The challenge

• Fine grained variation in:

– soil (biota)

– climate (altitude)

– farming practices

– household characteristics

– market opportunities

– social capital

– policy and its implementation

Pruned trees

Free growing trees

Earthworm cast weight

Sample with no

earthworm casts

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Separation distance (m)

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ivariance

Cross-semivariogram

Greater soil biological activity (earthworms) near trees but effect greater for some tree species than others

Pauli et al 2010 Pedobiologia

The challenge

• Fine grained variation in:

– soil (biota)

– climate (altitude)

– farming practices

– household characteristics

– market opportunities

– social capital

– policy and its implementation

The challenge

• Fine grained variation in:

– soil (biota)

– climate (altitude)

– farming practices

– household characteristics

– market opportunities

– social capital

– policy and its implementation

The challenge

• Fine grained variation in:

– soil (biota)

– climate (altitude)

– farming practices

– household characteristics

– market opportunities

– social capital

– policy and its implementation

The challenge

• Fine grained variation in:

– soil (biota)

– climate (altitude)

– farming practices

– household characteristics

– market opportunities

– social capital

– policy and its implementation

The challenge

• Fine grained variation in:

– soil (biota)

– climate (altitude)

– farming practices

– household characteristics

– market opportunities

– social capital

– policy and its implementation

The challenge

• Fine grained variation in:

– soil (biota)

– climate (altitude)

– farming practices

– household characteristics

– market opportunities

– social capital

– policy and its implementation

Characterize variation in context across scaling domain

Influence development projects so that sufficient intensification options are offered to farmers across

sufficient range of variation in drivers of adoption

Initial matrix of intensification and resilience options and the contexts in which they work (soils, climate, farming system, planting niche, resource availability, institutions)

Participatory monitoring and evaluation system for the performance of options

Scaling upSimple to use tools to match options to sites and circumstances across the scaling domain

Generate understanding of suitability of options in

relation to context – and the cost effectiveness of

different combinations

refined characterization

refined options

Scaling outApplication of understanding about cost effective options for different contexts beyond the current scaling domain

Global comparative understanding of how to improve livelihood systems, emergent from the place-based research complex.

Coe, R., Sinclair, F. and Barrios, E.(2014). Scaling up agroforestry requires research ‘in’ rather than ‘for’ development. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 6: 73–77.

Local effects - trees increase crop yields from meta analysis of >90 trials across sub Saharan Africa

• Mean yield of maize after coppiced and non-coppiced tree fallows (various species) is > 1 t ha-1 doubling default practice of many farmers in many years (no nutrient inputs).

• Very large standard error around the mean – indicates performance varies with circumstances – we need to know where particular trees will increase yields by a large enough amount to merit farmer input in the technology

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oppicin

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rtili

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a-1

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Yield difference = Treatment-control yield

Control = maize without nutrient input

HGMLs = herbaceous green manure legumes

Sileshi G, Akinnifesi FK, Ajayi OC and Place F (2008) Meta-analysis of maize yield response to planted fallow and green manure legumes in sub-Saharan Africa. Plant and Soil 307: 1-19.

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Increase in maize yield over control after sesbania fallow (t ha-1)

Cumulativeprobability

From: Sileshi et al., 2010. Field Crops Research. Based on meta analyses of over 90 trials across sub-saharan Africa

50% probability of no increase in yield or worse on Nitosols (saturated fertility?)

Risk – what is the probability that a farmer will get a threshold increase in yield on different soils?

