© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 1-1 Foundations of Structural Kinesiology KINE 3300 Applied Kinesiology Christopher Ray, PhD,

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.reserved. 1-1-11

Foundations of Structural Foundations of Structural KinesiologyKinesiology

KINE 3300 Applied Kinesiology KINE 3300 Applied Kinesiology

Christopher Ray, PhD, ATC, CSCSChristopher Ray, PhD, ATC, CSCS


Any Loose Ends?Any Loose Ends?


Talk the talk!Talk the talk!

• DirectionalDirectional

• LocationLocation

• FunctionFunction

• O&IO&I

• Professional communication!Professional communication!


Kinesiology & Body Kinesiology & Body MechanicsMechanics

• Kinesiology - study of motion or human Kinesiology - study of motion or human movementmovement

• Anatomic kinesiology - study of human Anatomic kinesiology - study of human musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous systemsystem

• Biomechanics - application of mechanical Biomechanics - application of mechanical physics to human motionphysics to human motion



• Structural kinesiology - study of muscles as Structural kinesiology - study of muscles as they are involved in science of movementthey are involved in science of movement

• Both skeletal & muscular structures are Both skeletal & muscular structures are involvedinvolved

• Bones are different sizes & shapes Bones are different sizes & shapes particularly at the joints, which allow or limit particularly at the joints, which allow or limit movementmovement



• Muscles vary greatly in size, shape, & Muscles vary greatly in size, shape, & structure from one part of body to anotherstructure from one part of body to another

• More than 600 muscles are found in human More than 600 muscles are found in human body body


Why Kinesiology?Why Kinesiology?• should have an adequate knowledge & should have an adequate knowledge &

understanding of all large muscle groups to understanding of all large muscle groups to teach others how to strengthen, improve, & teach others how to strengthen, improve, & maintain these parts of human bodymaintain these parts of human body

• should not only know how & what to do in should not only know how & what to do in relation to conditioning & training but also know relation to conditioning & training but also know why specific exercises are done in conditioning & why specific exercises are done in conditioning & training of athletes (BE EVIDENCE BASED)training of athletes (BE EVIDENCE BASED)


Reference positionsReference positions• Anatomical positionAnatomical position

– most widely used & accurate for all most widely used & accurate for all aspects of the bodyaspects of the body

– standing in an upright posture, facing standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, straight ahead, feet parallel and close, & palms facing forward& palms facing forward

• Fundamental positionFundamental position– is essentially same as anatomical is essentially same as anatomical

position except arms are at the sides & position except arms are at the sides & palms facing the bodypalms facing the body


Anatomical directional Anatomical directional terminologyterminology

• Inferior (infra)Inferior (infra)– below in relation to another structure; caudalbelow in relation to another structure; caudal

• Superior (supra)Superior (supra)– above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalicabove in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic

• DistalDistal– situated away from the center or midline of the body, or situated away from the center or midline of the body, or

away from the point of originaway from the point of origin• ProximalProximal

– nearest the trunk or the point of originnearest the trunk or the point of origin• LateralLateral

– on or to the side; outside, farther from the median or on or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal planemidsagittal plane

• MedialMedial– relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or

midsagittal planemidsagittal plane• MedianMedian

– Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal planemidsagittal plane

From Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill



From Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill



• AnterolateralAnterolateral– in front & to the side, in front & to the side,

especially the outsideespecially the outside

• AnteromedialAnteromedial– in front & toward the in front & toward the

inner side or midlineinner side or midline

• AnteroposteriorAnteroposterior– relating to both relating to both front & rearfront & rear

• PosteromedialPosteromedial– behind & to the inner behind & to the inner

sideside

• PosterosuperiorPosterosuperior– behind & at the upper behind & at the upper

partpart



• AnteriorAnterior– in front or in the in front or in the

front partfront part

• AnteroinferiorAnteroinferior– in front & belowin front & below

• AnterosuperiorAnterosuperior– in front & abovein front & above

• PosteriorPosterior– behind, in back, or in the behind, in back, or in the

rearrear

• PosteroinferiorPosteroinferior– behind & below; in back behind & below; in back

