy Future ORNL Report 2003

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy PhysicsManuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers Manuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

OutlineOutline

I I EnergyEnergy From Work to Heat to General ConceptFrom Work to Heat to General Concept

II II Energy Forms and ClassificationsEnergy Forms and Classifications Energy Transfer versus Energy PropertyEnergy Transfer versus Energy Property

III III The First Law of Energy ConservationThe First Law of Energy Conservation Work-Heat-Energy PrincipleWork-Heat-Energy Principle

IV IV The Second Law of Energy DegradationThe Second Law of Energy Degradation Entropy and ExergyEntropy and Exergy

VV Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Property vs Energy Property vs TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Some HeadlineshellipSome Headlineshellip

It took World 125 years to consume the It took World 125 years to consume the first trillion barrels of oil ndash the next trillion first trillion barrels of oil ndash the next trillion will be consumed in 30 yearswill be consumed in 30 years

The World consumes two barrels of oil The World consumes two barrels of oil for every barrel discoveredfor every barrel discovered

Only ldquoHuman Powerrdquo can deliver Only ldquoHuman Powerrdquo can deliver MORE energy with LOWER emissionMORE energy with LOWER emission

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Population amp Energy Population amp Energy Unrestricted Exponential GrowthUnrestricted Exponential Growth

About one million years ago About one million years ago our own species our own species homo sapienshomo sapiens first appeared first appeared strived most strived most of the historyof the history and boomed and boomed with agricultural and industrial with agricultural and industrial revolution We are revolution We are over 6 over 6 billion nowbillion now

Standard of living and energy Standard of living and energy use use have been growinghave been growing almost exponentially due to almost exponentially due to abundance of resourcesabundance of resources

The The growth will be growth will be naturally restrictednaturally restricted with with overpopulation and resource overpopulation and resource depletion as we know itdepletion as we know it

Time in Time in historyhistory

Population Population in millionsin millions

Most of Most of BC BC

historyhistory

1010due to due to

hardshiphardship

AD 1AD 1 300300

17501750 760760

18001800 10001000

19501950 25002500

20002000 60006000

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo helliphellip

(1)(1) will be will be more challengingmore challenging than what we anticipate now than what we anticipate now

(2)(2) NO traditional solutionsNO traditional solutions

(3)(3) NewNew knowledge new technology knowledge new technologyand and new living habits and expectationsnew living habits and expectationswill be needed will be needed

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

So what are we going to doSo what are we going to do

Do we need CASH Do we need CASH for ALCOHOL for ALCOHOL

researchresearch

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Earth Energy BalanceEarth Energy Balance All energy to Earth surface is All energy to Earth surface is 9998 solar9998 solar

002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational

About About 13 TW world energy consumption rate13 TW world energy consumption rate now now ((0007 of solar striking Earth0007 of solar striking Earth) is about 7 times ) is about 7 times smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water and wind are about 1 of solarand wind are about 1 of solar

Source Basic Research Needs To Assure A Secure Energy Future ORNL Report 2003

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy PhysicsManuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers Manuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

OutlineOutline

I I EnergyEnergy From Work to Heat to General ConceptFrom Work to Heat to General Concept

II II Energy Forms and ClassificationsEnergy Forms and Classifications Energy Transfer versus Energy PropertyEnergy Transfer versus Energy Property

III III The First Law of Energy ConservationThe First Law of Energy Conservation Work-Heat-Energy PrincipleWork-Heat-Energy Principle

IV IV The Second Law of Energy DegradationThe Second Law of Energy Degradation Entropy and ExergyEntropy and Exergy

VV Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Property vs Energy Property vs TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Population amp Energy Population amp Energy Unrestricted Exponential GrowthUnrestricted Exponential Growth

About one million years ago About one million years ago our own species our own species homo sapienshomo sapiens first appeared first appeared strived most strived most of the historyof the history and boomed and boomed with agricultural and industrial with agricultural and industrial revolution We are revolution We are over 6 over 6 billion nowbillion now

Standard of living and energy Standard of living and energy use use have been growinghave been growing almost exponentially due to almost exponentially due to abundance of resourcesabundance of resources

The The growth will be growth will be naturally restrictednaturally restricted with with overpopulation and resource overpopulation and resource depletion as we know itdepletion as we know it

Time in Time in historyhistory

Population Population in millionsin millions

Most of Most of BC BC

historyhistory

1010due to due to

hardshiphardship

AD 1AD 1 300300

17501750 760760

18001800 10001000

19501950 25002500

20002000 60006000

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo helliphellip

(1)(1) will be will be more challengingmore challenging than what we anticipate now than what we anticipate now

(2)(2) NO traditional solutionsNO traditional solutions

(3)(3) NewNew knowledge new technology knowledge new technologyand and new living habits and expectationsnew living habits and expectationswill be needed will be needed

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

So what are we going to doSo what are we going to do

Do we need CASH Do we need CASH for ALCOHOL for ALCOHOL

researchresearch

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Earth Energy BalanceEarth Energy Balance All energy to Earth surface is All energy to Earth surface is 9998 solar9998 solar

