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© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 1
Therapies
15
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 2
Psychotherapy
• Specialized process where trained professional uses psychological methods
• Differing forms of psychotherapy have differing methods– Psychoanalytic: focuses on gaining insight– Humanistic: focuses on gaining insight– Social learning or behavior therapy: uses forms
of teaching
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 3
Psychotherapy
• Relationship involves power of therapist, emotional patient divulging personal data
• Ethical Standards
– Goals of treatment understood/agreed to by client; in best interest of client and society
– Careful consideration given to alternatives
– Therapist treats only within limits of expertise
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 4
Psychotherapy
• Ethical Standards
– Effectiveness of treatment must be evaluated
– Rules and laws of confidentiality followed
– No abuse of therapist-client relationship
– Therapist must treat all humans with dignity; respecting all genders, races, sexual orientation, and other sociocultural factors
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 5
Therapies
• Psychoanalysis – founded by Freud– Root of all problems is in unconscious conflicts– Imbalance in id, ego, and superego– Conscious insight can resolve conflicts– Special therapy techniques may be used
• Free association• Dream interpretation• Interpretation of resistance (from vague
forms to specific resistance)
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 6
Therapies • Psychoanalysis
– Transference – therapist-client relationship takes form of client’s relationships with own parents and other authority figures
– Catharsis – emotional experience or temporary relief from discomfort (some insight gained)
– Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression• Emerged from psychoanalytic tradition• Identifies sources of depression and goals for
therapy process; very successful outcomes
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 7
Therapies
• Humanistic psychology – Carl Rogers– People not born with unconscious mind– Client-centered therapy or person-centered
• Emphasis on client’s ability to help self – feels emotionally safe enough to explore own hidden emotions
• Therapist creates unconditional atmosphere (warmth, genuine positive regard, empathy)
– Reflection – therapist makes statements to clarify client’s feelings and emotions
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 8
Therapies• Gestalt therapy – founded by F. Perls
– Humanistic psychotherapy approach
– Meanings of sensations organized into whole perceptions
– Goal: create therapeutic experience helping client achieve greater self-awareness
– Emotional atmosphere: therapists often deal in confrontive, challenging manner necessary to loosen denied feelings
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 9
Therapies
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)– Abnormal behavior learned from inappropriate
experiences through
• Classical conditioning• Operant conditioning• Modeling
– Learning is central goal of therapy; therapist is teacher and client learns adaptive behaviors
– Cognitions less important
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 10
Therapies
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)– Fear reduction methods using
• Graded exposure - series of increasingly fearful situations experienced for gradual mastery
• Use of modern technology - computer-generated virtual reality
• Treats obsessive-compulsive disorders when used with other methods
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 11
Therapies
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
– Social skills training
• Shaping and positive reinforcement used in role playing
• Teach use of adaptive skills enough to handle real-life situations
• Focus on social skill problem of unassertiveness
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 12
Therapies
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
– Cognitive restructuring
• Assumes faulty cognitions – maladaptive beliefs, expectations, and thinking
• Effective for treating anxiety, depression
• Cannot modify clients’ existing behaviors because of inaccurate ways of thinking about themselves
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 13
Therapies
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)– Cognitive restructuring
• Patterns of cognition contributing to emotional distress
Therapies
– Selective abstraction– Overgeneralization– Arbitrary interference
– Magnification and minimization
– Personalization– Absolutistic thinking
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 14
10
0
15
20
25
30
35
5
Allocation
Initial 3 wks 3 mos 6 mos 9 mos
Self-help booklet CBT
Untreated
What works best?
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 15
Group and Family Therapy
• Group therapy – Carried out with groups of 4 to 8 clients; sees
experience more effective than individual therapy techniques• Receives encouragement from others• Sees problem experienced by others• Learn from others’ advice• Learn new ways to interact with others • Format of group therapy varies widely
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 16
Group and Family Therapy
• Family therapy – Group composed of family members– Therapist trained in psychoanalytic, humanistic,
and behavioral approaches– Beliefs
• Family issues at root of problem• Dynamics of family system need analysis –
function of each need to be understood
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 17
Group and Family Therapy
• Family therapy – Therapists’ goals to resolve problems by
improving functioning of family system• Give family members insights and correct
family dysfunctions• Increase warmth and intimacy in family• Improve family member communication• Help members establish reasonable set of
rules for family regulation
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 18
Human Diversity
• Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues in mental health
– U.S. has one of most advanced mental health system in world – does not cover all citizens
• Hispanics - less outpatient care than whites
• African Americans – more likely than whites to be committed to psychiatric hospitals (often involuntarily)
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 19
Human Diversity
• Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues
– U.S. mental health system
• Fewer women receive mental health services than men
• Gender of therapist does not appear to influence outcomes
– Feminist psychotherapy – radical approach
• Women treated as second-class citizens and Barbie dolls
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 20
Human Diversity
• Goals of Feminist Psychotherapy– Advocates equal relationship in therapy– Encourage women to see how society limited
them to dependent roles– Encourage women to become aware of their
anger; find constructive ways of expressing– Have women define selves as independent– Women encouraged to consider own needs– Women should develop nontraditional skills
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 21
• Drug therapy – Widely used to treat abnormal behavior– Commonly used psychiatric drugs
– Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)– Transcranial stimulation
• Magnetic field used on frontal cortex
Therapies
• Effexor• Paxil • Prozac
• Zorloft • Xanax• Geodon
• Haldol• Navane• Risperdal
• Zyprexa• Depakote• Epilim
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 22
Medical Therapies
• Psychosurgery
– Trephining
– Prefrontal labotomy
– Modern names for labotomy surgeries conducted today
• Capuslotomy
• Cingulotomy
Therapies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 23
Trephining operations were
apparently performed in the Middle Ages to treat abnormal
behavior
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 24
The End
15Therapies