Grammar book 2nd semester

Spanish 3 Honors Grammar Book

Delmiro Trogstad

THE CONDITIONAL TENSE

• Would/could/should• Infinitive + ía• Used to make polite requests• Me gustaría al cine

ía íamos

ías íais

ía ían

THE CONDITIONAL TENSE IRREGULAR

• Irregular stem + (ending)

ía íamos

ías íais

ía ían

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

• You use the present perfect verb tense in Spanish to express/describe actions that happened recently

• Ending conjugations – Ar------ado– Er/ir----ido

Present perfect irregulars

• Abir---abierto• Cubrir---cubierto• Decir---dicho• Escribir---escrito• Hacer---hecho• Morir---muerto

• Poner---puesto• Resolver---resuelto• Romper---roto• Var---visto• Volver---vuelto• Ir---ido

PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

• Subjunctive with verbs of emotion• Main clause + subordinate clause• No change in subject– Emotion + infinitive

• Change in subject– Emotion + subjunctive

Subjunctive with Emotion Verbs

• Ojalá que (I hope that…)• Temo que (I fear that…)• Tengo miedo de que (I am afraid that…)• Me alegro de que (I am happy that…)• Me molesta que (It bothers me that…)• Me sorprende que (It surprises me that…)• Siento que (I feel that…)• Es triste que (It´s sad that…)• Es bueno que (It´s good that…)

“SE” IMPERSONAL

• Use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb

• Se vende fruta en la frutería• When using ‘se’, the verb is always in the 3rd

person• Aquí se habla español

COMMANDS/MANDATOS

• Usted • Yo form of the verb, drop the O and add the

opposite ending

COMMANDS/MANDATOS

• USTEDES• Yo form of the verb, drop the O and add the

opposite ending of the third plural form

COMMANDS/MANDATOS

• TU AFFIRMATIVE• Conjugate the verb in the 3rd person present

COMMANDS/MANDATOS

• TU NEGATIVE• Yo form, drop the O and add the opposite tu

ending

COMMANDS/MANDATOS

• NOSOTROS• Yo form of the verb in present tense, drop the

O and add the opposite nosotros form ending

COMMANDS/MANDATOS

• DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN (DOP)• Me, te, lo/la, nos, les, los/las• Must be attached to the end of the affirmative

command• Requires the use of an accent mark over the

stressed syllable of the verb if that syllable is followed by two or more syllables

COMMANDS/MANDATOSAFFIRMATIVE

• REGULAR• Conjugate in the tu

form and drop the s• Add pronoun if

necessary

• IRREGULAR• Di, haz, ve, pon, sal,

se, ten, ven• Put in the tu, stem

change, and drop the s

COMMANDS/MANDATOSNEGATIVE

• REGULAR• Put it in the yo form,

chane to the opposite vowel and add an s

• Place pronoun before the verb

• IRREGULAR• Tvdishes add the s• Or put in yo form,

change to the opposite vowel and add an s

• Place pronoun before the verb

NOSOTROS COMMANDS

AFIRMATIVE

Tu- simply drop the s Dop & Iop can

attach to an affirmative command

Ud. Uds.- put in yo form and

change to opposite vowel

NOSOTROS

Los irregulares-Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se,

ten, ven

Los irregulares- tvdishes

NEGATIVE

Tu- put it in the yo form, and

change to opposite

vowel, add an s

Dop & Iop must go before the

negative command

Ud.uds.- same as above

Los irregulares- tvdishes

SUBJUNCTIVE

• Wishing/wanting• Emotions• Doubt• Disbelief• Impersonal expressions• Negation• God/grief

SUBJUNCTIVE

• Yo form- drop the o- opposite endings• Un verbo “especial”• Dos cláusulas• Dos sujetos differentes• La palabra “que”

THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

• INDICITIVE– real– Facts– definite

• SUBJUNCTIVE– ATTITUDES– 2 clauses in a

sentence– Uncertain– hyperthetical

PRETERITE IMPERFECT

No reference to beginning or end

Hibitual past actions and evens

Movie

Describe physical & emotional states or characteristics

Actions completed

Beginning or end of past action

Snapshot

Narrate series of past actions or events

Specific Events Time, weather, location

FROM FIRST SEMESTER

D •description

O •origin

C •characteristics

T •time

O •occupation

R •relationship

P •possession

E •event

D •date

SER

H • HEALTH

E • EMOTION

L • LOCATION

P • PRESENT CONDITION

I • -ar: ando

N • -er: vendo

G • -ir: iendo

ESTAR

SPAK VERBS

ser

ir

da

r

ve

r

hacer

PRETERITE

• Actions completed• Beginning or end of past action• Snapshot• Narrate series of past actions or events• Specific events