002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational

About About 13 TW world energy consumption rate13 TW world energy consumption rate now now ((0007 of solar striking Earth0007 of solar striking Earth) is about 7 times ) is about 7 times smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water and wind are about 1 of solarand wind are about 1 of solar

Source Basic Research Needs To Assure A Secure Energy Future ORNL Report 2003

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy PhysicsManuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers Manuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

OutlineOutline

I I EnergyEnergy From Work to Heat to General ConceptFrom Work to Heat to General Concept

II II Energy Forms and ClassificationsEnergy Forms and Classifications Energy Transfer versus Energy PropertyEnergy Transfer versus Energy Property

III III The First Law of Energy ConservationThe First Law of Energy Conservation Work-Heat-Energy PrincipleWork-Heat-Energy Principle

IV IV The Second Law of Energy DegradationThe Second Law of Energy Degradation Entropy and ExergyEntropy and Exergy

VV Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Property vs Energy Property vs TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo The energy ldquodifficultiesrdquo helliphellip

(1)(1) will be will be more challengingmore challenging than what we anticipate now than what we anticipate now

(2)(2) NO traditional solutionsNO traditional solutions

(3)(3) NewNew knowledge new technology knowledge new technologyand and new living habits and expectationsnew living habits and expectationswill be needed will be needed

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

So what are we going to doSo what are we going to do

Do we need CASH Do we need CASH for ALCOHOL for ALCOHOL

researchresearch

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Earth Energy BalanceEarth Energy Balance All energy to Earth surface is All energy to Earth surface is 9998 solar9998 solar

002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational

About About 13 TW world energy consumption rate13 TW world energy consumption rate now now ((0007 of solar striking Earth0007 of solar striking Earth) is about 7 times ) is about 7 times smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water and wind are about 1 of solarand wind are about 1 of solar

Source Basic Research Needs To Assure A Secure Energy Future ORNL Report 2003

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy PhysicsManuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers Manuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

OutlineOutline

I I EnergyEnergy From Work to Heat to General ConceptFrom Work to Heat to General Concept

II II Energy Forms and ClassificationsEnergy Forms and Classifications Energy Transfer versus Energy PropertyEnergy Transfer versus Energy Property

III III The First Law of Energy ConservationThe First Law of Energy Conservation Work-Heat-Energy PrincipleWork-Heat-Energy Principle

IV IV The Second Law of Energy DegradationThe Second Law of Energy Degradation Entropy and ExergyEntropy and Exergy

VV Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Property vs Energy Property vs TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

So what are we going to doSo what are we going to do

Do we need CASH Do we need CASH for ALCOHOL for ALCOHOL

researchresearch

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Earth Energy BalanceEarth Energy Balance All energy to Earth surface is All energy to Earth surface is 9998 solar9998 solar

002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational

About About 13 TW world energy consumption rate13 TW world energy consumption rate now now ((0007 of solar striking Earth0007 of solar striking Earth) is about 7 times ) is about 7 times smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water and wind are about 1 of solarand wind are about 1 of solar

Source Basic Research Needs To Assure A Secure Energy Future ORNL Report 2003

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy PhysicsManuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers Manuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

OutlineOutline

I I EnergyEnergy From Work to Heat to General ConceptFrom Work to Heat to General Concept

II II Energy Forms and ClassificationsEnergy Forms and Classifications Energy Transfer versus Energy PropertyEnergy Transfer versus Energy Property

III III The First Law of Energy ConservationThe First Law of Energy Conservation Work-Heat-Energy PrincipleWork-Heat-Energy Principle

IV IV The Second Law of Energy DegradationThe Second Law of Energy Degradation Entropy and ExergyEntropy and Exergy

VV Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Property vs Energy Property vs TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Earth Energy BalanceEarth Energy Balance All energy to Earth surface is All energy to Earth surface is 9998 solar9998 solar

002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational002 geothermal and 0002 tidal-gravitational

About About 13 TW world energy consumption rate13 TW world energy consumption rate now now ((0007 of solar striking Earth0007 of solar striking Earth) is about 7 times ) is about 7 times smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is smaller than global photosynthesis (all life) the latter is only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water only 005 of total solar and global atmospheric water and wind are about 1 of solarand wind are about 1 of solar

Source Basic Research Needs To Assure A Secure Energy Future ORNL Report 2003

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy PhysicsManuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers Manuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

OutlineOutline

I I EnergyEnergy From Work to Heat to General ConceptFrom Work to Heat to General Concept

II II Energy Forms and ClassificationsEnergy Forms and Classifications Energy Transfer versus Energy PropertyEnergy Transfer versus Energy Property

III III The First Law of Energy ConservationThe First Law of Energy Conservation Work-Heat-Energy PrincipleWork-Heat-Energy Principle

IV IV The Second Law of Energy DegradationThe Second Law of Energy Degradation Entropy and ExergyEntropy and Exergy

VV Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Property vs Energy Property vs TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy PhysicsManuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers Manuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

OutlineOutline

I I EnergyEnergy From Work to Heat to General ConceptFrom Work to Heat to General Concept