& below& below

• PosterolateralPosterolateral– behind & to one side, behind & to one side,

specifically to the outsidespecifically to the outside



• ContralateralContralateral– pertaining or relating to the opposite sidepertaining or relating to the opposite side

• IpsilateralIpsilateral– on the same sideon the same side

• BilateralBilateral– relating to the right and left sides of the relating to the right and left sides of the

body or of a body structure such as the body or of a body structure such as the right & left extremitiesright & left extremities



• InferolateralInferolateral– below & to the outsidebelow & to the outside

• InferomedialInferomedial– below & toward the below & toward the

midline or insidemidline or inside

• SuperolateralSuperolateral– above & to the outsideabove & to the outside

• SuperomedialSuperomedial– above & toward the above & toward the

midline or insidemidline or inside



• CaudalCaudal– below in relation to another structure; below in relation to another structure;

inferiorinferior

• CephalicCephalic– above in relation to another structure; above in relation to another structure;

higher, superiorhigher, superior



• DeepDeep– beneath or below the surface; used to beneath or below the surface; used to

describe relative depth or location of describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissuemuscles or tissue

• SuperficialSuperficial– near the surface; used to describe relative near the surface; used to describe relative

depth or location of muscles or tissuedepth or location of muscles or tissue



• ProneProne– the body lying face downward; stomach the body lying face downward; stomach

lyinglying

• SupineSupine– lying on the back; face upward position of lying on the back; face upward position of

the bodythe body



• DorsalDorsal– relating to the back; being or relating to the back; being or

located near, on, or toward the located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part, or upper back, posterior part, or upper surface of surface of

• VentralVentral– relating to the belly or abdomen, relating to the belly or abdomen,

on or toward the front, anterior on or toward the front, anterior part of part of



• VolarVolar– relating to palm of the hand or sole of the relating to palm of the hand or sole of the

footfoot• PlantarPlantar

– relating to the sole or undersurface of the relating to the sole or undersurface of the footfoot


Web SitesWeb SitesAnatomy & Physiology Tutorials:Anatomy & Physiology Tutorials:

www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/index.htmwww.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/index.htm

BBC Science & NatureBBC Science & Nature

www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeleton_anatomy.shtmlskeleton_anatomy.shtml

– Describes each bone and allows viewing of each from Describes each bone and allows viewing of each from different angles different angles

BBC Science & NatureBBC Science & Nature

www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index.shtml?skeleton3djigsaw_02/index.shtml?skeleton

– Allows interactive placement of bone and joint structures.Allows interactive placement of bone and joint structures.

http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/index.htm


Web SitesWeb SitesBBC Science & NatureBBC Science & Nature

www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joints/www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joints/ball_and_socket_joint.shtml ball_and_socket_joint.shtml

– Describes each type of joint and allows viewing of how the joint Describes each type of joint and allows viewing of how the joint moves within the body. moves within the body.

University of Michigan Learning Resource Center, Hypermuscle: University of Michigan Learning Resource Center, Hypermuscle: Muscles in actionMuscles in actionwww.med.umich.edu/lrc/Hypermuscle/Hyper.html#flex www.med.umich.edu/lrc/Hypermuscle/Hyper.html#flex – Describes each motion and allows viewing of the motion Describes each motion and allows viewing of the motion

performed.performed.ArticulationsArticulations

http://basic-anatomy.net/http://basic-anatomy.net/– A thorough discussion of the articulationsA thorough discussion of the articulations


Web SitesWeb SitesFoss Human BodyFoss Human Body

http://sv.berkeley.edu/showcase/pages/bones.htmlhttp://sv.berkeley.edu/showcase/pages/bones.html– An interactive site which allows assembly of the skeletonAn interactive site which allows assembly of the skeleton

