Source: World Economic Forum 2010

WAY FORWARD: THE NEXUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICE PROVISION, FOOD SECURITY & ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENT

WHERE TO?PRESA AND RUPES CAN, WILL contribute to a high C stock development pathway by:

1. Continuing to generate evidence to better engage multiple actors in building a shared understanding of landscape/watershed functions and in negotiating management options (in new sites, in new agro-ecological systems)

2. Relating to financial mechanisms at national scale Examine where CES-COS-CIS apply, and under which context.

Examine effectiveness/viability of private sector market-driven versus fund approach to watershed PESEstablish the business case of whether development goals of the public sector are attainable in efficient and pro-poor way through PES

3. Examining aspects of scale and thresholds for ES supply*food production

5. With carbon as one of highly demanded and commoditized ES, examine level of emission reduction achieved relative to baseline as a way to repay investments, without falling in the trap of monetization and carbonization of livelihoods that carbon markets entail.

6. Link P/RES into food security actions for environmental co-benefits such as: Evergreen Agriculture

Evergreen Grasslands/DrylandsMillennium Development Goals

What is Evergreen Agriculture?

A form of more intensive farming that integrates trees with annual crops, maintaining a green cover on the land throughout the year.

Evergreen farming systems are ‘double- story’ systems that feature both perennial and annual species (food crops and trees).

D.P. Garrity

Some examples of Evergreen Agriculture Eastern & Southern Africa• Faidherbia albida in maize production systems• Fodder shrubs for balanced dairy nutrition (e.g., Caliandra in the East African Dairy Project)• Mango and other fruits intercropped in maize systems• Grevillia robusta intercropped in maize for timber, fodder & fuel• Intercropped coppicing leguminous trees in maize

(eg Gliricidia in Malawi)• Relay-cropped leguminous species managed as annual green manure (eg Tephrosia)• Improved fallows with leguminous species (eg Sesbania sesban)

– d.garrity@cgiar.org

D.P. Garrity

What are the linkages between Evergreen Agriculture and ES provision?

1. Improved microclimate and soil water relations conveying greater adaptation to climate change

2. Dramatically increased carbon accumulation in food crop systems: 6-10 t CO2/ha/yr

3. Enhanced biodiversity in annual crop systems grown in agroforests

4. Reduced deforestation due to enhanced potential in rainfed agriculture

D.P. Garrity

D.P. Garrity

Crops are grown under a full canopy of trees

National recommendations for maize in Malawi & Zambia: Faidherbia Fertilizer Trees at 100 trees per ha

D.P. Garrity

High-density Faidherbia millet systems in southern Zinder, Niger, 2006.

D.P. Garrity

Aerial view of a parkland dominated by Faidherbia in Niger D.P. Garrity

Faidherbia albida trees in rice fields Basse Casamance, Senegal

D.P. Garrity

FINALLY, THE PRO-POOR BRANDING OF RUPES AND PRESA IN THE PES ARENA RESONATES GLOBAL, NATIONAL, SUB-NATIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDAS THAT EMPHASIZE FOOD SECURITY AND RURAL LIVELIHOODS.

Join the RUPES and PRESA network as a researcher, advocate, practitioner, and as investor.

Thank You

For more information, contactRUPES: Beria Leimona (l.beria@cgiar.org)PRESA: Sara Namirembe (s.namirembe@cgiar.org)ICRAF-P/RES Program: Delia Catacutan(d.c.catacutan@cgiar.org)

World Agroforestry Centrehttp://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Networks/RUPEShttp://presa.worldagroforestry.org

These projects are implemented by the World Agroforestry Centre, with funding from the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the European Commission, and with the government of Finland. The views expressed in this presentation do not necessarily reflect the views of the funders.