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Spanish 3 Honors Grammar Book
Delmiro Trogstad
THE CONDITIONAL TENSE
• Would/could/should• Infinitive + ía• Used to make polite requests• Me gustaría al cine
ía íamos
ías íais
ía ían
THE CONDITIONAL TENSE IRREGULAR
• Irregular stem + (ending)
ía íamos
ías íais
ía ían
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
• You use the present perfect verb tense in Spanish to express/describe actions that happened recently
• Ending conjugations – Ar------ado– Er/ir----ido
Present perfect irregulars
• Abir---abierto• Cubrir---cubierto• Decir---dicho• Escribir---escrito• Hacer---hecho• Morir---muerto
• Poner---puesto• Resolver---resuelto• Romper---roto• Var---visto• Volver---vuelto• Ir---ido
PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
• Subjunctive with verbs of emotion• Main clause + subordinate clause• No change in subject– Emotion + infinitive
• Change in subject– Emotion + subjunctive
Subjunctive with Emotion Verbs
• Ojalá que (I hope that…)• Temo que (I fear that…)• Tengo miedo de que (I am afraid that…)• Me alegro de que (I am happy that…)• Me molesta que (It bothers me that…)• Me sorprende que (It surprises me that…)• Siento que (I feel that…)• Es triste que (It´s sad that…)• Es bueno que (It´s good that…)
“SE” IMPERSONAL
• Use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb
• Se vende fruta en la frutería• When using ‘se’, the verb is always in the 3rd
person• Aquí se habla español
COMMANDS/MANDATOS
• Usted • Yo form of the verb, drop the O and add the
opposite ending
COMMANDS/MANDATOS
• USTEDES• Yo form of the verb, drop the O and add the
opposite ending of the third plural form
COMMANDS/MANDATOS
• TU AFFIRMATIVE• Conjugate the verb in the 3rd person present
COMMANDS/MANDATOS
• TU NEGATIVE• Yo form, drop the O and add the opposite tu
ending
COMMANDS/MANDATOS
• NOSOTROS• Yo form of the verb in present tense, drop the
O and add the opposite nosotros form ending
COMMANDS/MANDATOS
• DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN (DOP)• Me, te, lo/la, nos, les, los/las• Must be attached to the end of the affirmative
command• Requires the use of an accent mark over the
stressed syllable of the verb if that syllable is followed by two or more syllables
COMMANDS/MANDATOSAFFIRMATIVE
• REGULAR• Conjugate in the tu
form and drop the s• Add pronoun if
necessary
• IRREGULAR• Di, haz, ve, pon, sal,
se, ten, ven• Put in the tu, stem
change, and drop the s
COMMANDS/MANDATOSNEGATIVE
• REGULAR• Put it in the yo form,
chane to the opposite vowel and add an s
• Place pronoun before the verb
• IRREGULAR• Tvdishes add the s• Or put in yo form,
change to the opposite vowel and add an s
• Place pronoun before the verb
NOSOTROS COMMANDS
AFIRMATIVE
Tu- simply drop the s Dop & Iop can
attach to an affirmative command
Ud. Uds.- put in yo form and
change to opposite vowel
NOSOTROS
Los irregulares-Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se,
ten, ven
Los irregulares- tvdishes
NEGATIVE
Tu- put it in the yo form, and
change to opposite
vowel, add an s
Dop & Iop must go before the
negative command
Ud.uds.- same as above
Los irregulares- tvdishes
SUBJUNCTIVE
• Wishing/wanting• Emotions• Doubt• Disbelief• Impersonal expressions• Negation• God/grief
SUBJUNCTIVE
• Yo form- drop the o- opposite endings• Un verbo “especial”• Dos cláusulas• Dos sujetos differentes• La palabra “que”
THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
• INDICITIVE– real– Facts– definite
• SUBJUNCTIVE– ATTITUDES– 2 clauses in a
sentence– Uncertain– hyperthetical
PRETERITE IMPERFECT
No reference to beginning or end
Hibitual past actions and evens
Movie
Describe physical & emotional states or characteristics
Actions completed
Beginning or end of past action
Snapshot
Narrate series of past actions or events
Specific Events Time, weather, location
FROM FIRST SEMESTER
D •description
O •origin
C •characteristics
T •time
O •occupation
R •relationship
P •possession
E •event
D •date
SER
H • HEALTH
E • EMOTION
L • LOCATION
P • PRESENT CONDITION
I • -ar: ando
N • -er: vendo
G • -ir: iendo