II II Energy Forms and ClassificationsEnergy Forms and Classifications Energy Transfer versus Energy PropertyEnergy Transfer versus Energy Property

III III The First Law of Energy ConservationThe First Law of Energy Conservation Work-Heat-Energy PrincipleWork-Heat-Energy Principle

IV IV The Second Law of Energy DegradationThe Second Law of Energy Degradation Entropy and ExergyEntropy and Exergy

VV Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Property vs Energy Property vs TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy PhysicsManuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers Manuscript by M Kostic for Dekkers

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

OutlineOutline

I I EnergyEnergy From Work to Heat to General ConceptFrom Work to Heat to General Concept

II II Energy Forms and ClassificationsEnergy Forms and Classifications Energy Transfer versus Energy PropertyEnergy Transfer versus Energy Property

III III The First Law of Energy ConservationThe First Law of Energy Conservation Work-Heat-Energy PrincipleWork-Heat-Energy Principle

IV IV The Second Law of Energy DegradationThe Second Law of Energy Degradation Entropy and ExergyEntropy and Exergy

VV Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Property vs Energy Property vs TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Property vs Energy Property vs TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Property vs Transfer Property vs Transfer (2)(2)

)()()(ETC

IONMAGNETIZAT

o

ONPOLARIZATICHARGINGSHEARINGSTRETCHINGCOMPR

netINnetINnetOUTnetINTransfer

MVdHPVdEVdqdAAxdPdVTdS

WQWQE

)(

totalInternal

EtcMagnElNuclUch

Thermal

Uth

E

PdeffPgKSys EEEEEEEEE

Mechanical

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Different types of energy

(a) potential gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

(b) organized energy as work transfer

(c) disorganized thermal energy as heat transfer

(b)

(a)

(c)

m

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Structure Forces and Structure Forces and EnergiesEnergies

TABLE 1 Material system structure and related forces and energies

Particles Forces Energies

Atom nucleus Strong and weak inter-nucleus

Nuclear

Electron shell electromagnetic Electrical magneticelectromagnetic

Molecules Inter-atomic within molecule

chemical

Molecules Random collision and inertial Potential

inter-molecular

Sensible thermal

Molecules Potentialinter-molecular

Latent thermal

Molecules Potential inter-molecular

Mechanical elastic

System mass Inertial and gravitational Mechanical kinetic and gravitational potential

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy PhysicsEnergy Physics

Is this ldquoflowrdquo or Is this ldquoflowrdquo or ldquoelasticrdquo energyldquoelasticrdquo energy

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy Energy Forms of Heat Forms of Heat TransferTransfer

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy InteractionsEnergy Interactions Coupled Adiabatic and Coupled Adiabatic and

CaloricCaloric

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Energy amp Entropy Control Energy amp Entropy Control VolumeVolume

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy Entropy Reversible and Unrestricted Reversible and Unrestricted ExpansionsExpansions

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Entropy (2)Entropy (2)If heat or work at higher potential (temperature or pressure) than necessary is

transferred to a system the energy at excess potential will dissipate spontaneously to a lower potential (if left alone) before new equilibrium state is reached with entropy generation ie increase of entropy displacement over a lower potential A system will lsquoacceptrsquo energy at minimum necessary (infinitesimally higher) or higher potential Furthermore the higher potential energy will dissipate and entropy increase will be the same as with minimum necessary potential like in reversible heating process ie

refST

QS

T

QdS

or

However the source entropy will decrease to a smaller extent over higher potential thus resulting in overall entropy generation for the two interacting systems

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

The Second Law

(A) Kelvin-Plank statement

(B) Clausius statement

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Heat Engine Heat Engine Ideal Carnot Ideal Carnot CycleCycle

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and TransferExchangeTransferExchange

Energy Energy is the lsquolsquo is the lsquolsquobuilding blockbuilding blockrsquorsquo rsquorsquo and fundamental and fundamental propertyproperty of matter of matter and space and thus the fundamental and space and thus the fundamental property of existence property of existence

Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or associated with all processes (or changes) and thus are indivisible from changes) and thus are indivisible from timetime

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

Focus and GoalFocus and GoalFocuses on Focuses on

philosophical and practicalphilosophical and practical aspects aspects of energy and entropy of energy and entropy with emphasis on with emphasis on reversibility and irreversibility and reversibility and irreversibility and

GoalGoalto better understand the concept and to better understand the concept and application of application of Energy Conservation (The 1Energy Conservation (The 1stst Law) Law) and and Energy Degradation (The 2Energy Degradation (The 2ndnd Law) Law)

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme

041115copy M Kostic ltwwwkosticniuedugt

ObjectiveObjective

hellip hellip to emphasize to emphasize knownknown but but not so well-recognizednot so well-recognized issues issues about energy and entropy about energy and entropy irreversibility and reversibilityirreversibility and reversibility

as well as to put certain physical and as well as to put certain physical and philosophical concepts philosophical concepts in perspectivein perspective

and initiate discussion and arguments and initiate discussion and arguments about the paper theme about the paper theme