Icraf seminar(de clerck)

FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY:Trait-based Approaches for Bioengineering

Multifunctional Agroecosystems

Fabrice DeClerck (and friends)

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Agrobiodiversity

Agricultural biodiversity includes all components of biological diversity of relevance to food and agriculture, and all components of biological diversity that constitute the agroecosystem.

CBD definition of Agricultural Diversity

Loss of functional diversity under land use intensification across multiple taxa. Ecology Letters 12:22-33

Dan Flynn, Melanie Gogol-Prokurat, Brenda Lin, Nicole Molinari, Theresa Nogeire, Bárbara Trautman Richers, Nicholas Simpson, Margie Mayfield and Fabrice DeClerck

Tilm

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Diaz and Cabido (2001)

Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33 DeClerck NCEAS DGS


Does land use intensification reduce functional diversity?

Live Fence

Forest

Landuse Intensity

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PastureLow tree density

2°Forest

PastureHigh Tree Density

Sanchez et al

How is functional diversity lost with intensification?


71 Species Total

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What is functional redundancy within

taxonomic groups with land use change?


Forest Fragment: 25 extinct

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Live Fence: 41 extinctForest Fragment: 25 extinct

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Live Fence: 41 extinctForest Fragment: 25 extinct

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Live Fence: 41 extinctForest Fragment: 25 extinct Pasture: 64 extinct

Functional Diversity Decreases with landuse Intensity


Agrobiodiversity and Human Nutrition

Fabrice DeClerck1,2, Jessica Fanzo2,3,

Cheryl Palm2 and Roseline Remans2

1CATIE and 2The Earth Institute at Columbia University, 3 Bioversity

Deckelbaum, Palm, Mutuo and F. DeClerck

Econutrition: the interrelationships among nutrition, human health, agriculture and food production, environmental health, and economic production

Hypotheses

• Biodiversity drives ecosystem functioning

• Human health is an ecosystem function

• Agrobiodiversity should impact human health

• The study of agrobiodiversity and human health can lead to important considerations for both sustainable development, and theoretical ecology.

F. DeClerck

Sauri Agrobiodiversity

• Over 146 plant species found• 39 Edible Species • Mean of 14 edible species per farm• Ranging from 5 - 22 edible plant species• Mean 1.5 cattle, half a sheep, a quarter

goat and 7 chickens.

F. DeClerck

Seven Traits

1) Protein2) Energy3) Vitamin A4) Vitamin C5) Iron6) Zinc7) Folates

F. DeClerck

High Protein

High Energy

High Vitamin A

F. DeClerck

Species Richness

FD

Field species richness, and functional diversity are related: r2 0.49, p<0.001

F. DeClerck, Remans, Fanzo and Palm (2010)

Farm 103801Species Richness = 19FD = 0.66



Species Richness

FD

F. DeClerck, Remans, Fanzo and Palm (2010)




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High functional agrobiodiversity decreases probability of anemia

Species richness and anemia, R2 =0.05

Functional diversity and anemia R2= 0.13

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Table 1. Nutrients and nutrient groups taken into account for calculation of FD metrics. From the 51 required nutrients for human diets, 17 nutrients that are key for human diets and for which reliable plant composition data were available in the literature were selected. Because plants are not a proven source for Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D, these were not included.

Macronutrients Minerals Vitamins

Protein Calcium (Ca) Vitamin A

Carbohydrates Iron (Fe) Vitamin C

Dietary fibre Potassium (K) Thiamin

Fat Magnesium (Mg) Riboflavin

Manganese (Mn) Folate

Zinc (Zn) Niacin

Sulfur (S)

Remans, Flynn, DeClerck et al. PloS One (2010)

Zinc

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Zinc

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Zinc

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Zinc

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350.6

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Number of Nutritional Functions

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Figure 2. Nutritional Functional Diversity and Species richness for 170 farms in Sauri (☐), Mwandama (Δ) and Ruhiira ()


Figure 3. Observed versus expected Nutritional Functional Diversity for 170 farms in Sauri (☐), Mwandama (Δ) and Ruhiira (). Farms that have observed FD values that significantly differ from expected FD values are in bold.


Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and response diversity in plant communities. Ecology Letters 13:76-86

Etienne Laliberté, Jessie Wells, Fabrice DeClerck, Dan Metcalfe, Isabelle Aubin, Carla Catterall, Cibele Queiroz, Stephen Bonser, Yi Ding, Sean McNamara, Jen Fraterrigo, John Morgan,

Peter Vesk, Margie Mayfield.

Response diversity

“Of increasing concern is the loss of species that have similar ecosystem effects but differ in their environmental responses. This latter role of diversity (…) may be one of the most important mechanisms by which we sustain the long-term functioning of ecosystems and the services they provide to society.”

Chapin et al. 1997 Science

Ecological redundancy

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• Redundancy = number of species within a functional group• High redundancy = high resilience to environmental change• Why? compensatory responses

Functionalgroups 1 to 6

Group 6: higherredundancy& resilience

Group 6: lowerredundancy& resilience

Measuring response diversity

• Volume of the minimum convex hull formed by species within a functional group, in response trait space

• From 2 to n response traits

• Represents the range of “response strategies” found within a functional group

• Larger volume = higher resilience

Convex hull volume

Measuring response diversity

Convex hull volume

Functional trait Effect ResponseSpecific leaf area (SLA) XWood density XGrowth form XHeight XLeaf phenology X XNutrient uptake strategy X XPhotosynthetic pathway X XRaunkiaer life form XClonality XDispersal mode XLeaf size XMaximum propagule longevity XPhysical defense XPollination syndrome XResprouting ability XSeed mass XLifespan X

Costa Rica728(3)

Nicaragua240(2)

Quebec243 (1)

New Zealand54(1)

Australian RF1028 (4)

China453 (2)

USA, NC 38(1)

Australian WL52(1)

Portugual110 (1)

Laos 53(1)

Study Sites, Species Richness (landscapes)

± 3000 species; 17 landscapes; 17 functional traits

a) Species in effect trait space


b) Functional effect groups

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c) Species in each land use



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c) Species in each land use

e) Spearmanρbetween land use intensity and response

diversity

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Land use intensity

ρ = -0.9

d) Functional dispersion (response diversity) for

each effect group in each land use

Effect size formeta-analysis

r = -0.22p = 0.0003

Redundancy decreases with land use intensification

Correlation coefficientr

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Nicaragua (Matiguas)Australia sub-tropics 1Nicaragua (Rivas)Australia WT (Atherton)China (Hainan lowland)USA (North Carolina)New ZealandAustralia sub-tropics 2Costa Rica (La Palma)China (Hainan montane)Australia WL (NSW)PortugalCosta Rica (Las Cruces)LaosQuebecAustralia WT (Tully)Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez)

Summary

r = -0.091p = 0.048

Response diversity decreases as well, but less so


-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0


Summary


-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0


Summary

Redundancy Response diversity

Towards Multifunctional Landscapes

• Ecological Aspects– What are the driving mechanisms behind ES

• Species richness, composition, functional diversity arrangement.

• Social and Economic Drivers– How do communities organize to impact change– Integration of multiple stakeholders in ecoagricultural

landscapes.• Does the ES paradigm provide conservation and

development goals?

Thanks!

THANKS!!!

Technology

Icraf seminar(de clerck)