YALTA CONFERENCE: FEBRUARY 1945 FDR, CHURCHILL, STALIN AGREED ON: United Nations International...
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- YALTA CONFERENCE: FEBRUARY 1945 FDR, CHURCHILL, STALIN AGREED
ON: United Nations International Peacekeeping organization Division
of Germany Democratic Elections for Poland German Prisoner of War
Forced Labor
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- Met in a German city of Potsdam. - American concern that
communism and soviet influence might spread in the postwar world.
July 1945 TRUMAN, CHURCHILL, STALIN AMERICAN VIEW: We had fought to
bring DEMOCRACY to the world Wanted an ECONOMICALLY strong and
POLITICALLY open world to create MARKETS SOVIET VIEW: Wanted to
rebuild to PROTECT interests SATTELITE NATIONS: countries subject
to soviet domination
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- While the U.S and Soviets were allies during WWII they argued
over military strategy MISTRUST - Development of the atomic bomb in
the United States - Soviet spies had managed to steal the plans and
Soviet scientists followed them closely. - -- Soviets saw it as a
threat and began to develop a bomb of their own.
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- Became President in 1945 Ran again, successfully, in 1948. His
family's financial problems kept him from attending a four-year
college.
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- -Outlawed political parties that opposed communism - Jailed or
killed opponents to ensure success of communist candidates - Every
nation in Eastern Europe had a Soviet- friendly Communist
government in place. - (under direct control of Stalin and Soviet
Union) - Removing of Germans brutally. -Outlawed political parties
that opposed communism - Jailed or killed opponents to ensure
success of communist candidates - Every nation in Eastern Europe
had a Soviet- friendly Communist government in place. - (under
direct control of Stalin and Soviet Union) - Removing of Germans
brutally.
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- American/British leaders did not want Eastern Europe to fall
under a dictator. 1946- former British Prime Minister, CHURCHILL,
went to US. March 5, delivered a speech attacking the Soviet Union
for creating an IRON CURTAIN belief that communism had created a
sharp division in Europe.
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- DEFINITION: The competition between the United States and the
Soviet Union for power and influence in the world DEFINITION: The
competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for
power and influence in the world Stalin used Churchills speech to
persuade his people that U.S. and Britain were ENEMIES Began to
rebuild the Soviet Unions Military. Stalin used Churchills speech
to persuade his people that U.S. and Britain were ENEMIES Began to
rebuild the Soviet Unions Military.
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- American leaders needed a new policy to deal with the situation
at hand Late 1940s, new policy CONTAINMENT: Provided economic aid
to strengthen countries against the Soviets. GEORGE KENNAN-
American diplomat and expert on Soviet Union
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- Kennan believed that the United States should resist Soviet
attempts to expand its power and influence wherever those attempts
occurred. -- not limited to military force. 1947 Truman informed
Congress of an urgent need to provide emergency economic and
military aid to Greece and Turkey (who were facing Soviet
pressure)
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- Argued that providing aid would help both the Greek and Turkish
govt resist Soviet Expansion. United States providing hundred of
millions of dollars in aid to Greece and Turkey to fight Communist
influence. In both countries, the Soviets did not succeed in
gaining control.
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- In your groups, please split up the Truman Speech into four
sections. Each person will read and outline one of these sections
and report back to their classmates. You will then answer the
questions as a group about the speech. Read the comments and quotes
that were given to your group (split them up into 4)
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- Economic Problems with Greece were severe. Fighting was over,
but people were continuing to suffer (hunger, poverty) AMERICANS
felt moved to help and knew that if things became worse- Communism
would spread. Marshall plan helped the United States build
political support in Western Europe.
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- June 1947 George C. Marshall, former WWII military leader, and
now secretary of state - speech at Harvard University Called for a
massive American program of aid to help Europe rebuild and get back
on its feet. 1948-1951- U.S. government spent over 13 billion in 17
diff countries. Food, farm equipment, rebuilt homes and factories
Even offered aid to Stalin and his allies -- he refused.
