Upload
bethanie-brooks
View
223
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
THE COLD WARCHAPTER 29
CRISIS IN EUROPE AT THE YALTA CONFERENCE STALIN BEGAN
TO MAKE DEMANDS FOR SOVIET INFLUENCE IN EUROPE
STALIN WANTED EASTERN EUROPE TO BE A BUFFER ZONE, TO ACCOMPLISH THIS HE WANTED THESE COUNTRIES TO BE SIMILAR TO THE USSR-COMMUNIST
AT THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE TENSION BETWEEN THE U.S AND SOVIETS BEGAN TO SURFACE
CRISIS IN EUROPE
THESE TENSIONS LEAD TO A HISTORIC ERA KNOWN AS THE COLD WAR
THIS WAS A TIME OF TENSION AND HOSTILITY BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION
THE COLD WAR BEGINS IN THE SUMMER OF 1945 AND LASTED UNTIL DECEMBER OF 1991, WHEN COMMUNISM IN THE USSR COLLAPSED
CRISIS IN EUROPE
AT POTSDAM THE ALLIES AGREED ON 4 POINTS
TO DIVIDE GERMANY INTO 4 ZONES TO DIVIDE BERLIN INTO 4 ZONES TO DEMILITARIZE AND DE-NAZIFY
GERMANY, INCLUDING THE NUREMBERG TRIALS
GERMAN REPARATIONS
CRISIS IN EUROPE THE U.S. TOOK AN ACTIVE ROLE IN STABILIZING
EUROPE TRUMAN DOCTRINE-PROVIDED ECONOMIC AND
MILITARY AID FOR COUNTRIES TRYING TO OPPOSE COMMUNISM(TURKEY AND GREECE)
MARSHALL PLAN-IT PROVIDED $13 BILLION DOLLARS TO REBUILD EUROPE, STABILIZING THE ECONOMY WOULD ALSO BRING POLITICAL STABILITY
THESE WERE REFERRED TO AS CONTAINMENT POLICIES
CRISIS IN EUROPE
GERMANY BECAME THE EXAMPLE OF THE DIVISION THAT EXISTED IN EUROPE
THE 3 WESTERN ZONES OF GERMANY WERE COMBINED TO FORM WEST GERMANY
THE SOVIETS ISOLATED THEIR ZONE AND IT BECAME EAST GERMANY
THE CITY OF BERLIN FOLLOWED THE SAME PATTERN
CHURCHILL DESCRIBED THIS AS RUSSIA HAS DRAWN AN “IRON CURTAIN” ACROSS EUROPE
CRISIS IN EUROPE
THE SOVIETS BEGAN TO MAKE OCCUPIED COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE MODELS OF THEIR SYSTEM
THEY PUT COMMUNIST LEADERS IN POWER, BANNED ALL PARTIES EXCEPT THE COMMUNIST
THEY TIED ALL POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS TO THEIRS
CRISIS IN EUROPE SOVIET OCCUPIED AREAS RESISTED
COMMUNISM EAST GERMANY-1953 UKRAINIANS-UNTIL 1956 HUNGARIANS-IN 1956 BALTIC STATES-UNTIL THE 1960’S, MID 80’S POLAND-NUMEROUS TIMES, UNTIL THE
EARLY 1980’S, FORMED SOLIDARITY(LECH WELSEA)
MOLDOVIANS-UNTIL THE 1950’S BULGARIANS-UNTIL THE 1960’S
CRISIS IN EUROPE BERLIN BECAME ONE OF THE FIRST SOVIET–
U.S. CHALLENGES, JUNE 1948 THE SOVIETS WERE UPSET WITH THIS MOVE
AND RESPONDED BY CREATING A BLOCKADE, THEY ATTEMPTED TO CLOSE THE CITY AND FORCE THE U.S. TO GIVE UP CONTROL
THE U.S. RESPONDED BY AIRLIFTING SUPPLIES INTO THE CITY FOR THE NEXT 11 MONTHS(JUNE 1948-MAY 1949, THE SOVIETS ENDED THE BLOCKADE, WEST BERLIN WAS REOPENED AND DEMOCRACY WAS ESTABLISHED
CRISIS IN EUROPE
THE BERLIN AIRLIFT STATS: 2.3 MILLION TONS OF CARGO WERE
BROUGHT IN 300,000 LANDINGS OCCURRED PLANES WERE LANDING OR TAKING
OFF EVERY 30 SECONDS
CRISIS IN EUROPE IN 1961 ANOTHER CRISIS HIT EAST BERLIN,
THOUSANDS OF EAST GERMANS WERE EVACUATING THE COUNTRY, THE SOVIETS HAD TO FIND A WAY OF STOPPING THEM.
