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Total Quality Management
• Encompasses entire organization, from supplier to customer
• Stresses a commitment by management to have a continuing, companywide drive toward excellence in all aspects of products and services that are important to the customer
The Quality Hierarchy
Whole OperationQuality as strategyTeam & empower
Quality as systems& controlsProblem solving
StandardsSamplingChecking
Error detectionRectification
The Quality Hierarchy
Inspection
• The ad – hoc physical check of products or goods or services to establish their compliance to specification
• “Quality” introduced after the production of the goods or services
• Does not examine cause and effect of poor quality
• Done by remote third party
– Does not empower or make quality part of the producers responsibility
• Requires physical intervention
• Limited to checking and proving that item only
– Defects are easily missed unless 100% checking or sampling techniques applied
• Often limited to the sensitivity of the testing process or ‘testability’ of the characteristics under examination
Quality control
• The systematic checking of outputs from or during a productive process
• “Quality” introduced after the production of the goods or services
– More systematic
• Still done by remote third party
• Requires physical intervention
• Limited to checking and proving that item only
– Defects are easily missed unless 100% checking or sampling techniques applied
• Often limited to the sensitivity of the testing process or ‘testability’ of the characteristics under examination
The Quality Hierarchy
Assurance
• A practical implementation of a total quality approach
– Requires total company commitment
• Strategic quality principle
– Requires total company commitment
• Quality introduced at the outset and throughout the process
– Builds quality in
• Quality becoming the responsibility of the producer
• Quality as part of the process
• Administered and policed by remote third party
Total Quality Management (TQM)
• A total company approach to quality
• Strategic top down strategy
– Used when quality is a key competitive advantage
• As much a philosophy as a technique
– Customer is king
– Build in rather than inspect in
– Empowerment of the producer
• Demming as pioneer
• Japanese as exemplars of approach
Total Quality Management Concepts
1. Continuous improvement2. Six Sigma3. Employee empowerment4. Benchmarking5. Just-in-time (JIT)6. Taguchi concepts7. Knowledge of TQM tools
Total Quality Management ConceptsContinuous Improvement
Represents continual improvement of all processes
Involves all operations and work centers including suppliers and customers
People, Equipment, Materials, Procedures
Total Quality Management ConceptsContinuous Improvement
Time
PLAN
DO
CHECK
ACT
Total Quality Management ConceptsSix Sigma
Two meanings
Statistical definition of a process that is 99.9997% capable, 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO)
A program designed to reduce defects, lower costs, and improve customer satisfaction
Mean
3.4 defects/million
±6
2,700 defects/million
±3
Total Quality Management ConceptsSix Sigma
Total Quality Management ConceptsSix Sigma
• Black Belt
– project leader
• Master Black Belt
– a teacher and mentor for Black Belts
• Green Belts
– project team members
Total Quality Management ConceptsSix Sigma
Total Quality Management ConceptsEmployee Empowerment
Getting employees involved in product and process improvements
85% of quality problems are due
to process and material
Techniques
Build communication networks that include employees
Develop open, supportive supervisors
Move responsibility to employees
Build a high-morale organization
Create formal team structures
Total Quality Management ConceptsBenchmarking
Selecting best practices to use as a standard for performance
1. Determine what to benchmark
2. Form a benchmark team
3. Identify benchmarking partners
4. Collect and analyze benchmarking information
5. Take action to match or exceed the benchmark
Total Quality Management ConceptsJust In Time (JIT)
Relationship to quality:
JIT cuts the cost of quality
JIT improves quality
Better quality means less inventory and better, easier-to-employ JIT system
Total Quality Management ConceptsJust In Time (JIT)
‘Pull’ system of production scheduling including supply management
Allows reduced inventory levels
Inventory costs money and hides process and material problems
Encourages improved process and product quality
Total Quality Management ConceptsJust In Time (JIT)
ScrapUnreliable Vendors
Capacity Imbalances
Work in process inventory level
(hides problems)
Total Quality Management ConceptsJust In Time (JIT)
Reducing inventory revealsproblems so they can be solved
ScrapUnreliable Vendors
Capacity Imbalances
Total Quality Management ConceptsTaguchi Concepts
Engineering and experimental design methods to improve product and process design
Identify key component and process variables affecting product variation
Taguchi Concepts
Quality robustness
Quality loss function
Target-oriented quality
Total Quality Management ConceptsQuality Robustness
Ability to produce products uniformly in adverse manufacturing and environmental conditions
Remove the effects of adverse conditions
Small variations in materials and process do not destroy product quality
Total Quality Management ConceptsQuality Loss Function
Shows that costs increase as the product moves away from what the customer wants
Costs include customer dissatisfaction, warranty and service, internal scrap and repair, and costs to society