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- After WWII, The allies had divided Germany into four zones of
occupation - British - French - American in the western area -
Soviet in the east. - The capital of Berlin, which lay within the
Soviet zone, was divided into 4 zones After WWII, The allies had
divided Germany into four zones of occupation - British - French -
American in the western area - Soviet in the east. - The capital of
Berlin, which lay within the Soviet zone, was divided into 4
zones
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- In June 1948, Stalin decided to blockade West Berlin. WHY??
Stalin is upset because the British, Americans, and French are
ready to combine their zones and form West Germany BERLIN BLOCKADE-
**How had West Berlin been supplied? Trains, trucks and waterways
Stalin shuts those down: cant use them .Crisis begins
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- In your marking period groups brainstorm ALL possible solutions
to this crisis. In addition, each group needs to come up with at
least two advantages and disadvantages to each solution. When you
have finished making this list, create a COLLINS II persuasion
letter describing why your solution is the best.
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- 2.1 million residents cut off from sources of food, coal, basic
necessities Western powers could try to supply West Berlin by air.
-- what would Soviets do? Decided to take the risk. Their hope for
keeping West Berlin free was a massive air lift.
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- Within days, Britain and American airplanes were making
deliveries to the people of West Berlin. Flew an average of 7,000
tons of supplies into West Berlin. LANDED, UNLOADED, TOOK OFF Built
another airlift in the French sector of Berlin. In April 1949,
nearly 1400 separate flights took place and 400,000 tons of
supplies were delivered.
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- 70 Americans and British citizens died in airplane crashes 5
German civilians on the ground were killed May 12, 1949, Soviet
Union lifted the blockade. American British and French planes had
made nearly 280,000 flights by then.
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- North Atlantic Treaty Organization --Provide a measure of
security, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the
United Kingdom joined together in a system of common defense in
1948. In April 1949 the United States and six other nations joined
the original five to create a new military alliance North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
--Provide a measure of security, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, and the United Kingdom joined together in a system of
common defense in 1948. In April 1949 the United States and six
other nations joined the original five to create a new military
alliance North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO.
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- Belgium, France,Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom,
Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal. According to the
Treaty An armed attack against one of the member nations would be
considered an attack against all. Mid 1950s Greece, Turkey, and
West Germany joined.
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- 11955 the Soviets established a new organization called the
WARSAW PACT. MMilitary Alliance with the Soviet-dominated countries
of Eastern Europe. TThese nations stood ready to defend each other
and the Soviet Union. TTool that helped the Soviets solidify
control in Eastern Europe.
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- NATO TODAY # of countries in NATO today WARSAW PACT
DISSOLVES
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- 1949- two events added greatly to nations anxiety Soviet Union
possessed an atomic weapon Communism had gained control of China,
the most populous country in world. Hydrogen Bomb over Korea
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- MASSIVE RETALIATION : Pledge that the United States would use
overwhelming force against the Soviet Union, including nuclear
weapons, to settle a serious conflict. CIA- Central Intelligence
Agency formed in 1947 to collect information about and spy on
foreign governments
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- CChoose any country in the world that you would like to spy on
as a CIA agent -- name two things that you would want to know and
find out, what you would do with that information, and your
execution plan. (8 minutes) In your MPGs, discuss what your plan
is, where you are going, and fears or dangers that you may
encounter.
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- CONGLOMERATE: Corporation made up of three of more unrelated
businesses. Large corporation that owns smaller companies that
produce different goods and services Ex: FRANCHISE: The right to
open a restaurant using a parent companys brand name and system
Franchise owners assume less risk than small business owners and
they sell a product that is well known and liked by the
consumer.
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- Government Issue -- nickname for members of the armed forces.
Provided money for veterans to attend college or receive advanced
job training. Arranged for loans for those wishing to buy a home,
far, or business. Goal: help veterans make a smooth entry into
civilian life Government Issue -- nickname for members of the armed
forces. Provided money for veterans to attend college or receive
advanced job training. Arranged for loans for those wishing to buy
a home, far, or business. Goal: help veterans make a smooth entry
into civilian life
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- Helped millions of GIs return to civilian life Homes were
bought College attendance increased Ended segregation in the U.S.