Functions of the Skeletal SystemFunctions of the Skeletal Systemhttp://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/

unit3_1_bone_functions.htmlunit3_1_bone_functions.html– Several pages with information on bone tissue, bone Several pages with information on bone tissue, bone

development and growth, and the jointsdevelopment and growth, and the jointsWireframe SkeletonWireframe Skeleton

www.2flashgames.com/f/f-220.htmwww.2flashgames.com/f/f-220.htm– Move around the skeleton's limbs arms legs body and make it Move around the skeleton's limbs arms legs body and make it

do funny thingsdo funny thingsSkeletal systemSkeletal system

www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htmwww.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm– Pictures of dissected bones and their anatomical landmarksPictures of dissected bones and their anatomical landmarks


Web SitesWeb SitesArticulationsArticulations

www.douglas.bc.ca/biology/project/articulations/www.douglas.bc.ca/biology/project/articulations/– Details all of the joint types with pictures and review questionsDetails all of the joint types with pictures and review questions

eSkeletons ProjecteSkeletons Projectwww.eskeletons.org/www.eskeletons.org/– An interactive site with a bone viewer showing the morphology, An interactive site with a bone viewer showing the morphology,

origins, insertions, and articulations of each boneorigins, insertions, and articulations of each boneExRx ArticulationsExRx Articulations

www.exrx.net/Lists/Articulations.htmlwww.exrx.net/Lists/Articulations.html– Detailed common exercises demonstrating movements of each Detailed common exercises demonstrating movements of each

joint and listing the muscles involvedjoint and listing the muscles involvedSkeleton ShakedownSkeleton Shakedown

www.harcourtschool.com/activity/skel/skel.htmlwww.harcourtschool.com/activity/skel/skel.html– Help put a disarticulated skeleton back togetherHelp put a disarticulated skeleton back together


Web SitesWeb SitesHuman Anatomy OnlineHuman Anatomy Online

www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.htmlwww.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html– Interactive skeleton labelingInteractive skeleton labeling

KLB Science Department InteractivitiesKLB Science Department Interactivitieswww.klbschool.org.uk/interactive/science/skeleton.htmwww.klbschool.org.uk/interactive/science/skeleton.htm– Skeleton labeling exercisesSkeleton labeling exercises

Introductory Anatomy: JointsIntroductory Anatomy: Jointswww.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy4.htmlwww.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy4.html– Notes on joint articulationsNotes on joint articulations

The Interactive SkeletonThe Interactive Skeletonwww.pdh-odp.co.uk/skeleton.htmwww.pdh-odp.co.uk/skeleton.htm– Point and click to detailed skeletal illustrationsPoint and click to detailed skeletal illustrations

Radiographic Anatomy of the SkeletonRadiographic Anatomy of the Skeletonwww.rad.washington.edu/radanat/www.rad.washington.edu/radanat/– X-rays with and without labels of bony landmarksX-rays with and without labels of bony landmarks


Web SitesWeb SitesRadiographic Anatomy of the SkeletonRadiographic Anatomy of the Skeleton

www.szote.u-szeged.hu/Radiology/Anatomy/skeleton.htmwww.szote.u-szeged.hu/Radiology/Anatomy/skeleton.htm– X-rays with and without labels of bony landmarksX-rays with and without labels of bony landmarks

Virtual skeletonVirtual skeletonwww.uwyo.edu/RealLearning/4210qtvr.htmlwww.uwyo.edu/RealLearning/4210qtvr.html– A 3-dimensional human osteology with Quicktime movies of A 3-dimensional human osteology with Quicktime movies of

each boneeach boneSkeleton: The JointsSkeleton: The Joints

www.zoology.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/bonejt/outline.htmwww.zoology.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/bonejt/outline.htm– Point and click to detailed joint illustrationsPoint and click to detailed joint illustrations

Forensic AnthropologyForensic Anthropologyhttp://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/skeleton.pdf http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/skeleton.pdf – A detailed discussion of skeletal anthropology with excellent A detailed discussion of skeletal anthropology with excellent

pictures of dissected bonespictures of dissected bones

Documents

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 1-1 Foundations of Structural Kinesiology KINE 3300 Applied Kinesiology Christopher Ray, PhD,