IMPERFECT

• No reference to beginning or end• Hibitual past actions and events• Movie• Describe physical & emotional states or

characteristics• Time, weather, location

CUCARACHA VERBS• Andar- aduv• Estar- estuv• Poder- pud• Poner- pus• Querer- quis• Saber- sup• Tener- tuv• Venir- vin• Conducir- conduj• Producir- produj• Traducir- traduj• Decir- dij• Traer- traj

ENDINGS

-e

-iste

-o

-imos

-isteis

-ieron

Triggers del preterite

• Ayer• Anoche

Triggers son los imperfectos

• Hasta que• Cuando• Ojalá

Irregular Preteriteverb Preterite: action

conocer Conocí a mi mejor amigo en 1980

pensar De repente yo pensé que él era inocente

poder Pude dormir a pesar del ruido de la fiesta

No querer

Me invitó al teatra pero no quise ir

querer El vendedor quiso venderme seguros

saber Elvira supo que Jaime estaba enfermo

tener Tuve un accidente

Tener que

Tuve que ir a la oficina

Irregular Imperfectverb Imperfect: ongoing action

conocer Conocía a mi mejor amigo en 1985

pensar Yo pensaba que él era inocente

poder Podía hacerlo pero no tuve ganas

No querer Me invitó al teatro pero no quería ir

querer El vendedor quería venderme seguros

saber Elvira sabía, que Jaime estaba enfermo

tener Tenía varios amigos

Tener que Tenía que ir a la oficina

VERBS LIKE GUSTAR

Aburrir, encantar, faltar, fascinar, importar, interesar, molestar, quedar, caenbien/mal, doler, disgustar, hacer, falta, preocupar, sorprender, apetecer.

• When gustar is follwed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, the singular form of gustar is always used

• Gustar is often used in the conditional to soften a request

Snake Verbs• Only changes in 3rd

person• e>i: pedir, preferir, competir, repetir, servir, sentir,

venir• o>u: dormir and morir

Snakey Verbs• Only changes in 3rd

person• i>y: oir• e>y: leer, creer

Irregular Preterites

CAR, GAR, ZAR VARBS

CAR GAR ZAR-qué -camos -gué -gamos -cé -zamos

-caste -casteís -gaste -gasteís -zaste -zasteís

-có -caron -gó -garon -zó -zaron

DEOMNSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

• always agree in gender and number with the noun they modify

• always come in front of the noun they modifySINGULAR•Este/Esta (this)•Ese/Esa (that)•Aquel/Aquella (that over there)

PLURAL•Estos/Estas (these)•Eses/Esas (those)•Aquellos/Aquellas (those over there)

Demonstrative Pronounslo, la, los, y las

•Attach to end of infinitive

•Place in front of conjugated verb

ir + infinitive phrases

•Attach to end of –ing verb and add accent to the 3rd to last syllable vowel

Estar + -ing verb

phrases

•affirmative commands: it is attached to end of command with an accent on first syllable vowel

•negative commands: it comes after “no”, before the command

Formal commands

COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS

• La casa es grande– El granero es más grande que la casa– El castillo es el más grande de todos

• …más…que… (er)• …la/el más…de… (est)

CONTINUED…

• BUENO- mejor• MALO- peor• VIEJO- mayor• JOVEN- menor• TAN… como

CONNECTING WORDS

• Aunque- even though• También- also• Mientras- while• A pesar de- in spite of• Pero- but• Por lo todo- therefore• Sin embargo/no obstante- nevertheless

EL FUTURO

• Yo- infinitive + é• Tu- infinitive + ás• Él/ella/usted- infinitive + á• Nosotros- infinitive + emos• Vosotros- infinitive + éis• Ustedes/ellos/ellas- infinitive + án

EL FUTURO IRREGULARS

• Decir- dir• Hacer- har• Poner- pondr• Salir- saldr• Tener- tendr• Valer- valdr• Venir- vendr

• Poder- podr• Querer- querr• Saber- sabr• Caber- cabr• Haber- habr

POR

• Passing through• General rather than specific location• How long something lasts• The cause of something• An exchange• Doing something in place of or instead of

someone else• A means of transportation

PARA

• For whom something is done• Destination• The purpose for which something is done• To express an opinion• To contrast or compare• To express idea of deadline