armed forces. **Major step forward for African Americans
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- BABY BOOM -- a dramatic rise in the birthrate (2 decades
following WWII) NEW HOMES -- Suburban developments LEVITTOWN, New
York. OOffered suburban lifestyle to many AAfrican Americans not
allowed BBuilt with necessities even TVs!!!! SSingle-family home at
a reasonable price
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- 2 will read about Senator Joseph McCarthy (481-482) Summarize,
identify & define TTK 2 will read Korea before the War &
the Start of the Korean War (484- 485) Summarize, identify &
define TTK Compare knowledge with partner Share with other pair
take notes! 2 will read about Senator Joseph McCarthy (481-482)
Summarize, identify & define TTK 2 will read Korea before the
War & the Start of the Korean War (484- 485) Summarize,
identify & define TTK Compare knowledge with partner Share with
other pair take notes!
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- 2 will read about Senator Joseph McCarthy (657-658) Summarize,
identify & define important terms 2 will read Korea before the
War & the Start of the Korean War (653-655) Summarize, identify
& define important terms Compare knowledge with partner Share
with other pair take notes! 2 will read about Senator Joseph
McCarthy (657-658) Summarize, identify & define important terms
2 will read Korea before the War & the Start of the Korean War
(653-655) Summarize, identify & define important terms Compare
knowledge with partner Share with other pair take notes!
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- Exposed rigid gender roles Showed that women were unfulfilled
in roles as housewife Made it okay for women to speak about
unhappiness
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- HUAC House Un-American Activities Committee - Investigate the
full range of radical groups in the United States - 1947- Explore
possible Communist influence in the American film industry
HOLLYWOOD TEN- 10 actors/producers/writers
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- HOLLYWOOD TEN- 10 actors/producers/writers accused of radical
political views Served jail time up to 12 months BLACKLIST a list
from which all the major Hollywood employers refused to hire.
Federal Employee Loyalty Program -- Created by TRUMAN -- All
federal employees would be investigated --Anyone found disloyal to
the U.S. would be barred from fed govt. -- 3 million investigated
--200 judged disloyal
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- American Communists Accused of selling A-Bomb secrets to USSR
Pleaded the 5 th Pablo Picasso do not let this crime against
humanity take place Electrocuted in 1953 Julius guilty Ethel knew,
but didnt take part
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- February 9, 1950 U.S. senator, McCarthy, went to West Virginia
to deliver a speech in front of a Republican womens group. Topic:
dangers of communism - Claimed that there were 205 known Communists
working for the U.S. Department of State. - ~~Waved a list in front
of the crowd saying it contained 57 names of Communists in the
State Department. Wheeling, West Virginia
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- Americans easily believed his claims. He never produced the
list of names he claimed to have. Senate committee looked into his
charges and never found evidence of Communists in the State
Department. Earned the reputation as the nations top Communist
fighter. Went on attack; made new charges, again with no evidence.
Herb Lock (cartoonist) called his tactic of spreading fear
McCarthyism
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- Millard Tydings Maryland senator, one of Trumans strongest
supporters. McCarthy tried to bring him downproduced fake
photographs showing Tydings talking to the head of American
Communist party. TYDINGS WAS defeated in this election. McCarthyism
spread everywhere. FBI was investigating people who were
questioned, etc. 1000s of people were fired for political
views.
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- 600 mile long Korean Peninsula lies between China and Japan.
Since 1905 Korea had been under the control of the Japanese. At
Yalta: the allied agreed the Korea should be free following the
war. 38 th Parallel: Allies agreed to temporarily divide Korea into
northern and southern parts. -- dividing line would be the parallel
at 38 degrees north latitude NORTH- USSRSOUTH - AMERICA 6600 mile
long Korean Peninsula lies between China and Japan. SSince 1905
Korea had been under the control of the Japanese. AAt Yalta: the
allied agreed the Korea should be free following the war. 338 th
Parallel: Allies agreed to temporarily divide Korea into northern
and southern parts. --- dividing line would be the parallel at 38
degrees north latitude NNORTH- USSRSOUTH - AMERICA
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- June 25, 1950, 100,000 North Korean troops crossed the 38 th
Parallel and invaded South Korea. Carried Soviet-made weapons Drove
Soviet-made tanks Came as a surprise to U.S. Truman and World War
II hero General Dwight D. Eisenhower felt the same. Truman ordered
American naval and air forces to support South Korean ground
troops.