ESTAR
SPAK VERBS
ser
ir
da
r
ve
r
hacer
PRETERITE
• Actions completed• Beginning or end of past action• Snapshot• Narrate series of past actions or events• Specific events
IMPERFECT
• No reference to beginning or end• Hibitual past actions and events• Movie• Describe physical & emotional states or
characteristics• Time, weather, location
CUCARACHA VERBS• Andar- aduv• Estar- estuv• Poder- pud• Poner- pus• Querer- quis• Saber- sup• Tener- tuv• Venir- vin• Conducir- conduj• Producir- produj• Traducir- traduj• Decir- dij• Traer- traj
ENDINGS
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
Triggers del preterite
• Ayer• Anoche
Triggers son los imperfectos
• Hasta que• Cuando• Ojalá
Irregular Preteriteverb Preterite: action
conocer Conocí a mi mejor amigo en 1980
pensar De repente yo pensé que él era inocente
poder Pude dormir a pesar del ruido de la fiesta
No querer
Me invitó al teatra pero no quise ir
querer El vendedor quiso venderme seguros
saber Elvira supo que Jaime estaba enfermo
tener Tuve un accidente
Tener que
Tuve que ir a la oficina
Irregular Imperfectverb Imperfect: ongoing action
conocer Conocía a mi mejor amigo en 1985
pensar Yo pensaba que él era inocente
poder Podía hacerlo pero no tuve ganas
No querer Me invitó al teatro pero no quería ir
querer El vendedor quería venderme seguros
saber Elvira sabía, que Jaime estaba enfermo
tener Tenía varios amigos
Tener que Tenía que ir a la oficina
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
Aburrir, encantar, faltar, fascinar, importar, interesar, molestar, quedar, caenbien/mal, doler, disgustar, hacer, falta, preocupar, sorprender, apetecer.
• When gustar is follwed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, the singular form of gustar is always used
• Gustar is often used in the conditional to soften a request
Snake Verbs• Only changes in 3rd
person• e>i: pedir, preferir, competir, repetir, servir, sentir,
venir• o>u: dormir and morir
Snakey Verbs• Only changes in 3rd
person• i>y: oir• e>y: leer, creer
Irregular Preterites
CAR, GAR, ZAR VARBS
CAR GAR ZAR-qué -camos -gué -gamos -cé -zamos
-caste -casteís -gaste -gasteís -zaste -zasteís
-có -caron -gó -garon -zó -zaron
DEOMNSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
• always agree in gender and number with the noun they modify
• always come in front of the noun they modifySINGULAR•Este/Esta (this)•Ese/Esa (that)•Aquel/Aquella (that over there)
PLURAL•Estos/Estas (these)•Eses/Esas (those)•Aquellos/Aquellas (those over there)
Demonstrative Pronounslo, la, los, y las
•Attach to end of infinitive
•Place in front of conjugated verb
ir + infinitive phrases
•Attach to end of –ing verb and add accent to the 3rd to last syllable vowel
Estar + -ing verb
phrases
•affirmative commands: it is attached to end of command with an accent on first syllable vowel
•negative commands: it comes after “no”, before the command
Formal commands
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
• La casa es grande– El granero es más grande que la casa– El castillo es el más grande de todos
• …más…que… (er)• …la/el más…de… (est)
CONTINUED…
• BUENO- mejor• MALO- peor• VIEJO- mayor• JOVEN- menor• TAN… como
CONNECTING WORDS
• Aunque- even though• También- also• Mientras- while• A pesar de- in spite of• Pero- but• Por lo todo- therefore• Sin embargo/no obstante- nevertheless
EL FUTURO
• Yo- infinitive + é• Tu- infinitive + ás• Él/ella/usted- infinitive + á• Nosotros- infinitive + emos• Vosotros- infinitive + éis• Ustedes/ellos/ellas- infinitive + án
EL FUTURO IRREGULARS
• Decir- dir• Hacer- har• Poner- pondr• Salir- saldr• Tener- tendr• Valer- valdr• Venir- vendr
• Poder- podr• Querer- querr• Saber- sabr• Caber- cabr• Haber- habr
POR
• Passing through• General rather than specific location• How long something lasts• The cause of something• An exchange• Doing something in place of or instead of
someone else• A means of transportation
PARA
• For whom something is done• Destination• The purpose for which something is done• To express an opinion• To contrast or compare• To express idea of deadline