THE BERLIN WALL-THIS BECAME THE SYMBOL OF THE SEPARATION OF EAST AND WEST IN EUROPE
http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-wall/videos/cold-war ; KENNDEY’S RESPONSE, DESTRUCTION OF THE WALL
THE WALL WAS DESTROYED NOV. 9, 1989
CRISIS IN EUROPE
CONCERNED OVER SOVIET INFLUENCE IN EUROPE THE WESTERN NATIONS FORMED NATO
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION IT WAS A MILITARY ALLIANCE DESIGNED
TO COUNTER SOVIET INFLUENCE THE SOVIETS FORMED THEIR OWN
VERSION CALLED THE WARSAW PACT
THE ARMS RACE THE CONVENTIONAL ARMS RACE BEGAN IN
THE LATE 1800’S WHEN NATIONS COMPETED TO MASS PRODUCE WEAPONS AND CREATE LARGE NAVYS
IN 1949 THE ARMS RACE CHANGED, THE SOVIETS HAD THEIR FIRST SUCCESSFUL TEST OF AN ATOMIC WEAPON
THIS BEGAN DECADES OF THE U.S. AND SOVIETS STOCKPILING AS MANY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
IN 1952 THE U.S. TESTED THE FIRST FUSSION POWERED HYDROGEN BOMB
THE ARMS RACE
THOUGH THE ATOMIC BOMB IS CONSIDERED AN OFFENSIVE WEAPON, BOTH NATIONS JUSTIFIED THEIR MASSIVE BUILD UP BASED ON A DEFENSIVE STRATEGY
DETERRENCE-DEVELOPMENT OR MAINTENANCE OF MILITARY POWER TO DETER/PREVENT AN ATTACK
THE ARMS RACE THE TIDE TURNED IN FAVOR OF THE
RUSSIANS IN OCTOBER OF 1957, THE SUCCESSFUL LAUNCH OF SPUTNIK(ARTIFICAL SATELLITE)
THE U.S. RESPONSE VARIED: GOVERNMENT-CREATED NASA POLITICALLY-McCARTHYISM PEOPLE-BUILT BOMB SHELTERS
SPACE RACE
THE ARMS RACE IN 1955 EISENHOWER PROPOSED AN OPEN SKY
POLICY-DESIGN TO ALLOW FLYOVERS TO ACCURATELY ASSESS EACH NATIONS WEAPONS
THE SOVIETS COUNTERED WITH TOTAL NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
U-2 SPY PLANE INCIDENT-THE CIA WAS CONDUCTING FLIGHTS OVER RUSSIA, MAY 1,1960, THE PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN, PILOT FRANCIS GARY POWERS WAS CAPTURED
THIS EVENT CANCELLED AN ARMS MEETING BETWEEN THE 2 COUNTRIES
THE ARMS RACE
IN 1963 PRESIDENT KENNEDY AND KHRUSHCHEV SIGNED THE LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY, REDUCED TESTING OF WEAPONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, OUTER SPACE, UNDERWATER
THE ARMS RACE IN 1968, RICHARD NIXON BECAME PRESIDENT, A
PRIMARY GOAL OF HIS OFFICE WAS BETTER RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA
THIS BEGAN A PERIOD KNOW AS “DETANTE” FRENCH FOR RELAXED TENSION
SALT I TREATY-STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS, THIS LIMITED THE NUMBER OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS HELD BY EACH NATION
IT ALSO LEAD TO ABM TREATY(ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE) BANNED THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WEAPON THAT WOULD SHOOT DOWN NUCLEAR MISSILES
THIS LEAD TO THE SALT II TREATY WITH PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER
THE ARMS RACE
UNDER REAGAN’S PRESIDENCY, HE WAS ABLE TO FORCE THE GORBACHEV INTO AN ARMS REDUCTION TREATY, INTERMEDIATE-RANGE NUCLEAR FORCES TREATY(INF)
REAGAN VIOLATED THE SPIRIT OF THE ABM TREATY AND DEVELOPED HIS “STAR WARS SYSTEM”
CRISIS IN KOREA KOREA WAS DIVIDED AT THE END OF
WWII BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE USSR
THE COUNTRY WAS TO BE UNIFIED BY SELF-DETRMINATION AFTER THE JAPANESE WERE REMOVED
THE SOVIETS ESTABLISHED A COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT IN THE NORTH AND THE U.S. SUPPORTED A DEMOCRACTIC REGIME IN THE SOUTH
CRISIS IN KOREA
THE COUNTRY WAS DIVIDED AT THE 38TH PARALLEL
IN JUNE OF 1950, NORTH KOREA INVADED THE SOUTH
THE U.S. ASKED THE UN TO SUPPORT THE SOUTH AND STOP COMMUNIST AGGRESSION, 17 NATIONS COMMITTED TROOPS, THE U.S. SENT THE MOST, GENERAL DOUGLAS MacARTHUR WAS PLACED IN CHARGE OF THE COALITION
CRISIS IN KOREA
THE WAR LASTED FOR 3 YEARS N. KOREA WAS SUCCESSFUL EARLY THE INCHON LANDING TURNED THE WAR
IN FAVOR OF THE SOUTH CHINA SOON AIDED THE NORTH, PLACING
THE WAR INTO A STALEMATE IN 1953, BOTH SIDES AGREED TO AN
ARMISTICE WITH NO OFFICIAL END TO THE WAR BOTH
SIDES STILL MONITOR THE 38TH PARALLEL
CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS
IN 1959 FIDEL CASTRO LEAD A SUCCESSFUL REVOLT AGAINST CUBA’S GOVERNMENT
HE ESTABLISHED THE 1ST COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT IN THE WEST-THEN ALIGNED WITH RUSSIA
THE US. RESPONDED BY TAKING CUBAN REFUGEES AND BEGAN TRAINING THEM TO INVADE CUBA
CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS
THE PLAN WAS FOR THESE 1,500+ MEN TO LAND ON THE BEACHES IN CUBA, THINKING THE PEOPLE WOULD RALLY AGAINST CASTRO AND JOIN THE INVADING FORCES
THE MEN WERE TRAINED IN GUATEMALA BY THE CIA, THE OPERATION WAS SUPPOSE TO BE SECRET, BUT WAS NOT
CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS
APRIL 1961, THIS FORCE LAND ON THE BEACH HEAD OF CUBA CALLED “THE BAY OF PIGS”
CASTRO’S FORCES WERE WAITING, THE MEN WERE KILLED AND THERE WAS NO SUPPORT FROM THE ISLAND PEOPLE
THIS WAS AN AMERICAN DISASTER THAT KENNEDY HAD TO APOLOGIZE
CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS
IN 1962, CUBA AGAIN BECAME THE CENTER OF ATTENTION
U.S. SPY PLANES HAD PHOTOGRAPHS OF NUCLEAR MISSILE SILOS IN CUBA
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS THE U.S. RESPONSE WAS A FORMAL
PROTEST TO THE SOVIET UNION OVER THE INSTALLATION OF NUCLEAR MISSILES IN CUBA , KENNEDY DEMANDED THEY BE REMOVED
CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS
THIS EVENT WAS AN EXAMPLE OF THE POLITICAL CLIMATE CALLED “BRINKMANSHIP”
OUR NEXT RESPONSE WAS TO BLOCKADE THE ISLAND OF CUBA TO STOP SOVIET SHIPS FROM SUPPORTING CUBA
AFTER A 2 WEEK STANDOFF THE SOVIETS WITHDREW
THE AGREEMENT MADE WAS THE SOVIETS WOULD DISMANTLE THE MISSILES IN CUBA AND WE WOULD DISMANTLE OUR MISSILES IN TURKEY
DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE SOVIET UNION BY 1985, THE SOVIET UNION WAS IN
A DISASTEROUS ECONOMIC CONDITION
45 YEARS OF A STATE RUN ECONOMY PRODUCED NO GROWTH
HIGH MILITARY SPENDING SUPPLIMENTING THE ECONOMIES
OF EASTERN EUROPE
DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE SOVIET UNION IN THAT YEAR MIKHAIL GORBACHEV
WAS APPOINTED BY THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE TO RUN THE NATION
TO REVERSE THE TREND OF THE FAILING ECONOMY GORBACHEV INTRODUCED REFORM TO THE COUNTRY
GLASNOST AND PERESTROKIA
DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE SOVIET UNION
GLASNOST WAS MORE OF A SOCIAL REFORM: FREEDOM OF RELIGION, SPEECH, PRESS
PERESTROKIA WAS AN ATTEMPT AT ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REFORM
MEMBERSHIP IN THE PARTY NO LONGER A PRIORITY, EACH REPUBLIC WOULD EVENTUALLY CONTROL THEIR OWN TAXES AND RESOURCES, FREE MARKET ECONOMY WAS INTRODUCED, SOVIET TROOPS WITHDRAWN FROM EASTERN EUROPE, ARMS REDUCTION WITH THE U.S., REDUCED INFLUENCE IN EASTERN EUROPE
DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE SOVIET UNION
AUGUST 19, 1991, ON THE EVE OF THE “NEW UNION TREATY” GORBACHEV WAS ARRESTED BY THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE
THE ARMY WAS CALLED OUT TO STOP OPPOSITION-THOUGH THEY WERE PRESENT THEY DID NOT FIRE ON THE CROWDS
IN MOSCOW BORIS YELTSIN PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA RALLIED THE PEOPLE IN THE STREETS TO DEFY THE COUP LEADERS
WITHIN 3 DAYS THE COUP LEADERS WERE ARRESTED, AND ALL WERE EVENTUALLY EXECUTED
DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE SOVIET UNION AFTER THIS EVENT; THE 15
REPUBLICS BEGAN TO DECLARE THEIR INDEPENDENCE
ON DEC. 25, 1991 MIKHAIL GORBACHEV RESIGNS, THE SOVIET UNION NO LONGER EXIST
THERE ARE NOW 15 NEW NATIONS IN THE WORLD
DECLINE OF EASTERN EUROPE
FROM 1985-1996 COMMUNISM IN THE VARIOUS EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BEGAN TO COLLASPE
WHEN GORBACHEV PULLED SOVIET TROOPS FROM THESE COUNTRIES, THE PEOPLE AND THE LEADERS UNDERSTOOD THAT THEY HAD LOST THEIR SUPPORT SYSTEM
MOST LEADERS SAW NO HOPE IN CONTINUING COMMUNISM, SO THEY BEGAN TO RESIGN, ROMANIA’S LEADER WAS THE ONLY ONE TO ATTEMPT TO HOLD ON