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- THE UN voted unanimously in favor of the use of force. POLICE
ACTION: U.S. never declared war. GOAL: UN forces formed a line
around the port city of Pusan. Douglass MacArthurs plan make a
landing behind North Korean lines at the port city of Inchon.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/truman-relieves-
macarthur-of-duties-in-korea
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- Inchon Landing: Led by Douglas MacArthur, --70,000 troops
landed and held ground October 1: all of South Korea freed
Challenge? Should they stop at the 38 th Parallel? MacArthur wanted
to take all of North Korea and Truman supported the plan OOPS!
260,000 Chinese troops crossed the border! UN forces had to retreat
to Seoul -- MacArthur called for bombing of the Chinese mainland
--Truman fired MacArthur MacArthur
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- 80,000 Americans wounded 14,000 Americans dead Ends in an
Armistice Split NORTH- Communist SOUTH- Anti-Communist
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- Between 1945-1950 5 million television sets appeared in home By
1959 more than 40 million American had at least one set. In 1954
televised McCarthy hearing that finally gave the public the chance
to see his disgraceful, bulling behavior. Advertising: one show
sponsored, then commercials! Shifting to buying just one or two
minute segments during shows to sell their products Programming:
reflected 50s values (family, game shows) American Bandstand, I
Love Lucy, - rock and roll music Between 1945-1950 5 million
television sets appeared in home By 1959 more than 40 million
American had at least one set. In 1954 televised McCarthy hearing
that finally gave the public the chance to see his disgraceful,
bulling behavior. Advertising: one show sponsored, then
commercials! Shifting to buying just one or two minute segments
during shows to sell their products Programming: reflected 50s
values (family, game shows) American Bandstand, I Love Lucy, - rock
and roll music
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- Mom: Stay home, cook, clean, create the perfect home Dad:
Provide financially, disciplinarian Children: Obey! Be seen, not
heard. Mom: Stay home, cook, clean, create the perfect home Dad:
Provide financially, disciplinarian Children: Obey! Be seen, not
heard.
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- Effects of violent content on young viewers TV industry
promised that law enforcement would always appear in a positive
light and criminals would be bad guys. Effects of violent content
on young viewers TV industry promised that law enforcement would
always appear in a positive light and criminals would be bad
guys.
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- 1951 congress passes 22 nd amendment President may only serve
two terms Truman: eight years as president is long enough and
sometimes too much for any man to serve in this capacity. Dwight
Eisenhower & Richard Nixon(vice presidential running mate)
Richard Nixon accused of having $18,000 as campaign gifts (not
illegal, but accused of dishonesty) Nixon used new technology, TV,
to give famous Checkers Speech Ticket wins 1953: Stalin dies,
Nikita Khrushchev comes to power 1951 congress passes 22 nd
amendment President may only serve two terms Truman: eight years as
president is long enough and sometimes too much for any man to
serve in this capacity. Dwight Eisenhower & Richard Nixon(vice
presidential running mate) Richard Nixon accused of having $18,000
as campaign gifts (not illegal, but accused of dishonesty) Nixon
used new technology, TV, to give famous Checkers Speech Ticket wins
1953: Stalin dies, Nikita Khrushchev comes to power
- Slide 54
- SUMMIT: meeting of the heads of government -- Americans and
Soviets meet in Switzerland in 1955 Eisenhower proposed an open
skies treaty Both countries would be able to fly over others
territory to see military operations Soviets say no! (not a
problem, we have the U-2 Plane and we sent it into Soviet airspace
to inspect their military facilities) Americans still like Ike,
re-elect him in 1956
- Slide 55
- SEATO - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization - Australia, Great
Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand,
US. - Agreed to work together to resist communist aggression. SEATO
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization - Australia, Great Britain,
France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, US. -
Agreed to work together to resist communist aggression.
- Slide 56
- In partners Create a proposal for a new television program for
the year 1952 that would fit into one of the categories that were
popular during the time. Include an analysis explaining why they
think their program would have been popular with 1950s audiences.
You should include ideas for characters and plots.
- Slide 57
- What is the name of your television show? What is the plot?
What is the purpose of the plot? Who are the characters? Why would
this show be popular to audiences during this time?