60% probability of > 1 t ha-1 increase in yield on Luvisols

Coe et al., (in press). Loading the dice in favour of the farmer: reducing the risk of adopting agronomic innovations. Experimental Agriculture

Teasing out agroforestry options for different contexts to accelerate impact of fertiliser trees in Malawi

Simple examples from southern Africa

Landscape position Effect (t/ha)

foot 1.38ridge 0.21slope 0.68upland 0.81

Elevation Effect (m) (t/ha)

500 1.631000 0.461500 -0.74

Crop Effect (t/ha)cotton -0.25groundnut 0maize +3.40soya +0.70

Gliricidia effects

Faidherbia effects

Sesbania effects

+ Social, economic + other performance measures

http://blog.worldagroforestry.org/index.php/2015/10/14/for-every-tree-a-reason-research-in-rather-than-for-agroforestry-development/

ACCIAR Trees for food security – Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi

Farmers articulate need for systems research to ACIAR evaluators: project highly ranked, given more funding and invited to develop CN for 5M second phase 2017-2020

New 3 M USD ACIAR bilateral project on underpinning investment decisions to develop value chain innovation platforms in Uganda and Zambia

Patricia Masikati

We will be able to get agroforestry considered in impact predictions by IFPRI (links to PIM)

Overcoming major problems: official maps don’t match reality in Vietnam – our new characterisationof maize growing on slopes changes the game.

Annual crops (from MONRE map)

Google Earth image

Tuan Giao, Dien Bien

I am trying things out here first and if they work well, I will expand to other areas of my farm over there

The paternoster principle: reconciling bottom up (participatory trials) and top down (incentives for scaling up).

Farmers continue to achieve 4 t ha-1 maize but with an additional 6-9 t ha-1 of fodder for livestock worth 360-540 USD and erosion reduced by 30-40%, which on average, saves 24 t ha-1 yr-1 of soil containing 26.4 kg of N, 2.4 kg of P and 98.4 kg of K.

This Son Tratree produces 100 Kg of fruit each year

enough income to buy a motor bike

Novel products developed (extract and instant tea) from son tra processing now subject of a technology transfer agreement with private sector partner, Tay Bac Tea and Special Food Ltd

http://blog.worldagroforestry.org/index.php/2015/07/01/son-tra-the-hmong-apple/

Featured on Vietnamese television

Options for women: fruit (with value

added through marketing and processing into juice and jams) – quick wins - tree tomato, passion fruit and papayas - yield all year round and can start to harvest a year after planting; leguminous shrubs like calliandra, tephrosia and sesbania as well as local species for stakes for climbing beans, firewood and improving soil fertility and food crop yield; they prefer Grevillea to Eucalyputus in woodlots (because of impact on soil)

Meliferous species for indigenous people (the BaTwa) Dombeya goetzinii, Prunus africana, Albiziagummifera, Hagenia abyssinica

Native species for river banksArundanaria alpina, Khaya anthoteca, Miliciaexcelsa, Markhamia lutea, Myrianthus hosltii

Julien Harneis

Windbreaks on pastures Podocarpus

spp, Ficus spp, Erythrinaabyssinica, Grevillearobusta, Croton megalocarpus

Congo River/Photo © Greenpeace / Philip Reynaers Robert Caputo

Rebecca Blackwell / AP

WWF

Smith Dumont et al., (in press). Tree diversity key to developing inclusive agroforestry options for stakeholders. http://blog.worldagroforestry.org/index.php/2015/11/06/beyond-eucalyptus-woodlots-whats-on-the-agroforestry-menu-for-communities-around-virunga/ Experimental Agriculture.

http://blog.worldagroforestry.org/index.php/2015/07/31/she-who-makes-the-rules-wins/

New theory of empowerment reveals way forward for CBFM in Kenya to mitigate rather than exacerbate vulnerability (policy).

Equity

World Vision collaborates in use of planned comparisons to accelerate impact of scaling up soil and water conservation in Ethiopia and Kenya

Novel application of Bradley-Terry model makes quantitative sense of farmer

ranking of tree attributes in terms of their suitability for growing with coffee

Lamond et al., (in press). Local knowledge of tree attributes underpins species selection on coffee farms. Experimental Agriculture

IFAD adopts FTA outputs in GEF pilot on fostering resilience in agriculture in 12 countries in Sub-saharan Africa

Fostering Sustainability and Resilience for Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa

Agriculture Surface runoff Habitat connectivity

Trade off maps

Trade offs – Polyscape

Roots of recoveryA tale of two villages – Africa Rising

Ministries go for cocoa options in Peru Rediscovering our trees - DRC