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The Industrial RevolutionThe Impacts of Urbanization and The Location of

Cities

Alex Budgin

The Industrial Revolution

Late 18th Century through early 20th Century

Begins in Manchester/Liverpool area in England

Industrial boom brought on by Capitalism and advancing technology: Capitalism: An economic system characterized by open

competition for profit between privately or company-owned means of production and distribution in a free market with minimal state interference or other restrictions.

Inanimate energy (coal, water/steam, wood, coal, etc.) replaces animate energy (man/animal power) as primary means of energy production

The Industrial Revolution Continued

Begins to spread from England to: Mainland Europe North America Japan Eastern Europe

With the Industrial Revolution came an influx of job opportunities in major cities as new types of work were created

Mass migration from rural areas to cities becomes common— Urbanization

Urbanization

Causes of urbanization: Cities grow in number and size Dramatic increase of workforce Factory labor

Repetitive, unskilled, supervised labor (foreman created)

Factories resulted in increased productivity, efficiency, and profit

Hundreds or thousands of workers hired in one factory

Urbanization

Consequences of Urbanization: Poor sanitation/disease Increase in crime/corruption Crowded living environments Over-urbanization results in job

scarcity/poverty

Solution? Colonize the areas with the necessary raw materials

Colonialism and the Location of Cities

The second wave of colonialism begins as a result of the Industrial Revolution/Urbanization Need for more resources grows exponentially over the 19th

century to keep production up—Mass consumerism Emphasis of colonialism placed on primary activities (direct

harvesting of earth’s resources Price of raw materials would drop ten-fold when the factory is

close by

New colonization era focuses on establishing trade centers in foreign markets

Competition among European nations for drastically increases

Colonialism and the Location of Cities

Important areas for Europeans to colonize:

Asia: Silks, spices, porcelain

Austral Realm/Oceania: Meat, wheat, fishing/whaling, prison colony

Africa: Slave trade, rubber, oils, diamonds

Coastal Regions Pose Major Importance to Trade

Colonialism and the Location of Cities

Formation of Dual Economies Coastal cities replace traditional interior cities

in economic importance European factories close to raw

materials/goods Price of raw materials/goods drop

drastically/supply becomes high and demand low

Colonialism and the Location of Cities

Colonialism: South Asia

British: Largest single colonized area (in population) Hindu-Islamic

-Led to large South Asian diaspora

Divide and Conquer Strategy-Cause native groups to fight one

another and conquer the area

Colonialism and the Location of Cities

Colonialism: China

British: Heavily focused on coastal areas

-Interest in tea, silk, spices, porcelain

-Led to widespread addiction to opium

-Widespread diaspora

Colonialism and the Location of Cities

Colonialism: Southeast Asia

French: Eastern mainland

Spain: Philippines

Britain: Malaya/Burma

Netherlands: Indonesia

-Major interest in tropical natural resources and maritime/

naval ports

Colonialism and the Location of Cities

Colonialism: Austral Realm/Oceania

Britain: Australia, New Zealand, various Pacific islands

-Primary interest: Prison colony (Later meat and wheat)

France: Other Pacific islands

-Primary interests: Fishing/Whaling

Colonialism and the Location of Cities

Colonialism: Africa

Many European powers responsible

Interests in slavery, equatorial resources (rubber, oils)

-Divide and conquer

-Berlin Conference (1884-1885): Land-portioning system splitting up

continent/ primarily Britain and France

-Africa feels worst effects of colonialism to this day

Colonialism and the Location of Cities

As a result the rest of the country falls apart: Indigenous producers cannot compete with factory

speeds/cannot sell products Traditional businesses fail/Workers have no choice

but to move to urban areas—This becomes extremely common

Result: Urbanization without industrialization