Traditional conformance specifications are too simplistic
Total Quality Management Tools
Tools for Generating Ideas
Check sheets
Scatter diagrams
Cause-and-effect diagrams
Tools to Organize the Data
Pareto charts
Flowcharts
Total Quality Management Tools
Total Quality Management Tools
Total Quality Management Tools
Total Quality Management Tools
PrintersRun
Out ofToner
Machinery People
Materials Methods Money
Staff don’t report poor
Managers budgets too
tightly controlled
Too many forms to
fill in
Low capacity toner refills
Using non branded toner to
save money
Total Quality Management Tools
Total Quality Management Tools
Total Quality Management Tools
Total Quality Management Tools
Total Quality Management Tools
Number of occurrences
Room svc Check-in Pool hours Minibar Misc.72% 16% 5% 4% 3%
12
4 3 2
54
– 100– 93– 88
– 72
70 –
60 –
50 –
40 –
30 –
20 –
10 –
0 –
Fre
qu
en
cy (
nu
mb
er)
Causes and percent of the total
Cu
mu
lati
ve p
erc
en
t
Data for October
Pareto Charts
Total Quality Management Tools
Flow Chart
MRI Flowchart
1. Physician schedules MRI2. Patient taken to MRI3. Patient signs in4. Patient is prepped5. Technician carries out MRI6. Technician inspects film
7. If unsatisfactory, repeat8. Patient taken back to room9. MRI read by radiologist10. MRI report transferred to
physician11. Patient and physician discuss
Total Quality Management Tools
Statistical Process Control (SPC)
Uses statistics and control charts to tell when to take corrective action
Drives process improvement
Four key steps
Measure the process
When a change is indicated, find the assignable cause
Eliminate or incorporate the cause
Restart the revised process
Total Quality Management Tools
Statistical Process Control (SPC)
Total Quality Management Tools
Inspection
Involves examining items to see if an item is good or defective
Detect a defective product
Does not correct deficiencies in process or product
It is expensive
Issues
When to inspect
Where in process to inspect
Total Quality Management Tools
When and where to inspect?
1. At the supplier’s plant while the supplier is producing
2. At your facility upon receipt of goods from the supplier
3. Before costly or irreversible processes
4. During the step-by-step production process
5. When production or service is complete
6. Before delivery to your customer
7. At the point of customer contact
Total Quality Management Tools
Source Inspection
Also known as source control
The next step in the process is your customer
Ensure perfect product to your customer
Total Quality Management Tools
Service Industry Inspection
OrganizationWhat is
InspectedStandard
Arnold Palmer Hospital
Billing
Pharmacy
Lab
Nurses
Admissions
Accurate, timely, and correct format
Prescription accuracy, inventory accuracy
Audit for lab-test accuracy
Charts immediately updated
Data entered correctly and completely
Total Quality Management Tools
Service Industry Inspection
OrganizationWhat is
InspectedStandard
Nordstrom Department Store
Display areas
Stockrooms
Salesclerks
Attractive, well-organized, stocked, good lighting
Rotation of goods, organized, clean
Neat, courteous, very knowledgeable
Total Quality Management Tools
Service Industry Inspection
OrganizationWhat is
InspectedStandard
Hard Rock Hotel Reception desk
Doorman
Room
Minibar
Use customer’s name
Greet guest in less than 30 seconds
All lights working, spotless bathroom
Restocked and charges accurately posted to bill
Total Quality Management Tools
Service Industry Inspection
OrganizationWhat is
InspectedStandard
Arnold Palmer Hospital
Billing
Pharmacy
Lab
Nurses
Admissions
Accurate, timely, and correct format
Prescription accuracy, inventory accuracy
Audit for lab-test accuracy
Charts immediately updated
Data entered correctly and completely
Total Quality Management Tools
Service Industry Inspection
OrganizationWhat is
InspectedStandard
Olive Garden Restaurant
Busboy
Busboy
Waiter
Serves water and bread within 1 minute
Clears all entrée items and crumbs prior to dessert
Knows and suggest specials, desserts
Total Quality Management Tools
Attributes Vs. Variables
Attributes
Items are either good or bad, acceptable or unacceptable
Does not address degree of failure
Variables
Measures dimensions such as weight, speed, height, or strength
Falls within an acceptable range
Use different statistical techniques
Total Quality Management in Service
Service quality is more difficult to measure than the quality of goods
Service quality perceptions depend on
Intangible differences between products
Intangible expectations customers have of those products
Total Quality Management in Service
The Operations Manager must recognize:
1. The tangible component of services is important
2. The service process is important
3. The service is judged against the customer’s expectations
4. Exceptions will occur
Total Quality Management in Service
Service Specifications
at UPS
Total Quality Management in ServiceDeterminants of Service Quality
Reliability Consistency of performance and dependability
Responsiveness Willingness or readiness of employees
Competence Required skills and knowledge
Access Approachability and ease of contact
Courtesy Politeness, respect, consideration, friendliness
Communication Keeping customers informed
Credibility Trustworthiness, believability, honesty
Security Freedom from danger, risk, or doubt
Understanding/ knowing the customer
Understand the customer’s needs
Tangibles Physical evidence of the service
Total Quality Management in ServiceService Recovery Strategy
Managers should have a plan for when services fail
Marriott’s LEARN routine
Listen
Empathize
Apologize
React
Notify